Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Can Smart Phone Pedometer Applications Accurately Estimate Caloric Expenditure During Exercise?, Rebecca Sipes, Hollyann Wells, Libby Mccurley, Joe D. Bell

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mobile devices are increasingly being used to track various fitness and activity parameters via free applications (apps). Numerous pedometer apps are available that in addition to tracking steps, also provide an estimation of calories expended. The accuracy of these apps in their estimation of caloric expenditure during activity is not well documented. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the Stepz® free pedometer app in estimating kcal burned while walking on a treadmill by comparing this method to the validated method of indirect calorimetry. METHODS: Twenty-four students with mean age 20.5 ±1.4 years …

Acute Effects Of Squat Position And Whole-Body Vibration Frequency On Muscular Function On Lower Extremities, Jonathan T. Gonzalez, Nancy Calle, Jose M. Sosa, Julissa Perez, Gualberto Garza Iv, Liana Chee, Galilea Chapa, Murat Karabulut

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of whole-body vibration frequency on muscular function of lower extremities and jump performance depending on squat depth. METHODS: Thirteen male and fifteen female recreationally active subjects (ages 18-40) volunteered to participate in the study. Once all necessary paperwork was completed, anthropometric and equipment settings were recorded. Feet placement for all squats were measured to ensure consistency throughout study. Using a goniometer, the subject’s knees were positioned at 140° (high squat depth) or 90° (low squat depth) of flexion during squat exercises. Randomized testing sessions were as follows: 50 …

An In Vitro Investigation Of The Effects Of Formoterol On Thyroid Hormone-Related Gene Expression During Myogenesis, Gena D. Guerin, Ryan A. Gordon, Emily L. Zumbro, Anthony A. Duplanty

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Thyroid hormone (TH) is a primary driver of skeletal muscle (SKM) metabolism as well as myogenesis through stimulation its genetic targets. The conversion and activation of thyroid hormone (T4 to T3) is controlled by local deiodinase 2 and 3 (DIO2, DIO3) activity. This leads to expression of nuclear receptors in promotor regions of specific genes including sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1(SERCA1), which is important for homeostasis of calcium regulation during muscle contraction. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the exercise mimetic Formoterol (FORM), a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, on the expression of thyroid hormone-related …

Exercise Participation And Indicators Of Skeletal Muscle Health In Women With Hypothyroidism, Ryan A. Gordon, Gena D. Guerin, Emily L. Zumbro, Ann O. Amuta, Anthony A. Duplanty

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Women with hypothyroidism report undesirable skeletal muscle symptoms at rest and during exercise. The severity of skeletal muscle symptoms may influence an individual’s willingness and capacity to exercise. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relationship between exercise and skeletal muscle symptoms at rest and during exercise in women with hypothyroidism. METHODS: An online survey was completed by female participants diagnosed with hypothyroidism currently undergoing prescribed thyroid hormone treatment (n=580). Participants responded to questions related to basal muscle symptoms (MS), and muscle pain (MP) and fatigue (MF) experienced during exercise. Participants reported the type of exercise they performed, …

A Comparison Of Functional Movement Between Crossfit Trained, Recreationally Trained And Sedentary Individuals, Kelsey Ede, Laurel Hill, Shelby Moreno, Natalia Traverzo, Shelly D. Weise, Teresa Huckaby

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CrossFit is a prevalent style of exercise training. The exercise style focuses on performance of aerobic and strengthening exercises which incorporate multi-joint, functional movements. These variables combine to enhance athletic performance and improve an individual's ability to perform daily functional movement patterns. A limited amount of research has compared CrossFit with other training groups regarding aerobic capacity, muscular strength and body composition. An even smaller percentage of research has compared functional movement variables. PURPOSE: Current research supports that CrossFit athletes demonstrate high symmetry of functional movement patterns. The primary aim of this study was to determine if CrossFit training …

Heart Rate And Blood Pressure Recovery Responses To Different Modes Of Recovery Following Moderate Intensity Exercise In Females, Emily L. Zumbro, Greg A. Ryan, Stephen J. Rossi, John Dobson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) increases during exercise to meet metabolic demands through parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) withdrawal and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation. Heart rate recovery (HRR) and blood pressure recovery (BPR) following exercise are both important factors related to cardiovascular health. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a slow-breathing technique compared to other forms of recovery on HRR and BPR following moderate-intensity exercise. METHODS: Nine moderately-active (20.22 ± 0.97 years) female participants cycled at 70% of their heart rate maximum (HR_max) on a cycle ergometer for …

Case Presentation For Metastatic Prostate Cancer, Aditi N. Gupte, Vered Arbel, Mehran Sorouri, Tal Amasay

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CASE HISTORY: Patient is a 55 years old male that has been suffering from pain in the right side of the lumbosacral region that radiates to the buttock, posterior thigh, and lateral calf. There was no history of trauma, but he experienced initial painful symptoms three months ago, while he was sitting with cell phone in his back pocket. The patient describes pain as an occasional sharp shooting pain, which worsened progressively in intensity and frequency. No changes in the bowel and bladder were reported. However, due to the symptoms, his appetite and sleep were disturbed. The condition also …

Can A Dynamic Warm-Up Reduce The Magnitude Of Immune Perturbation Following Vigorous Aerobic Exercise, Mahmoud T. Elzayat, Emily C. Lavoy

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exercise transiently increases several leukocyte populations in peripheral blood in an intensity-dependent manner, with numbers returning to baseline or lower during recovery. This mobilization of immune cells is explained in part by sympathetic activity and the release of stress hormones (catecholamines and cortisol). The literature examining immune responses to exercise has by and large failed to control for the presence of a warm-up prior to the experimental bout. Gradually increasing exercise intensity over a period of minutes may reduce the stress of the exercise bout and thus may influence the immune response to a given exercise protocol. PURPOSE: To …

Effects Of High Concentration Vivissential Amino Acids Sports Drink Ingestion On Performance In Trained Athletes, Klaudia Szych, Ariel Gomez, Jerene Yazzie, Sarah A. Massey, Lorenzo Juarez, Andi Johnson, Shannon Jackson, Matthew A. Barlow Phd

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Essential amino acids are necessary for protein nutrition and muscle sustainability. Previous studies looking at the effects of BCAAs did not result in measurable reductions in muscle damage and enhanced recovery of muscle function. PURPOSE: The Calwood Nutritionals Company manufactures a balanced nutritional formula of amino acids with the addition of a higher concentration of arginine and methionine, which during an acute 3-day study in our lab decreased muscle degradation in a young sedentary population. The purpose of this study is to examine the changes in performance following the chronic consumption of the essential amino acids in collegiate athletes …

The Effects Of Twelve Weeks Of Combined Resistance And Aerobic Training On Arm Lean Mass In Post-Menopausal, Obese Women, Jacob O'Connor, Andreas Kreutzer, Michael M. Levitt, Maria A. Cardenas, Carmen Cook, Emily Souder, Kaci Orr, Stephanie Huber, Gail Teagle, Kirby Thames, Elise Erickson, Emma Wichman, Melody D. Phillips

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Sarcopenia, a loss in muscle mass as a result of aging, is an independent risk factor for disability and is significantly associated with self-reported physical disability in both men and women. Strength training reverses the loss of, or maintains muscle mass in individuals as they age. PURPOSE: To examine the potential change in lean muscle mass of the arms in response to a 12-week combination strength and aerobic exercise training intervention in post-menopausal (55-75 years), obese women. METHODS: Forty-one women were randomly assigned to either an exercise (EX, n=22 ) or education (ED, n=19) group. For twelve …

Increasing Vertical Jump Height Using Two Alternative Post-Activation Potentiation Methods, Itzel N. De La Torre, Samuel Montalvo, Daniel Conde, Gabriel Mejia, Sandor Dorgo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Post-Activation Potentiation (PAP) is an exercise concept involving maximal muscular contraction to improve subsequent a dynamic contraction. An effective PAP method is one based on a balanced state of physical readiness and fatigue. Fatigued muscles reduce muscle performance. However, non-fatiguing muscular contractions at high loads with short duration can enhance muscle performance. Heart Rate (HR) can be used as an indicator of exercise readiness and fatigue. Additionally Heart Rate Percentage (HR %) was used as an indicator of readiness. PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of using Heart Rate Percentage (HR%) as a readiness indicator during a back-squat PAP method. …

Tibial Stress Fractures, Rowdy S. Teaff

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CLINICAL PRESENTATION & EXAM: Distance runners are prone to stress fractures, in particular, tibial stress fractures appear to be more common due to their rear foot striking pattern (RFS). A tibial stress fracture is a bone stress injury (BSI) that usually occurs on the diaphysis of the tibia as a result of overuse. Local and radiating pain along the anterior surface of the tibia is one of the primary symptoms that patients with tibial stress fractures exhibit. An inability to bear weight on it may also occur in more serious cases. ANATOMY & PATHOLOGY: Bone stress is a …

Accelerated Rehabilitation Protocol On Plantar Fasciitis, Alissa Bello, Zacharias Papadakis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

CASE HISTORY:The patient is a 21-year-old collegiate soccer player who suffered from acute mild to severe plantar fasciitis on the left foot for 12 months. Early onset symptoms began with pain in the morning and after training sessions in the medial and calcaneal region. PHYSICAL EXAM:The plantar fasciitis examination identified pain in the medial plantar calcaneal region with palpation, hyper-pronation of the left foot, slightly abnormal gait, numbness radiating on the peroneal nerve to outer left knee, and discomfort in the proximal plantar fascia with passive ankle dorsiflexion. She had poor range of motion (ROM) in dorsiflexion with …

The Neuromuscular And Muscle Damage Responses To The Farmers Walk: A Pilot Study, Jeb F. Struder, Arriana M. Mcdonald, Jordan B. Wainwright, Joseph B. Eberhardt, Zeina Nader, Noe Deanda, Souhad Z. Bachnack, Cody Haenitsch, Stephen Cumberledge, Daniel E. Newmire, Mikaela D. Boham, Heather E. Webb

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Farmer’s Walk (FW) has been suggested as a useful supplement to resistance training due to its premise as a functional training tool. Minimal information is available concerning biochemical and neuromuscular responses associated with performing the FW. Current literature regarding risks of muscle damage associated with the FW are limited impacting possible use in exercise prescription and application. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the neuromuscular and biochemical responses to the FW when compared to an individual’s unloaded walking pattern (Non-weighted condition; NWC). METHODS: Fifteen participants (Mean ± SEM; age: 21.6 ± 0.5yo; ht: 172.5 …

Predicting Resting Metabolic Rate In Healthy Adults Using Body Composition And Circumference Measurements, Kristi L. Chase, Kyle T. Patek, John L. Walker, Joni A. Mettler Ph.D

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Measurement of resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important factor for weight management. Previous research has reported several variables to estimate RMR such as body size, percent fat (%BF), age, and sex; however, little is known regarding the effect of circumference measures in estimating RMR. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a model to estimate RMR using waist circumference (WC), an easily obtainable measure, and cross-validate it to previously published models. METHODS:Subjects were 140 adult men and women, ages 18-65 years. RMR was measured through indirect calorimetry, %BF was measured through air displacement plethysmography, and fat …

The Effect Of Preparatory Motion And Visual Vs. Audio Cues On Response Time, Katherine Bricarell, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In many sports, athletes must perceive and interpret information quickly and effectively to provide sufficient time to plan and execute subsequent movements (Filipic et al., 2009). Preparatory movements in discrete motor skills may improve such performance by enhancing processes such as the stretch-shortening response (Bernardi et al., 1998). For example, in a tennis service return, athletes have incorporated a preparatory small vertical jump (referred to as a “split step”) to reduce reaction time (Filipic et al., 2017). Such preparatory movements are now being used by baseball and softball position players in an attempt to improve their fielding response. Supporting evidence …

Can Changes In Running Biomechanics Under Body Weight Support Conditions Lead To Improvements In Aerobic And Anaerobic Energy Capacities?, Shernice A. Thomas, Christopher J. Arellano

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During the ground contact phase of running, muscles in the lower limb are required to generate force to support body weight which is the most energy-demanding task during running. We are interested in understanding how running mechanics change when we reduce the need for body weight support and how these effects determine maximal metabolic power at top speed. PURPOSE: We aim to determine the biomechanical determinants that underlie peak metabolic power during body weight (BW)-supported running. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy young adults (age 18-36, M/F, BMI < 30.0) who are experienced runners will be recruited for this study. Subjects will complete a graded exercise test to determine their peak metabolic power output at 100% BW at 75% BW. During each trial, subjects’ rates of expired oxygen and carbon dioxide, stance and leg swing times, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate will be recorded. RESULTS: Our preliminary findings show that similar peak metabolic power output values, at top speeds, …

The Effects Of Two Post-Activation Potentiation Methods On Muscular Activation, Ileana A. Jarquin, Samuel Montalvo, Daniel Conde, Gabriel Ibarra-Mejia, Sandor Dorgo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Post Activation Potentiation (PAP) is an exercise concept based on utilizing a maximal voluntary contraction of the muscles at task to potentiate a dynamic muscular contraction of the same muscles. It is well established that PAP is modulated between performance readiness and muscular fatigue. Heart Rate percentage (HR%) has been used as an indicator of performance readiness and muscular fatigue. PURPOSE: To examine different muscular activation (μV) in response to two different PAP protocols during the vertical jump exercise. METHODS: 8 participants (5 males and 3 females; mean ± SD: Age = 22.6 ± 1.76 years; Height …

Exercise Cerebral Blood Flow Hemodynamics Differ In Hot Dry And Humid Conditions, Julianna J. Kilpatrick, Paolo Miguel Salvador, Kyleigh Allie, Eric Rivas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Passive and exercise-heat stress have been reported to cause reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF); however, it is unknown if CBF velocity is different under hot dry and humid conditions. PURPOSE: This project tested the hypothesis that upright rest and exercise-heat stress in hot dry and humid conditions result in similar CBF reductions. METHODS: Seven healthy active (7 day activity: 9887±3564 steps/day; VO₂max: 52±10 mL/kg/min) subjects (5M/2F, 24±9y, 171±6cm, 68±7kg) completed a 30 min baseline rest followed by 60 min of exercise at a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) of 12 (between light and somewhat hard) on a …

Similarities In Vasoconstrictor Responsiveness To Exogenous Norepinephrine In The Cutaneous Circulation Between Young Black And White Men, Rauchelle E. Richey, John Akins, Jeremiah Campbell, Guillermo Olvera, Zachary Martin, R Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Black (BL) men have an increased risk of hypertension and CVD compared to white (WH) men which is partially related to vascular dysfunction. In particular, elevated vascular resistance and increased sympathetic vascular transduction (SVT; greater constrictor and blood pressure responses for a burst of sympathetic nerve activity) may be a contributing factor. Previous reports indicate that BL men have exaggerated responses to a variety of stressors including cold pressor, orthostasis, and exercise; while also exhibiting increased SVT at rest. Additionally, rodent models indicate that oxidative stress contributes to heightened SVT. For example, hypertensive rats have elevated SVT which is attenuated …

Impact Of Time Restricted Feeding On Markers Of Cardiometabolic Health, Liliana I. Renteria, Elias Villalobos, Hunter S. Waldman, Matthew J. Mcallister

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Time restricted feeding (TRF) is a form of intermittent fasting in which all calories are consumed within a certain amount of time (i.e. 6-8 hrs) only water is ingested for the remainder of the day. Previous research shows improvements in body composition and some markers of cardiometabolic health, but it is not clear if these results were due to the decreased eating window, or due to a decrease in caloric intake that typically occurs with fasting protocols. PURPOSE: to assess whether a caloric deficit is necessary to achieve improvements in cardiometabolic health as well as evaluate the impact TRF has …

The Effect Of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation On Metabolic Changes In A Sedentary Population: A Pilot Study, Michelle Galvan, Jasmin Jenkins, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015) declared that 80% of U.S. adults do not meet exercise recommendations by ACSM. Skeletal muscle contraction has been shown to increase mitochondrial content (energy production) and glucose uptake (decreased insulin resistance). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) utilizes electrical impulses to induce muscle contractions and can be used as an alternate strategy to induce muscle contraction in sedentary adults. However, it is not clear if NMES induced muscle contraction may improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two weeks of NMES on …

The Effects Of Combined Exercise Training On Flow-Mediated Dilation And C-Reactive Protein In Overweight, Postmenopausal Women, Carmen A. Cook, Andreas Kreutzer, Michael M. Levitt, Maria A. Cardenas, Gail Teagle, Kirby Thames, Dennis J. Cheek, Melody D. Phillips

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity-related inflammation, especially coupled with a decline in estrogen post menopause, leads to endothelial dysfunction where the endothelium is unable to adequately dilate in response to sheer stress. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) may cause endothelial dysfunction through superoxide production and downregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase leading to decreased nitric oxide production. Exercise training improves endothelial function through adaptations to increase nitric oxide bioavailability and regulation of superoxide production. PURPOSE: To determine the influence of acute and chronic combined resistance and aerobic exercise on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and CRP in overweight to obese, postmenopausal women, as well as determining potential …

Pacing Strategies In The 200 Yard Freestyle By Collegiate Men, Peter Robinson, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Examination of components of a 200 yd freestyle race may provide useful information for understanding how pacing strategy contributes to successful performance. PURPOSE: To compare 50-yd splits of a 200-yd freestyle race in higher performing and lower performing swimmers to assess if pacing strategy differs between groups. METHODS: An ex post facto design was used employed to create a dataset of 200 yd freestyle results. Split times were generated for each 50 yard segment of a 200 yd race for two performance groups of swimmers; the first and last four finalists in eight conference championships each for NCAA Division …

A Family History Of Type 2 Diabetes Does Not Impact Skeletal Muscle Lipid Content, Jasmin Jenkins, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

A high intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) has been associated not only with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes; but also in insulin sensitive endurance trained athletes – known as “athlete’s paradox”. A family history of type 2 diabetes (FH+) has been shown as a risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unclear whether a FH+ affects IMCL content and exercise induced changes in IMCL when compared to those without a family history of type 2 diabetes (FH-). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study were 1) to compare IMCL content between …

Walking With Leg Blood Flow Restriction: Wide-Rigid Cuffs Vs. Narrow-Elastic Bands, Sten Stray-Gundersen, Savannah V. Wooten, Hirofumi Tanaka

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has become a popular form of exercise in recent years. The concept is that light-load exercise with BFR elicits similar adaptations achieved with heavy-load exercise. Walking exercise in combination with pressurized wide-rigid (WR) cuffs has been shown to elicit higher cardiac workload and a vascular dysfunction due presumably to reperfusion injury to the endothelium. In contrast, narrow-elastic (NE) BFR bands may elicit different hemodynamic effects, as the limb is able to increase in diameter with increased blood flow accompanying exercise. PURPOSE: To compare two distinct forms of BFR bands during light-intensity exercise on cardiovascular …

Attenuated Pulsatile Load During Metaboreflex Activation Is Associated With Excess Adiposity In Dynapenic Postmenopausal Women, Arun Maharaj, Salvador Jaime, Stephen Fischer, Arturo Figueroa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The age-related loss in muscle strength (dynapenia) is associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and fat mass (FM). Aortic pulse pressure (PP), rather than brachial PP, more closely relates to cardiovascular events because it represents left ventricular pulsatile load, which is particularly important in older women. Purpose: To examine the impact of dynapenia and adiposity on aortic BP responses to metaboreflex activation (post-exercise muscle ischemia, PEMI) in postmenopausal women. Methods: 71 postmenopausal women [(dynapenic, n=41, 57±1 years), (non-dynapenic, n=30, 59±1 years)] were included in this study. FM, percent body fat (BF%) and percent lean mass (LM%) were measured using Dual …

Lower Leg Lean Mass Is Associated With Reduced Pulse Pressure Amplification In Postmenopausal Women, Stephen M. Fischer, Salvador J. Jaime, Arun Maharaj, Arturo Figueroa

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, has been associated with increased arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV). Lower leg muscle mass has been associated with increased brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV), a measure of systemic arterial stiffness. Pulse pressure (PP) is lower in the aorta compared to the brachial artery (PP amplification, PPA), in healthy individuals. PPA decreases with aging due to increased aortic stiffening. Lower PPA is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death. It is unknown whether leg muscle mass is associated with lower PPA in postmenopausal women. Purpose: To examine relationships between leg lean mass (LegLM), PPA, and …

Low Intensity Exercise Has Greater Acute Vascular Benefits For Reducing Arterial Stiffness In Hot Compared To Neutral Conditions, Kyleigh N. Allie, Julianna Kilpatrick, Paolo Salvador, Eric Rivas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Both exercise and passive heating cause acute reductions in blood pressure. It is unknown if exercise-heat stress causes likewise reductions or greater when combined. PURPOSE: This project tested the hypothesis that the resting and exercise-heat stress cause hypotension and improvements in arterial stiffness. METHODS: Seven healthy active (7 day activity: 9887±3564 steps/day; VO2max: 52±10 mL/kg/min ) subjects (5M/2F, 24±9y, 171±6cm, 68±7kg) completed a 30 min baseline rest followed by 60 min at an exercise intensity of their choice that represented their perceived exertion (RPE) of 12 (between light and somewhat hard) on a 20-point rating scale while being blinded to …

The Effects Of A Single Bout Of Endurance Exercise On Glucose Transporter-4 (Glut-4) Content, Manuel Gomez, Sudip Bajpeyi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Glucose Transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) is considered the predominant glucose transporter in skeletal muscle. Exercise has been shown to increase glucose uptake and GLUT-4 protein content in skeletal muscle following muscle contraction. PURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of a single bout of moderate intensity endurance exercise on skeletal muscle GLUT-4 content. METHODS: 10 healthy male volunteers (age: 24.4 ± 1.3 years; BMI 23.16 ± 0.60 kg/m²) participated in a single bout of endurance exercise on a cycle ergometer at 65% maximal aerobic capacity (VO_2max) for 1.5 – 2.0 hours (650kcal). Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus …