Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Functional Implications In Apoptosis By Interferon Inducible Gene Product 1-8d, The Binding Protein To Adenovirus Preterminal Protein, Insil Joung, Peter C. Angeletti, Jeffrey A. Engler

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Adenovirus (Ad) precursor to the terminal protein (pTP) plays an essential roles in the viral DNA

replication. Ad pTP serves as a primer for the synthesis of a new DNA strand during the initiation

step of replication. In addition, Ad pTP forms organized spherical replication foci on the nuclear

matrix (NM) and anchors the viral genome to the NM. Here we identified the interferon inducible

gene product 1-8D (Inid) as a pTP binding protein by using a two-hybrid screen of a HeLa cDNA

library. Of the clones obtained in this assay, nine were identical to the Inid, a 13-kDa polypeptide …

Mutations In Hns Reduce The Adherence Of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. Coli 091:H21 Strain B2f1 To Human Colonic Epithelial Cells And Increase The Production Of Hemolysin, Maria E. Scott, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Alison D. O'Brien

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) 091:H21 strain B2F1, an isolate from a patient with the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), produces elastase-activatable Shiga toxin (Stx) type 2d and adheres well to human colonic epithelial T84 cells. This adherence phenotype occurs even though B2F1 does not contain the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) that encodes the primary adhesin for E. coli O157:H7. To attempt to identify genes involved in binding of B2F1 to T84 cells a bank of mini-Tn5phoACmr transposon mutants of this strain was generated. Several of these mutants exhibited a reduced adherence phenotype, but none of the insertions …

Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia Coli In Montana: Bacterial Genotypes And Clinical Profiles, Jill K. Jelacic, Todd Damrow, Gilbert S. Chen, Srdjan Jelacic, Martina Bielaszewska, Marcia Ciol, Humberto M. Carvalho, Angela R. Melton-Celsa, Alison D. O'Brien, Phillip I. Tarr

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

The diseases and virulence genes associated with Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are characterized incompletely. We analyzed, by polymerase chain reaction, 82 STEC isolates collected prospectively in Montana and profiled associated illnesses by patient chart review. All E. coli O157:H7 contained stx₂-group genes, as well as eae, iha, espA, and ehxA; 84% contained stx₁. Non-O157:H7 STEC less frequently contained stx₁( P = .046 ), stx₂ (P < .001), iha (P < .001), eae, and espA (P = .039 for both), were isolated less often from patients treated in emergency departments (P = .022), and …

Altered Reward Value Of Carbohydrate Snacks For Female Smokers Withdrawn From Nicotine, Bonnie Spring, Sherry Pagoto, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Donald Hedeker, Jessica Werth

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Discontinuing nicotine intake usually results in weight gain partially due to heightened energy intake from between-meal snacks. This experiment tested the hypothesis that the reinforcing value of palatable carbohydrate-rich snacks increases for female smokers during nicotine deprivation. Eighteen smokers and 18 nonsmokers completed a concurrent-schedules operant computer task on two separate days. Smokers were bio-verified abstinent at the second testing. The operant task allowed participants to earn points redeemable for either carbohydrate snacks or money on concurrent variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement. There were five different probabilities of earning points redeemable for snacks (8%, 16%, 25%, 50%, 75%), while the probability …

The Etiology And Treatment Of Nicotine Dependence: A Biopsychosocial Perspective, Lee M. Cohen, Dennis E. Mcchargue, Monica Cortez-Garland, Eric H. Prensky, Sadie Emery

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Chronic use of tobacco-containing products, particularly cigarettes, remains one of the most avoidable causes of death and illness in the United States and claims the lives of more than 430,000 individuals each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS], 1999). The number of tobacco-related deaths alone exceeds that of deaths due to AIDS, murders, other drugs, alcohol, car crashes, fires, and suicides combined (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2002). Illnesses associated with tobacco use include, but are not limited to, laryngeal cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, intrauterine growth retardation, and low …

Animal Anti-Apoptotic Genes Ameliorate The Loss Of Turgor In Water-Stressed Transgenic Tobacco, Tala Awada, D. D. Dunigan, M. B. Dickman

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘Glurk’ plants were transformed with antiapoptotic animal genes [chicken Bcl-xl; nematode CED-9; chicken Bcl-xl(GA) a mutant of Bcl-xl; and a 3’ non-coding region of human Bcl-2, referred to as 161-1]. Our objectives were to determine whether plant transformation with anti-apoptotic genes ameliorates drought tolerance in tobacco plants by subjecting the plants to a dry-down period. The non-transformed Glurk and the transgenic Glurk harboring G115, which expresses β-glucuronidase, served as controls. Transformation of tobacco plants with animal anti-apoptotic genes significantly impacted the rates of photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g_s), but not to the same extent …

Identification Of Novel Domains Within Sox-2 And Sox-11 Involved In Autoinhibition Of Dna Binding And Partnership Specificity, Matthew S. Wiebe, Tamara K. Nowling, Angie Rizzino

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Sox transcription factors play key regulatory roles throughout development, binding DNA through a consensus (A/T)(A/T)CAA(A/T)G sequence. Although many different Sox proteins bind to this se-quence, it has been observed that gene regulatory elements are commonly responsive to only a small subset of the entire family, implying that regulatory mechanisms exist to permit selective DNA bind-ing and/or transactivation by Sox family members. To identify and explore the mechanisms modu-lating gene activation by Sox proteins further, we compared the function of Sox-2 and Sox-11. This led to the discovery that Sox proteins are regulated differentially at multiple levels, including trans-activation, protein partnerships …

Osmosensitive Taurine Release: Does Taurine Share The Same Efflux Pathway With Chloride And Other Amino Acid Osmolytes?, Rodrigo Franco

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Swelling subsequent to hyposmotic conditions activates a process of volume regulation present in most cell types. This volume adjustment is accomplished by osmolyte translocation toward the extracellular space to reach a new osmotic equilibrium. Molecules involved in this homeostatic mechanism have been broadly classified into two categories: organic and inorganic osmolytes. Inorganic osmolytes comprise mainly the intracellular ions K⁺ and Cl^–. Cell swelling–induced activation of separate K⁺ and Cl^– channels has been described in most preparations. Organic osmolytes are grouped in three categories: amino acids, polyalcohols, and methylamines. These osmolytes, particularly taurine, are present in …

Role Of Activator Protein-1 In The Down-Regulation Of The Human Cyp2j2 Gene In Hypoxia, Nicole Y. Marden, Eva Fiala-Beer, Shi-Hua Xiang, Michael Murray

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2J2 arachidonic acid epoxygenase gene was down-regulated at a pre-translational level in human hepatoma-derived HepG2 cells incubated in a hypoxic environment; under these conditions, the expression of c-Jun and c-Fos mRNA and protein was increased. The 5′-upstream region of the CYP2J2 gene was isolated by amplification of a 2341 bp fragment and putative regulatory elements that resembled activator protein-1 (AP-1)-like sequences were identified. From transient transfection analysis, c-Jun was found to strongly activate a CYP2J2–luciferase reporter construct, but co-transfection with plasmids encoding c-Fos or c-Fos-related antigens, Fra-1 and -2, abrogated reporter activity. Using a series …

Mucosal Priming Of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses In Rhesus Macaques By The Salmonella Type Iii Secretion Antigen Delivery System, David T. Evans, Li-Mei Chen, Jacqueline Gillis, Kuei-Chin Lin, Brian Harty, Gail P. Mazzara, Ruben O. Donis, Keith G. Mansfield, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Ronald C. Desrosiers, Jorge E. Galán, R. Paul Johnson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Nearly all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are acquired mucosally, and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues are important sites for early virus replication. Thus, vaccine strategies designed to prime virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that home to mucosal compartments may be particularly effective at preventing or containing HIV infection. The Salmonella type III secretion system has been shown to be an effective approach for stimulating mucosal CTL responses in mice. We therefore tested ∆phoP-phoQ attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. enterica serovar Typhi expressing fragments of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag protein fused to the …

Method To Detect The Presence Of A Microorganism Or Agent In An Animal, David R. Smith, Laura L. Hungerford, Rodney A. Moxley, Susanne Hinkley, Terry Klopfenstein, Jeff Gray

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The present invention provides a method to detect the presence of a microorganism or agent in an animal. The method encompasses placement of devices at various locations where the animal resides so as to induce the animal to initiate contact with the device. As a result of this contact, the animal deposits various microorganisms and agents on the device. The device is then tested for the presence of the particular microorganism or agent of interest.

Roles Of Mycobacterium Smegmatis D-Alanine:D-Alanine Ligase And D-Alanine Racemase In The Mechanisms Of Action Of And Resistance To The Peptidoglycan Inhibitor D-Cycloserine, Zhengyu Feng, Raul G. Barletta

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

D-Cycloserine (DCS) targets the peptidoglycan biosynthetic enzymes D-alanine racemase (Alr) and Dalanine: D-alanine ligase (Ddl). Previously, we demonstrated that the overproduction of Alr in Mycobacterium smegmatis determines a DCS resistance phenotype. In this study, we investigated the roles of both Alr and Ddl in the mechanisms of action of and resistance to DCS in M. smegmatis. We found that the overexpression of either the M. smegmatis or the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ddl gene in M. smegmatis confers resistance to DCS, but at lower levels than the overexpression of the alr gene. Furthermore, a strain overexpressing both the alr and ddl …

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 And Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Latency, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

A high percentage of the world’s population are infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and infection can cause a variety of disorders (35, 187). Recurrent ocular HSV-1 is the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in industrialized nations (190). In a murine model, ocular infection induces autoimmune disorders, leading to corneal antigen destruction and stromal keratitis (275). HSV-1 infections also cause gastrointestinal disorders, esophageal disorders, and approximately 25% of the genital herpes infections (67, 158). HSV-1 infections can cause sporadic encephalitis, but this is relatively rare compared to other diseases resulting from infection. Further evidence for its involvement …

Web-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristicsweb-Based Research: Methodological Variables' Effects On Dropout And Sample Characteristics, Kevin M. O'Neil, Steven D. Penrod, Brian H. Bornstein

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Previous research has made a beginning in addressing the importance of methodological differences in Web-based research. The present paper presents four studies investigating whether sample type, financial incentives, time when personal information is requested, table design, and method of obtaining informed consent influence dropout and sample characteristics (both demographics and measured attitudes). Undergraduates were less likely to drop out than nonstudents, and nonstudents offered a financial incentive were less likely to drop out than those offered no incentive. Complex tables, tables that were too wide, requests for personal information on the first page, and the imposing of additional informed consent …

Comparison Of Implicit And Explicit Learning Processes In A Probabilistic Task, Thomas D. Green, John H. Flowers

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This experiment compared the performance with explicit (rule-application and rule-discovery) and implicit (nonrule-instructed) learning approaches on the performance of a probabilistic video game task requiring fine motor control. The task required visual tracking of a small ball of light and “catching” it by means of joystick manipulation. A general pattern of improvement with practice occurred for all conditions. All conditions showed use of predictive relations among stimulus events. However, task performance of the rule-application and rule-discovery conditions were inferior to the nonrule-instructed implicit condition, particularly during the early phases of rule acquisition and application. This pattern strongly suggests substantial performance …

Geographic Variation In Song Of The Bright-Rumped Attila (Tyrannidae: Attila Spadiceus): Implications For Species Status, Daniel Leger, D. James Mountjoy

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Bright-rumped Attilas (Attila spadiceus) have two song forms, one sung primarily at dawn, the other primarily during the rest of the day. Both songs consist of a main phrase and an optional terminal phrase. Our recordings of dawn and day songs in Costa Rica were very similar to those made elsewhere in Central America. However, Central American dawn songs were significantly different than dawn songs from South America, both in terms of quantitative features (temporal and frequency variables) and qualitative characteristics (note shape). Day songs from Central and South America were similar. Song differences suggest that the Bright-rumped …

Family Factors That Differentiate Sexually Abused And Nonabused Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients, Dawn H.S. Reinemann, Kevin D. Stark, Susan M. Swearer Napolitano

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Sexual abuse research has traditionally focused on adult, retrospective accounts of potential correlates of abuse and their impact on functioning. However, only a few studies have examined sexually abused adolescents’ perceptions of their families, and results have proven inconclusive. This study examined whether family factors would differentiate sexually abused and nonabused adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Fifty-seven psychiatric inpatients, ages 11 to 17, who either had experienced sexual abuse or had no history of sexual victimization completed a diagnostic interview and were assessed on a variety of family indices. Results indicated that after controlling for level of depression, sexually abused adolescents could …

Consumption Of Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Enriched Eggs And Serum Lipids In Humans, Ji-Young Lee, Nancy M. Lewis, Sheila Scheideler, Timothy P. Carr

Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences: Faculty Publications

This study examined the effectiveness of consuming omega-3 fatty acid-enriched eggs (Omega Eggs) in increasing total diclary omega-3 fatty acids. Also examined was the impact of Omega Egg consumption on serum lipids. Sixteen hypercholesterolemic men and women with baseline serum total cholesterol concentrations of 5.17-7.76 mmol/L (200-300 mg/dL) followed the National Cholesterol Education Program Step I diet guidelines under the following conditions: (a) Step 1 diet without eggs, (b) Step I diet plus 12 regular eggs per week, and (c) Step I diet plus 12 Omega Eggs per week. The study design was a repeated 3 x 3 Latin square …

Executive Functions In Preschool Children Born Preterm: Application Of Cognitive Neuroscience Paradigms, K. A. Espy, M. M. Stalets, M. D. Mcdiarmid, T. E. Senn, M. F. Cwik, A. Hamby

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: Faculty Publications

Although children born preterm are at risk for neuropsychological impairments at school age and adolescence, including difficulties with visual motor integration, spatial/constructional skills, attention, arithmetic, and nonverbal executive functions, specific neuropsychological outcome has not been investigated adequately in preschoolers. Application of cognitive neuroscience tasks offers the opportunity to characterize early executive functions in young children born preterm. In a preliminary sample of 29 preschool children born preterm (M birth gestational age=32.4 weeks), executive function outcome was compared to that of fullterm controls by contrasting performance on two prototypic delayed-response-type paradigms, Delayed Alternation and Spatial Reversal. Preschoolers born preterm correctly retrieved …

Individual Differences In The Development Of Executive Function In Children: Lessons From The Delayed Response And A-Not-B Tasks, K. A. Espy, P. M. Kaufmann

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: Faculty Publications

An explosion of research activity in the area of attention, memory, and executive function has been noted since the mid-1980s (Lyon & Krasnegor, 1996). The bulk of this activity, however, has focused on the examination of group differences in executive skills, with less attention devoted to the manner by which individual children differ in executive skills from their peers. This chapter explores individual differences from a developmental perspective, that is, by returning to the emergence of basic executive functions and tracing the subsequent manifestations by examining the individual patterns of change. Therefore, it first reviews the history of executive function …

Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of The Behavior Rating Inventory Of Executive Function (Brief) In A Clinical Sample, G. G. Gioia, P. K. Isquith, P. D. Retzlaff, K. A. Espy

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: Faculty Publications

Evidence for the validity of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000) based on internal structure was examined in a sample of children with mixed clinical diagnoses via maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Four alternative factor models of children's executive function, based on current theories that posit a unidimensional versus fractionated model (Rabbitt, 1997; Shallice & Burgess, 1991), using the revised 9-scale BRIEF configuration that separates two components of the Monitor scale, were examined for model fit. A 3-factor structure best modeled the data when compared directly with 1-, 2-, and 4-factor models. …

"Getting Into The Mouths" Of Preschoolers: A Method For Obtaining Buccal Samples For Later Genotyping, K. A. Espy, A. F. Hamby

Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory: Faculty Publications

A new procedure is described by which to obtain buccal samples from preschool children for research investigations that include genotyping. Called the "Lollipop Tasting Game", the procedure involves three mason jars which were filled about halfway with water. Granulated sugar was added to each jar to make a noticeably sweet solution. Red food coloring was added to the first jar, a small bit of reconstituted lemon juice and yellow food coloring were added to the second jar, and finally, a bit of vanilla and blue food coloring were added to the last jar. The examiner dips cotton swabs in the …

What Will My Parents Think? Relations Among Adolescents’ Expected Parental Reactions, Prosocial Moral Reasoning, And Prosocial And Antisocial Behaviors, Jennifer M. Wyatt, Gustavo Carlo

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Prior researchers confirmed socialization models depicting parenting practices and social cognitions associated with prosocial and antisocial behaviors. However, little research has focused on processes underlying the link between parenting and these behaviors. Per Grusec and Goodnow’s internalization model, children and adolescents develop expectancies regarding their parents’ reactions to their behaviors. Adolescents’ expected parental reactions to prosocial behaviors were hypothesized to predict prosocial behaviors; expectations regarding antisocial behaviors were expected to predict antisocial behaviors. For this study, 80 adolescents and their parents reported adolescents’ antisocial and prosocial behaviors. Adolescents completed a measure of prosocial moral reasoning and an assessment of how …

Adolescent Risk Factors For Sexual Victimization: A Longitudinal Analysis Of Rural Women, Janine M. Zweig, Aline Sayer, Lisa J. Crockett, Judith R. Vicary

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Longitudinal data were used to examine risk factors for sexual victimization among 237 young adult rural women. In this sample, 8% reported experiencing forced sex (i.e., physically violent experiences) and a separate 22% reported experiencing coerced sex (i.e., external psychological manipulation, substance-related coercion, or internal psychological pressure.) Women who had more educated mothers had a greater probability of reporting forced sex. In addition, mothers’ education moderated the relationship between individual risk factors and the probability of reporting forced sex. For women with less educated mothers, higher frequency of sexual activity during adolescence was related to an increased probability of reporting …

Passive Transfer Of Virus-Specific Antibodies Confers Protection Against Reproductive Failure Induced By A Virulent Strain Of Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome Virus And Establishes Sterilizing Immunity, Fernando A. Osorio, J. A. Galeota, E. Nelson, Bruce W. Brodersen, Alan R. Doster, R. Wills, F. Zuckermann, W. W. Laegried

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Immune mechanisms mediating protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are not well understood. The PRRSV-specific humoral immune response has been dismissed as being ineffective and perhaps deleterious for the host. The function of PRRSV antibodies in protective immunity against infection with a highly abortifacient strain of this virus was examined by passive transfer experiments in pregnant swine. All of a group of pregnant gilts (n = 6) that received PRRSV immunoglobulin (Ig) from PRRSV-convalescent, hyperimmune animals were fully protected from reproductive failure as judged by 95% viability of offspring at weaning (15 days of age). …

Mycobacterium Smegmatis L-Alanine Dehydrogenase (Ald) Is Required For Proficient Utilization Of Alanine As A Sole Nitrogen Source And Sustained Anaerobic Growth, Zhengyu Feng, Nancy E. Caceres, Gautam Sarath, Raul G. Barletta

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

NAD(H)-dependent L-alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) (Ald) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-alanine and the reductive amination of pyruvate. To assess the physiological role of Ald in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we cloned the ald gene, identified its promoter, determined the protein expression levels, and analyzed the combined effects of nutrient supplementation, oxygen availability, and growth stage on enzyme activity. High Ald activities were observed in cells grown in the presence of L- or D-alanine regardless of the oxygen availability and growth stage. In exponentially growing cells under aerobic conditions, supplementation with alanine resulted in a 25- to 50-fold increase in the …

Mycobacterium Smegmatis L-Alanine Dehydrogenase (Ald) Is Required For Proficient Utilization Of Alanine As A Sole Nitrogen Source And Sustained Anaerobic Growth, Zhengyu Feng, Nancy E. Caceres, Gautam Sarath, Raul G. Barletta

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

NAD(H)-dependent L-alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) (Ald) catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-alanine and the reductive amination of pyruvate. To assess the physiological role of Ald in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we cloned the ald gene, identified its promoter, determined the protein expression levels, and analyzed the combined effects of nutrient supplementation, oxygen availability, and growth stage on enzyme activity. High Ald activities were observed in cells grown in the presence of L- or D-alanine regardless of the oxygen availability and growth stage. In exponentially growing cells under aerobic conditions, supplementation with alanine resulted in a 25- to 50-fold increase in the …

Place Conditioning: What Does It Add To Our Understanding Of Ethanol Reward ?, Fred O. Risinger, Christopher L. Cunningham, Rick A. Bevins, Frank A. Holloway

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

This article describes the proceedings of a symposium at the 2001 RSA annual meeting in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The cochairs were Fred O. Risinger and Christopher L. Cunningham. Presentations were as follows: (1) Place conditioning: understanding the motivational impact of stimuli, by Rick A. Bevins; (2) Role of historical factors in ethanol place conditioning, by Frank A. Holloway; (3) Ethanol place conditioning in mice: genetic and environmental infl uences, by Christopher L. Cunningham; and (4) Utilization of place conditioning for understanding the neuropharmacology of the rewarding effects of ethanol, by Fred O. Risinger.

A Novel Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Transcript (Al-Rna) Antisense To The 5′ End Of The Latency-Associated Transcript Produces A Protein In Infected Rabbits, Guey-Chuen Perng, Barak Maguen, Ling Jin, Kevin R. Mott, John Kurylo, Lbachir Benmohamed, Ada Yukht, Nelson Osorio, Anthony B. Nesburn, Gail A. Henderson, Melissa Inman, Clinton J. Jones, Steven L. Wechsler

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Following primary ocular infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes a lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Latency-associated transcript (LAT), the only known viral gene abundantly transcribed during HSV-1 neuronal latency, is required for high levels of reactivation. Recently we showed that three different mutants that do not alter the LAT promoter but contain deletions within the 5′ end of the primary LAT transcript affect viral virulence (G. C. Perng et al., J. Virol. 75:9018-9028, 2001). In contrast, in LAT-null mutants viral virulence appears unaltered (T. M. Block et al., Virology 192:618-630, 1993; D. C. …

Reducing Childhood Pedestrian Injuries: Proceedings Of A Multidisciplinary Conference, Richard A. Schieber, Maria Vegega

United States Public Health Resources

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Motor vehicle crashes are associated with one of every five deaths among children 1 to 14 years of age in the United States, and pedestrian injuries account for a third of them. Compared with occupant injuries, pedestrian injuries are more severe; death is five times more likely to occur among those injured. In 1999, 533 child pedestrians were killed, and at least 30,000 children were nonfatally injured in traffic. Another 200 were killed in non-traffic areas, including driveways, sidewalks, and parking lots. Traumatic brain injury accounts for more than half the fatalities.
Dr. Schieber noted that the decline …