Medicine and Health Sciences Commons^™

Covariates And Spatial Interpolation Of Hiv Screening In Mozambique: Insight From The 2015 Aids Indicator Survey, Pascal Agbadi, Jerry John Nutor, Ernest Darkwah, Henry Ofori Duah, Precious Adade Duodu, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Kimberly Baltzell

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

We examined the factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening and developed a HIV screening prevalence surface map using spatial interpolation techniques to identify the geographical areas with the highest and lowest rates of HIV screening in Mozambique. We analyzed the cross-sectional 2015 Mozambique AIDS Indicator Surveys with an analytic sample of 12,995 participants. Analyses were conducted on SPSS-21, STATA-14, and R freeware 3.5.3. We adjusted for the sample design and population weights. Results indicated that 52.5% of Mozambicans had undergone HIV screening. Mozambicans with these characteristics have a higher probability of undergoing HIV screening: females, those with a …

Child Body Fat And Body Mass Index: Which Determinants Are Most Important?, Marilyn Frenn, Astrida S. Kaugars, Juanita Terrie Garcia, Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

The purpose of this study was to examine child and parent determinants of children’s body fat percentage (BF%) along with their body mass index percentile (BMIp). Children’s BF% and BMIp auger lifelong health risks when elevated, and one in five children are affected. Participants (N = 135) included 62% female children; 50.7% Caucasian, 31.7% Hispanic, and 8.5% African American. Children were aged 9–15 years (2% underweight, 47.9% normal weight, 19.7% overweight, and 24.6% obese). Parent BMI average was 30.67 (1.4% underweight, 20.4% normal weight, 23.9% overweight, 40% obese, and 7% extreme obesity); 77.5% of the participating parents were mothers. …

Systematic Review Of Psychometric Properties Of Instruments Measuring Patient Preferences For Engagement In Health Care, Teresa Jerofke-Owen, Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal, Alissa Fial, Georgia Tobiano

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Aim

To identify, critically appraise, and summarize instruments that measure patients’ preferences for engagement in health care.

Design

Psychometric systematic literature review.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to March 2019.

Review methods

Three reviewers independently evaluated the ‘methodological quality’ and the ‘measurement properties’ of the included instruments using the Consensus‐based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist and Terwee's quality criteria. Each instrument was given a Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) score. The review was registered at PROSPERO (registry number CRD42018109253).

Results

A total of 16 studies evaluating …

Correlates Of Access To Hand Hygiene Resources In Ghanaian Households: An Exploratory Analysis Of The 2014 Demographic And Health Survey, Paul Lawer Kenney, Herman Nuake Kofi Agboh, Florence Akosua Agyemang, Seth Sylvester Dadzie, Henry Ofori Duah, Pascal Agbadi

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Objectives

Handwashing with soap and water remains the most effective public health measure to reduce the risk of infectious diseases, which kill over 2.5 million people annually, mostly children in developing countries. The absence of hand hygiene resources in homes put many at risk of these infectious diseases. In the wake of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) and governments around the world have stressed the importance of regular handwashing to prevent the spread of the virus. This suggests that research on water, sanitation, and hygiene issues deserve continuous scholarly attention. In Ghana, studies on …

Left Ventricular Global And Regional Deformation In Arrhythmic Myxomatous Bileaflet Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome, Lakshmi Muthukumar, Arshad Jahangir, M. Faud Jan, Patrycja Galazka, Matt Umland, Mckenzie R. Schweitzer, Ana Cristina Perez Moreno, Maharaj Singh, Bijoy K. Khandheria, A. Jamil Tajik

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Adoptive Treg Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Frontier Therapeutic Aspects In Rheumatoid Arthritis, Mahdi Zavvar, Sara Assadiasl, Sina Zargaran, Maryam Akhtari, Behzad Poopak, Rassoul Dinarvand, Yousef Fatahi, Lobat Tayebi, Narjes Soleimanifar, Mohammad Hossein Nicknam

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

The major current focus on treating rheumatoid arthritis is to put an end to long-term treatments and instead, specifically block widespread immunosuppression by developing antigen-specific tolerance, while also permitting an intact immune response toward other antigens to occur. There have been promising preclinical findings regarding adoptive Treg cells immunotherapy with a critically responsible function in the prevention of autoimmunity, tissue repair and regeneration, which make them an attractive candidate to develop effective therapeutic approaches to achieve this interesting concept in many human immune-mediated diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Ex vivo or invivo manipulation protocols are not only utilized to correct …

Reduced Vip Expression Affects Circadian Clock Function In Vip-Ires-Cre Mice (Jax 010908), Deborah A.M. Joye, Kayla Rohr, Danielle Keller, Thomas Inda, Adam Telega, Harshida Pancholi, Vania Carmonia-Alcocer, Jennifer A. Evans

Biomedical Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

Circadian rhythms are programmed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which relies on neuropeptide signaling to maintain daily timekeeping. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is critical for SCN function, but the precise role of VIP neurons in SCN circuits is not fully established. To interrogate their contribution to SCN circuits, VIP neurons can be manipulated specifically using the DNA-editing enzyme Cre recombinase. Although the Cre transgene is assumed to be inert by itself, we find that VIP expression is reduced in both heterozygous and homozygous adult VIP-IRES-Cre mice (JAX 010908). Compared with wild-type mice, homozygous VIP-Cre mice display faster reentrainment and shorter …

Synthesis Of Novel Reducing Agent For Formation Of Metronidazole-Capped Silver Nanoparticle And Evaluating Antibacterial Efficiency In Gram-Positive And Gram-Negative Bacteria, Fatemeh Farjadian, Amin Reza Akbarizadeh, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

In this study, a new type of silver nanoparticles capped with metronidazolium based ionic liquid is synthesized. By this aim, metronidazole is altered to ionic-liquid type structure with citrate counter ion as reducing agent. The produced reducing agent was characterized using ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR and FT-IR. The capability of metronidazolium-based reducing agent in formation and capping silver nanoparticles was examined in a chemical reaction. More specifically, synthesized silver nanoparticles were synthesized and capped with metronidazolium-citrate based ionic liquid, while the formation of particles in 48 h was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence …

Effect Of Fabrication Method On The Structure And Properties Of A Nanostructured Nickel-Free Stainless Steel, L. Heidari, A. Tangestani, M. J. Hadianfard, Daryoosh Vashaee, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

An ASTM F2581 nanostructured stainless steel was fabricated by two different powder metallurgy routes; Hot Powder Forging (HPF) and Binder Assisted Extrusion (BAE) methods. Their structure and mechanical properties were investigated and compared. In both fabrication methods, the alloy powder was made by using main alloying elements through mechanical alloying, along with the addition of a sintering aid. In the BAE method, a paste was prepared by mixing alloy powders with polymer followed by cold extrusion, polymer removal, and sintering. In the HPF method, the alloy powders were hot forged under high pressure. The structure and the size of the …

Effect Of Dentin Biomodification Delivered By Experimental Acidic And Neutral Primers On Resin Adhesion, Lívia Tosi Trevelin, Yvette Alania, Mathew Mathew, Rasika S. Phansalkar, Shao-Nong Chen, Guido F. Pauli, Ana K. Bedran-Russo

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Objectives

Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are biocompounds mimicking native collagen cross-links. The effective and practical delivery of any biocompound is pivotal for clinical usage. The aim was to investigate the dentin biomodification and effective formation of dentin–resin biointerfaces of two highly bioactive PAC-rich extracts, Vitis vinifera (Vv) and Camellia sinensis (Cs), delivered using neutral (NP) or acidic (AP) rinse-out primer approaches.

Methods

The depth of dentin demineralization (optical profilometry), dentin biomodification (apparent modulus of elasticity, collagen auto-fluorescence) and properties of dentin–resin interfaces (microtensile bond strength - μTBS, and micro-permeability) were investigated. NP consisted of either 15% Vv or Cs applied for …

Rare A-Type, Spiro-Type, And Highly Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins From Pinus Massoniana, Bin Zhou, Yvette Alania, Mariana C. Reis, James Mcalpine, Ana K. Bedran-Russo, Guido F. Pauli, Shao-Nong Chen

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

An investigation of the dental bioactive proanthocyanidin (PAC) oligomer fractions led to three structurally distinct new PACs (1–3) from pine bark. Pinutwindoublin (1) is the first reported trimer with double A-type interflavanyl linkages (2α→O→5,4α→6 and 2α→O→7,4α→8). Pinuspirotetrin (2) represents the first reported PAC tetramer with a heterodimeric framework consisting of one spiro-type and one A-type dimer. Pinumassohexin (3) was elucidated as a mixed A + B-type hexamer that consists of a peanut-derived tetramer, peanut procyanidin E, and an A-type dimer (5). Compound 3 increased the modulus of elasticity of dentin …

Tri- And Tetrameric Proanthocyanidins With Dentin Bioactivities From Pinus Massoniana, Bin Zhou, Yvette Alania, Mariana C. Reis, Rasika S. Phansalkar, Joo-Won Nam, James Mcalpine, Shao-Nong Chen, Ana K. Bedran-Russo, Guido F. Pauli

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Guided by dentin biomechanical bioactivity, this phytochemical study led to the elucidation of an extended set of structurally demanding proanthocyanidins (PACs). Unambiguous structure determination involved detailed spectroscopic and chemical characterization of four A-type dimers (2 and 4–6), seven trimers (10–16), and six tetramers (17–22). New outcomes confirm the feasibility of determining the absolute configuration of the catechol monomers in oligomeric PACs by one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR. Electronic circular dichroism as well as phloroglucinolysis followed by mass spectrometry and chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis generated the necessary chiral reference data. In …

The Effect Of Mechanical Vibration On Alveolar Bone Following Experimental Periodontitis: A Time Course Study, Joshua Murphy

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Introduction: High-frequency vibration with low magnitude acceleration has varying effects on alveolar bone. The objectives of this study were to establish a murine model for periodontitis and to explore the best time window of this model to investigate the effects of high frequency, low magnitude mechanical vibration on alveolar bone following ligature-induced experimental periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-five 11-week-old inbred strain C57BL/67 male mice were randomly assigned into four groups: 1) healthy control (n = 9); 2) healthy + mechanical vibration (n = 8); 3) experimental periodontitis + no treatment (n=7); and 4) experimental periodontitis + vibration (n = 9). …

Efficacy Of Invisalign: A Retrospective Case Series Of Intrusion, Extrusion, And Rotation With Trend Analysis, Kirsten Karkow

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: To quantify efficacies and discrepancies of Invisalign® treatment of anterior intrusions, anterior extrusions, and incisor, canine and premolar rotations with correlations to age, gender, tooth, attachment, interproximal reduction, number of aligners, treatment time, and start date. Methods: Initial, progress, and final iTero® scans of patients treated with Invisalign® in the graduate Marquette University Orthodontics Clinic (Milwaukee, WI) were retrieved along with corresponding ClinChecks® as .stl files. These three-dimensional files were superimposed for best-fit using SlicerCMF4-0 software. A total of 67 anterior intrusions ≥ 0.5 mm, 39 anterior extrusions ≥ 0.5 mm, and 98 incisor, canine and premolar rotations ≥ …

Corrosion Properties Of Various Orthodontic Fixed Retention Wires, Tara Lynn Groen

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: It is known that stainless steel and other alloys readily corrode in the oral environment. Many different wire compositions and configurations are available on the market for fixed orthodontic retainers, yet few studies have focused on the corrosion of wires used for fixed retention. The aim of this study was to determine the general and crevice corrosion properties of 7 distinct fixed retainer wires. Methods: Seven types of fixed retainer wires were chosen for testing – solid, braided and twisted stainless steel wires; solid and twisted gold plated wires; a solid cobalt chromium wire; and a solid beta-titanium ribbon. …

Anatomical Considerations For Miniplate-Anchored Maxillary Protraction In Children With Unilateral Cleft Lip And Palate, Jared Holloway

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the anatomical considerations of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) for the purpose of placing orthodontic miniplates for maxillary protraction. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 41 patients with UCLP (18 females and 23 males with a mean age of 9.8) and 36 (19 females and 17 males with a mean age of 9.9) age-matched controls were assessed in this retrospective study. Multiple linear measurements were taken to evaluate the bone thickness of the infrazygomatic crest region (IZCR), buccal alveolar bone, and inferior portion of …

Tensile Strength Of Elastomeric Ligature Ties Stretched Over Large And Small Orthodontic Brackets, Golden Shiloh

Master's Theses (2009 -)

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate whether or not the larger required stretch of elastomeric ligature ties to secure an orthodontic wire into a larger sized bracket would lead to a more significant loss in tensile strength than if a smaller bracket size was used that required less of a stretch for placement of the elastomeric ligature. Methods: Maximum tensile strengths of elastomeric ligature ties from American Orthodontics and Dentsply Sirona were measured and compared after incubation for 4 weeks at 37±1oC under the following conditions: Unstretched dry, unstretched in artificial saliva, stretched and tied over a …

Understanding The Requisite Content For Interprofessional Education On Sentinel Injuries, A Qualitative Study, Elizabeth A. Cleek

Dissertations (1934 -)

Child maltreatment is a public health concern in the United States. The consequences of child maltreatment pose both immediate and lifelong health threats to victimized children. Given the health consequences of child maltreatment, health care providers (HCPs) are legally required to report any reasonable suspicion of child maltreatment to child protective services (CPS). Sentinel injuries (SIs) are some of the earliest and most readily identifiable red flags of child maltreatment. SIs are any unexpected bruising or intra-oral injuries in non-mobile infants. SIs are highly correlated with child maltreatment and may be the only sign of child maltreatment in an otherwise …

Midwifing The Perinatal Microbiome, Lisa Hanson, Emily Malloy, Leona Vandevusse

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

No abstract provided.

Development And Psychometric Analysis Of The Patient Preferences For Engagement Tool, Teresa Jerofke-Owen, Mauricio Garnier-Villarreal

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Background

Assessing patients’ preferences for engaging in healthcare is needed to inform the planning and delivery of individualized healthcare. Unfortunately, patients are often not engaged in their care to the extent that they would like, leading to patient feelings of disempowerment and frustration.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to (a) develop and (b) psychometrically test the Patient Preferences for Engagement Tool (PPET), a clinical assessment tool that can be used by nursing staff to identify patient preferences for engagement in healthcare. The usability of the PPET was also examined for both nurses and patients participating in the study. …

Spatial Analysis Of Factors Associated With Hiv Infection In Malawi: Indicators For Effective Prevention, Jerry John Nutor, Henry Ofori Duah, Pascal Agbadi, Precious Adade Duodu, Kaboni W. Gondwe

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

Background

The objective of this study was to model the predictors of HIV prevalence in Malawi through a complex sample logistic regression and spatial mapping approach using the national Demographic and Health Survey datasets.

Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis using the 2015–2016 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey and AIDS Indicator Survey. The analysis was performed in three stages while incorporating population survey sampling weights to: i) interpolate HIV data, ii) identify the spatial clusters with the high prevalence of HIV infection, and iii) perform a multivariate complex sample logistic regression.

Results

In all, 14,779 participants were included in …

Laboratory Analysis Techniques For The Perinatal Microbiome: Implications For Studies Of Probiotic Interventions, Emily Malloy, Ashley Kates, Lauren Watson, Leona Vandevusse, Nasia Safdar, Lisa Hanson

College of Nursing Faculty Research and Publications

The microbiome is composed of many organisms and is impacted by an intricate exchange between genetics and environmental factors. The perinatal microbiome influences both the developing fetus and the pregnant person. The purpose of this article is to describe the tests that are currently available for laboratory analysis of the perinatal microbiome in relationship to probiotic interventions. This article focuses on the bacterial component of the microbiome. Although adverse outcomes associated with the perinatal microbiome have been studied, a comprehensive understanding of the physiologic perinatal microbiome is still emerging. Early efforts to influence the perinatal microbiome through probiotics are currently …

Greater Fatigability And Motor Unit Discharge Variability In Human Type 2 Diabetes, Jonathon Senefeld, Kevin G. Keenan, Kevin S. Ryan, Sarah E. D'Astice, Francesco Negro, Sandra K. Hunter

Exercise Science Faculty Research and Publications

This study determined the discharge characteristics of motor units from two lower limb muscles before and after fatiguing exercise in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with no symptoms of polyneuropathy and activity-matched controls. Seventeen people with T2D (65.0 ± 5.6 years; 8 women) and 17 controls (63.6 ± 4.5 years; 8 women) performed: (a) intermittent, isometric contractions at 50% maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) sustained to failure with the ankle dorsiflexors, and (b) a dynamic fatiguing task (30% MVIC load) for 6 min with the knee extensors. Before and after the fatiguing tasks, motor unit characteristics (including coefficient of …

Prelimbic Input To Basolateral Amygdala Facilitates The Acquisition Of Trace Cued Fear Memory Under Weak Training Conditions, Adam Kirry, Robert C. Twining, Marieke R. Gilmartin

Biomedical Sciences Faculty Research and Publications

The ability to predict the occurrence of an aversive outcome based on available cues requires associative learning and plastic changes in the amygdala. When the predictive cue and aversive shock outcome are separated in time as in trace fear conditioning, additional circuitry is needed, including the prelimbic (PL) area of the prefrontal cortex. We have previously shown that neuronal firing in the PL during the trace interval separating the cue and shock is required for trace cued fear memory formation, but whether this mnemonic signal is conveyed to the amygdala is unknown. Here we show in males that silencing PL …

Synthesis And Characterization Of 3d-Printed Functionally Graded Porous Titanium Alloy, Ahmed Hindy, Farzam Farahmand, Fereydoun Pourdanesh, Maryam Torshabi, A. Hadi Al Janabi, Morteza Rasoulianboroujeni, Lobat Tayebi, Fahimeh Tabatabaei

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

This study aims to 3D print titanium alloy constructs incorporating gradient of porosities, from the fully dense core to the porous outer surface. Gradient porous specimens were prepared using selective laser melting (SLM). Fully dense specimens fabricated by SLM were used as the control group. Characterization of samples was done using X-ray tomography, uniaxial compression testing, and optical and scanning electron microscopes. The biocompatibility of fabricated samples was investigated using human periodontal ligament stem cells via assessment of cell attachment, viability, and proliferation by direct and indirect assays. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Characterization …

Recent Advances In Designing 5-Fluorouracil Delivery Systems: A Stepping Stone In The Safe Treatment Of Colorectal Cancer, Elaheh Entezar-Almahdi, Soliman Mohammadi-Samani, Lobat Tayebi, Fatemeh Farjadian

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has become one of the most widely employed antimetabolite chemotherapeutic agents in recent decades. It is considered a first line antineoplastic agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, chemotherapy with 5-FU has several limitations, including its short half-life, high cytotoxicity and low bioavailability. In order to overcome the drawbacks of 5-FU and enhance its therapeutic efficiency, many scientific groups have focused on designing a new delivery system to successfully deliver 5-FU to tumor sites. We provide a comprehensive review on different strategies to design effective delivery systems, including nanoformulations, drug-conjugate formulations and other strategies for the delivery …

Electrical And Mechanical Properties Of Bzt − Xbct Lead‐Free Piezoceramics, Raziye Hayati, Mohammad Fayazi, Hadi Diargar, Mohammad Kaveh, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

In this study, lead‐free (1 − x)Ba(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O3 − x(Ba_0.7Ca_0.3)TiO₃ compositions are synthesized via conventional solid oxide route, and the ceramics are fabricated with normal sintering in air. The effects of composition fluctuations on dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical properties are investigated. The phase structure and the microstructure are analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The best dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ε_r = 11 207 and d₃₃ = 330 pC/N were obtained for BZT−0.35BCT and BZT−0.5BCT ceramics, respectively. The mechanical behavior—in terms of Vickers hardness and compressive and …

The Adverse Effects Of Radiotherapy On The Structure Of Dental Hard Tissues And Longevity Of Dental Restoration, Miguel Angel Munoz, Carolina Garin-Correa, Wilfredo Gonzalez-Arriagada, Ximena Quintela Davila, Patricio Haberle, Ana K. Bedran-Russo, Issis Luque-Martinez

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose:

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of different ionizing radiation doses on the mineral (carbonate/phosphate ratio, crystallinity index [CI]) and organic (amide III/phosphate, amide I sub-band ratios) structures, as well as the microhardness, of enamel and dentin, along with their influence on the bonding strength stability of the etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) dental adhesive strategies.

Materials and methods:

Enamel and dentin human tissue specimens were irradiated (with 0, 20, 40, and 70 Gy radiation doses, respectively) and sectioned to perform an attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform IR spectroscopy assay (ATR-FTIR) and the Vickers microhardness …

Dental Light-Curing Units: An American Dental Association Clinical Evaluators Panel Survey, Kevin Frazier, Ana K. Bedran-Russo, Nathaniel C. Lawson, Jacob Park, Sharukh Khajotia, Olivia Urquhart

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Background

The ability to polymerize light-activated dental materials with dental light-curing units (DLCUs) has revolutionized dentistry. However, proper DLCU use is essential for ensuring the effectiveness and performance of these materials.

Methods

The authors developed an electronic cross-sectional survey in the American Dental Association Qualtrics Research Core platform. The survey included questions about DLCU use, unit type and selection, training, maintenance, technique, and safety measures. The authors deployed the survey to 809 American Dental Association Clinical Evaluators (ACE) panelists on October 9, 2019, and sent reminder links to nonrespondents 1 week later. They conducted exploratory and descriptive analyses using SAS …

Microfluidic Fabrication Of Microcarriers With Sequential Delivery Of Vegf And Bmp-2 For Bone Regeneration, Erfan Dashtimoghadam, Farahnaz Fahimipour, Nikita Tongas, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Wound instability and poor functional vascularization in bone tissue engineering lead to lack of tissue integration and ultimate failure of engineered grafts. In order to harness the regenerative potential of growth factors and stimulate bone healing, present study aims to design multifunctional cell therapy microcarriers with the capability of sequential delivery of essential growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). An on-chip double emulsion method was implemented to generate monodisperse VEGF encapsulated microcarriers. Bio-inspired poly(3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) (PDA) was then functionalized to the microcarriers surface for BMP-2 conjugation. The microcarriers were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells …