Research Methods in Life Sciences Commons^™

Letter To Editor: M.W. Fox Response To Allan's Letter To Editor, M. W. Fox

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

I have never condoned animal studies of learned helplessness that entail significant physical and psychological trauma - such as five milliamperes of inescapable electrical shock repeated at intervals for several days. I have also forcefully criticized psychologists (Fox, 1981, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 17:80-84) for poor experimental design and needless repetition.

Letter To Editor: Journal Editorial Vindicates Vivisectionists, Pat Allan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

M.W. Fox's editorial, "The 'Show Dog' Syndrome" (IJSAP 3(1):3, 1982) cannot help but be extremely upsetting to any person who wants to see the particularly sadistic and useless experiments involving sentient beings recognized as such. I am referring to Fox's reference to Overmeier's "learned helplessness" experiments involving intense unavoidable electrical shock administered to dogs. Through reference to these kinds of experiments, Fox lends credibility to them; it would seem there is no other way to understand the "show dog" syndrome from a scientific perspective. Fox therefore

validates Overmeier's research and others who engage in similar research.

The Issue Of Science And The Issue Of Care, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Dr. Edward Taub, Director of the Behavioral Biology Center of the Institute for Behavioral Research, was, on

November 23, 1981, found guilty of 6 counts of cruelty to animals. Dr. Taub has cried "victimization" and has attempted.

(with some success) to rally researchers to his defense. However, scientists should beware of taking up this case as a cause celebre. Taub was not being tried because his research was cruel (and hence unjustified); he was being tried because his laboratory was grossly unsanitary and did not provide adequate veterinary care. According to one respected laboratory animal veterinarian, the conditions were …

News And Analysis

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The section includes reports on the use of pound animals for research; EEC standards for battery cages for laying hens; a declaration that fish are considered to be animals in Massachusetts, the rescue of dogs from research in Maryland; determining wildlife populations in Virginia; the tuna-dolphin controversy; the protection of laboratory animals; animal experimentation in the UK; the AVMA Animal Welfare Committee; broiler chicken welfare; ignorance regarding wildlife in the USA, the Ames Test as an alternative; the ban on sperm whale hunting; and an analysis of alternatives research supported by the NIH.

Reporting Requirements Under The Animal Welfare Act: Their Inadequacies And The Public's Right To Know, M. Solomon, P. C. Lovenheim

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The Animal Welfare Act is the only federal statute designed to protect animals used in laboratory research. This law requires research facilities to register with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and meet minimum housing standards, care, and treatment standards for most warm-blooded animals. The Act is administered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), an agency of the USDA. Research institutions are required to file annual reports. However, the reports are frequently deficient. The authors argue that the USDA should issue clear definitions for what is meant by “pain” and “distress. ” They should also provide further …

The Silver Spring 17, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

On November 23, 1981, in a Maryland District Court, Dr. Edward Taub was found guilty under a Maryland state anti-cruelty statute of not providing adequate veterinary care for 6 of the 17 monkeys confiscated from his laboratory two months earlier. The case has received extensive press coverage and caused widespread alarm in the scientific community. According to Science (274:121, 1981 ), "scientists throughout the country have been shocked by the Taub case, initially perceiving it as a bid by antivivisectionists to procure a court ruling against animal experimentation." Taub has fostered this impression and has drawn a false analogy between …

Some Thoughts On The Laboratory Cage Design Process, Margaret E. Wallace

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

A block to progress in the design of cages and other restricted environments for animals has been the notion that animal and human needs are necessarily in conflict. The design process should list the established and suspected animal needs separately from human needs- husbandry and experimental. Comparison of the two lists will often show more compatible needs than expected, and design features can be worked out to fulfill them. Adjustments may be made where needs are less compatible until "sufficient" compatibility is achieved. An innovative design for a mouse cage is described to show that this process can lead to …

Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, And Behavioral Enhancement In Eight Primate Species, Arnold S. Chamove, James R. Anderson, Susan C. Morgan-Jones, Susan P. Jones

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Sixty-seven animals from eight primate species were used to assess improved husbandry techniques. The presence of woodchips as a direct-contact litter decreased inactivity and fighting and increased time spent on the ground. Placing food in the deep litter led to further behavioral improvement. Frozen foods improved distribution and reduced fighting in most situations, especially when buried in the litter. With time, the litter became increasingly inhibitory to bacteria. The results suggest that inexpensive ways of increasing environmental complexity are effective in improving housing for primates.

A Message From Pano, William G. Conway

Zoos and Aquariums Collection

The memo attached was found in an unstamped envelope with no return address on the grounds of the Bronx Zoo. It appears to have been written by a chimpanzee on assignment from a clandestine organization in Africa.

Effects Of Psycho-Physiological Stress On Captive Dolphins, Nick Carter

Conservation Collection

Morgane (1978) has stated that:

Man sees all other creatures through the narrow focus of his own knowledge and sees the whole image in distortion. We patronize animals for their incompleteness and dependence and for their fate in having taken form so far below ourselves ... a great mistake, for animals should not and cannot, be measured by man. Many are gifted with many extensions of senses we have lost or never attained .... They live by voices we may never hear. Some may not be our accepted brethren, but also they are not our underlings.

If this "narrow focus …

Reporting Requirements Under The Animal Welfare Act: Their Inadequacies And The Public's Right To Know, Mark Solomon, Peter C. Lovenheim

Laws and Legislation Collection

We conclude from the analysis that the Reporting System, as presently administered, fails to achieve its primary statutory objective: it does not provide APHIS with information sufficient to demonstrate that researchers have used pain-relieving drugs "appropriately" and in accordance with "professionally acceptable standards." The chief reasons for this failing are (1) regulations and guidelines do not define "pain" or "distress," (2) regulations and guidelines do not adequately define "routine procedures," and (3) regulations and guidelines do not require meaningful explanations for the withholding of pain-relieving drugs in procedures acknowledged to cause pain.

Some Thoughts On The Laboratory Cage Design Process, Margaret E. Wallace

Laboratory Experiments Collection

A block to progress in the design of cages and other restricted environments for animals has been the notion that animal and human needs are necessarily in conflict. The process of design should list the established and suspected animal needs separately from a list of human needs- husbandry and experimental. Comparison of the two lists will often show up more compatible needs than expected, and design features can be worked out to fulfill them. Adjustments may then be made where needs are less compatible until "sufficient" compatibility is achieved. An innovative design for a mouse cage is described, to show …

The Silver Spring 17, Andrew N. Rowan

Laboratory Experiments Collection

On November 23, 1981, in a Maryland District Court, Dr. Edward Taub was found guilty under a Maryland state anti-cruelty statute of not providing adequate veterinary care for 6 of the 17 monkeys confiscated from his laboratory 2 months earlier. The case has received extensive press coverage and has also caused widespread alarm in the scientific community. According to Science (274:121, 1981 ), "scientists throughout the country have been shocked by the Taub case, initially perceiving it as a bid by antivivisectionists to procure a court ruling against animal experimentation." Taub himself has fostered this impression and has drawn a …

Deep Woodchip Litter: Hygiene, Feeding, And Behavioral Enhancement In Eight Primate Species, Arnold S. Chamove, James R. Anderson, Susan C. Morgan-Jones, Susan P. Jones

Ethology Collection

Sixty-seven animals from eight primate species were used to assess improved husbandry techniques. The presence of woodchips as a direct-contact litter decreased inactivity and fighting, and increased time spent on the ground. Placing food in the deep litter led to further behavioral improvement. The use of frozen foods improved food distribution and reduced fighting in most situations, especially when it was buried in the litter. With time, the litter became increasingly inhibitory to bacteria. The results suggest that inexpensive ways of increasing environmental complexity are effective in improving housing for primates.

The Ecology Of Maine's Intertidal Habitats : A Report Prepared For The Maine State Planning Office, Peter F. Larsen, Lee F. Doggett

Maine Collection

The Ecology of Maine's Intertidal Habitats : A Report Prepared for the Maine State Planning Office

by Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences (Authors: Peter F. Larsen and Lee F. Doggett) , 1981.

Contents: Acknowledgements / List of Tables / List of Figures / Chapter 1 - Introduction / Chapter 2 - Human Impact on Intertidal Fauna / Chapter 3 - A Primer of Intertidal Ecology / Chapter 4 - A Sampler of Intertidal Species / Chapter 5 - Methodology / Chapter 6 - Results of Faunal Studies / Appendix 1 - Habitats With Date Sampled / Appendix 2 - List …

The Effect Of Hypercholesterolemia On The Membrane Lipids, 3-0-[¹⁴C] Methylglucose Transport, And 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Levels In Rat Erythrocytes, Edwin J. Lester Jr.

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

An increase in dietary cholesterol and cholic acid will produce hypercholesterolemia in rats. For ten months, two groups of rats (six in each group) were fed commercial rat pellets (control group) or rat pellets plus cholesterol (1%) and cholic acid (0.25%) (experimental group). A blood sample from each animal was divided into three aliquots for three separate experiments on the erythrocytes: a membrane cholesterol and phospholipid determination, a 3-0-[¹⁴C] methylglucose (30MG) transport determination, and a 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) determination. The 30MG transport and 2,3 DPG aliquots were each incubated in the same five concentrations of 30MG and glucose …

The Effects Of Orthodontic Repositioning Into A Surgically Expanded Site On Bone Formation And Tooth Mobility In A Baboon, Anthony B. Lier

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

For sometime, expansion of the maxillary arch, by means of surgical and mechanical procedures, have been acknowledged with minimal attention directed toward the mandible. In this pilot study a surgical technique was employed in separating the mandible, A-P, at the symphysis. The interosseous void, approximately 10 mm., was then filled with autogenous bone marrow collected from the greater trochanter and the crest of the ilium.

The surgical site was then maintained for a period of eight (8) weeks with the aid of a precast chromium-cobalt splint and titanium mesh placed intradentally and at the symphysis, respectively. Following the stabilization period …

A Morphometrical Analysis Of The Guinea Pig Placenta After Chronic Exposure To Carbon Monoxide, Marcella J. Woolsey

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

We used morphometric analysis to determine if placental structure is modified by carbon monoxide, Camm-Hartley guinea pigs were exposed throughout gestation to chronic conditions of carbon monoxide (averaging about 180 parts per million). Maternal weight, placental weight, fetal weight, and fetal length were recorded at the time of placental fixation. Using a computerized image analyzer on photomicrographs obtained through light microscopy, we measured maternal and fetal percent vessel volumes, surface areas, and vessel numbers. Maternal vessel numbers and surface area remained basically unchanged but decreased slightly. Maternal percent volume decreased 15%. However, fetal capillary number increased 35% (p < 0.01) from a control value of 2325 ± 184 per mm² (SE …

The Role Of The Parotid Salivary Glands In The Regulation Of Insulin Secretion, Kenneth L. Millard

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Stress of handling, partial or complete sialoadenectomy, and the administration of parotid hormone (PH), sodium fluoride (NaF), or guanidino-succinic acid (GSA) were examined for effects on fasting plasma glucose and insulin or effects on intravenous glucose tolerance in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Basal glucose and insulin were substantially elevated as a result of the stress of translocation in large animals, but were not altered in small animals. A rise in plasma insulin occured in control animals 20 minutes following anesthesia and the removal of a blood sample by cardiac puncture but not in animals that had been handled twice daily for …

Scientific Issues And Regulation Of Primate Use, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Some of the use patterns of nonhuman primates in the USA and Europe are outlined, and a few specific examples of inappropriate and unnecessary use are described. The primate research resources program in the USA is examined, and some suggestions as to how the program could be more responsive to humane and conservation concerns are presented.

Breeding And Use Of Nonhuman Primates In The Usa, Joe R. Held

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Several species of nonhuman primates, each possessing specific characteristics of particular value, are used by the United States biomedical community in various health-related activities. These animals are man's closest relatives and are indispensable in understanding and controlling human health problems. The destruction of primate habitats and embargoes on the export of primates from source countries have decreased the supply of these animals. The inadequate and erratic supply of these resources threatens the continuation of many ongoing and new activities contributing to improving human health. In the U.S., a program has been developed to meet the health needs of primates:

1) …

The Case For Revising Our Laws On Animal Experimentation, David L. Markell

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The current laws regarding experimentation on animals should be dramatically revised. These laws permit virtually unrestricted animal experimentation without regard to the benefits obtained from such experiments

and the consequences of such experiments upon the subject animal. Legislation constituting a two-step jump from the current laws is needed. Laws sanctioning and requiring animal experimentation should be repealed. Laws significantly restricting acceptable experimentation should be enacted. The principle underlying this proposal for change is straightforward: Nonhuman animals, like human animals, have interests in the integrity of their

bodies which deserve legal protection. Only by repealing the present laws and enacting new …

Ethical Concerns In Primate Use And Husbandry, Ardith A. Eudey

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

After World War II, a dramatic increase occurred in the utilization of nonhuman primates in biomedical and psychological research and industry. At the same time, field studies on the ecological and social behavior of natural

populations of primates also increased, making possible more realistic assessments of both the behavioral potentiality of primate populations and their conservation status. Despite the growing body of information indicating the endangered or threatened status of most species, many laboratory workers and planning agencies continue to regard primates as renewable resources, even seeking to bypass protective legislation in habitat countries to obtain them. As a consequence, …

Lab Animal Housing: Numbers Or Common Sense?, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The editorial includes comments on the various presentations at an ISAP symposium on laboratory primate husbandry that document the complexity of enriching housing on animal health and well-being.

Biomedical Research And Animal Welfare: Traditional Viewpoints And Future Directions, Franklin M. Loew

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

It has been twenty years since C.P. Snow first presented the concept of "The Two Cultures,"; referring to the "culture" of scientists and the "culture" of literary intellectuals (mainly writers), Snow said (1969): "constantly I felt I was moving among two groups- comparable in intelligence, identical in race, not grossly different in social origin, earning about

the same incomes, who had almost ceased to communicate at all, who in intellectual, moral and psychological climate had so little in common." In some ways, "Two Cultures" goes far to characterize the current state of affairs surrounding those whose scientific endeavors involve the …

History Of The Humane Movement And Prospects For The 80s, Robert A. Brown

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

It was in 1836 that the oldest humane society currently in existence, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, was founded in London. Many others were formed during the nineteenth century, such as the organization I now represent, which was founded in Chicago in 1899. Above all else, there is one distinguishing feature of this period for me: the movement had what is known in Chicago as clout. In marked contrast to the years following the First World War, humane societies enjoyed support from individuals of wealth, influence, and brains. That was a high point for the …

Letter To Editor: Monkey Housing: Every Litter Bit Helps, W. C. Mcgrew

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Non-human primates, laboratory housing

Meetings And Announcements

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) organized a conference on “Laboratory Animal Research for the 80s”. Speakers included Dr. Steele Mattingly (Harlan-Sprague Dawley), Dr. Franklin M Loew (Johns Hopkins), Dr. Robert Whitney (NIH), and Dr. Edward Lennon of MCW.

Letter To Editor: "Harvest" Of Monkeys In Breeding Colonies, Joe R. Held

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

Held corrects the impression from the edited version of his article discussing the monkey breeding facility on a Puerto Rican island.

Regulation Of Biomedical Research, Andrew N. Rowan

International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems

The idea of abolishing or simplifying government regulations has a large following in Washington. As Reagan and his advisors start to prune the growth of the past twenty years, we must hope that they can distinguish between the healthy growth that provides needed support and the excessive growth that strangles necessary initiatives. However, there is one area where we need more regulation rather than less, namely, biomedical research. In calling for more regulation in biomedical research, the author notes he does not mean the imposition of external controls by allegedly ignorant and insensitive bureaucrats (although he states some outside oversight …