Research Methods in Life Sciences Commons^™

Ribosomal Dna And The Phylogeny Of Frogs, David M. Hills, Loren K. Ammerman, Michael T. Dixon, Rafael O. De Sá

Biology Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic analysis of 1656 aligned sites in the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of frogs supports some of the recently recognized higher groups of anurans but provides counter-support for others. The 28S rDNA data support the monophyly of the recently recognized Pipanura (me- sobatrachians plus neobatrachians), which in turn indicates paraphyly of archaeobatrachians. Me- sobatrachians (pelobatoids plus pipoids), which are either considered paraphyletic or weakly sup- ported as monophyletic in morphological analyses, also receive support as a monophyletic group from the 28S rDNA data. Hyloidea (=Bufonoidea), which is widely recognized but lacks morphological support, receives some molecular support as being monophyletic. …

Alternatives In The 90'S: What's Next?, Henry Spira

Conference Presentations

The 80's was a decade of remarkable and innovative research and development of alternatives. We see the 90’s as the decade of validation and implementation.

From an activist's perspective, the 80's was very encouraging,-- alternatives gained acceptance, legitimacy and credibility within the toxicology, corporate and regulatory communities. And The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT) at Johns Hopkins University played a significant role in making this acceptance possible.

But these new technologies have yet to realize their full potential; the focus to date has been on development more than on bringing these technologies into routine usage. And the public, …

The Value And Utility Of Animals In Research, Andrew N. Rowan, Joan C. Weer

Validation of Animal Experimentation Collection

The Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Animals and Public Policy, sponsored an invitational seminar, The Value and Utility of Animals in Research, on October 14, 1993, at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Baltimore, Maryland. This seminar was the second in a series of three organized by the Center for Animals and Public Policy and supported by The Pew Charitable Trusts to deal with issues relating to the use of animals in research. The first seminar, Biology Education and Animals: Opportunities and Issues, was held in the spring of 1993. The third meeting, at the National Press Club …

Refinements In Rabbit Husbandry, The Bvaawf/Frame/Rspca/Ufaw Joint Working Group On Refinement

Breeding of Laboratory Research Animals Collection

The aims of this report are to identify the needs of domesticated rabbits and to present information on ways in which the current systems of housing rabbits can be improved for the benefit of all concerned: the animal, the scientist, the animal technician and the breeder.

In recent years an increasing number of establishments have changed from standard caging to group housing systems, despite the traditionally-held view that mature rabbits cannot be housed together. In this report group housing in floor pens is discussed in detail (Section 2), with both the advantages and disadvantages of this system presented. It is …

Development Of Periapical Lesions In Immunosuppressed Rats, Phillip A. Waterman Jr.

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The pathogenesis of periapical lesions is the interaction of the oral flora with the existing host defenses. The role of bacteria has been established in endodontic disease but the contribution of the host defenses in periapical lesion formation is less clear. The purpose of this study was to compare periapical lesion development in immunosuppressed rats with that in normal rats. Thirty-five, eight-week old Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into seven groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were given weekly injections of Cytoxan, an immunosuppressive agent. Groups 4, 5, and 6 received no immunosuppressive therapy. Group 7 served as a control, …

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 Expression In Developing Ovine Teeth As Visualized By In Situ Hybridization, Søren Jepsen

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Recently we demonstrated that human dentin contained relatively high amounts of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and proposed that dentin TGF-ß originated from odontoblasts. Because of the suggested role of TGF-ß in mediating cellular interactions in dental cell development by paracrine mechanisms, we studied the expression of TGF-ß message in developing teeth by in situ hybridization. 5 µm serial sections of neonatal sheep mandibular third molars that had been fixed in glutaraldehyde and paraffin-embedded were used for in situ analysis. An [³⁵S]-labeled cRNA probe, complementary to TGF-ß1 mRNA, was constructed from human TGF-ß1 cDNA. Northern analysis of total …

Modulation Of Rat Hepatic S9-Dependent Mutagenesis, Dna Binding, And Metabolism Of Aflatoxin B1 And Benzo[A]Pyrene By Four Chinese Medicinal Herbs, Brian Yuen Yau Wong

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Extracts of the herbs Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) and Scutellaria barbata (SB) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating liver, lung and rectal tumors while extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Ligustrum lucidum (LL) are often used as adjuncts in cancer therapy. In this study, we determined the effects of aqueous extracts of these four herbs on aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol (BaP 7,8-DHD) and benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE)-induced mutagenesis, mediated by enzymes in rat hepatic 9000 x g supernatant (S9), in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. We also studied the effects of these four herbs on …

New In Vivo And In Vitro Techniques For Quantification Of Lateral Force Levels That Cause Implants To Fail : A Progress Report On Monkey Research, V. Leroy Leggitt

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Two new techniques for quantification of forces generated by an expansion screw apparatus placed between pairs of cylindrical endosseous titanium implants are described, along with preliminary data gained from their use in Macaca rhesus monkeys. Strain gages were bonded to the expansion apparatus and were calibrated either directly by micro load cell, or indirectly by Instron Machine to reflect the applied force.

Immediate loads of up to 6 kilograms have been applied to the implants with no increase in mobility as verified by a Periotest device. No previous studies on the orthodontic uses of implants have evaluated in vivo forces …

Plasticity Of The Gnrh Neuronal System During Sexual Maturation Of The Male Djungarian Hamster, Kevin L. Buchanan

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Onset of puberty in male Djungarian hamsters is characterized by increased pituitary gonadotropin secretion and testes maturation, and is controlled by neurons within the brain which secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Puberty is associated with increased numbers of morphologically unipolar, but not bipolar, GnRH neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and diagonal band of Broca (DBB). To test the hypothesis that delayed sexual maturation arrests this increase, males were exposed to short days or administered melatonin. Males with delayed puberty had significantly fewer unipolar GnRH neuron numbers in the MPOA and DBB comparable to pubertal controls in long days. Unipolar …

The Ethical Judgment Of Animal Research, Shelley L. Galvin, Harold A. Herzog

Experimentation Collection

One hundred sixty subjects acted as members of a hypothetical Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and evaluated five proposals in which animals were to be used for research or educational purposes. They were asked to approve or reject the proposals and to indicate what factors were important in reaching their ethical decisions. Gender and differences in personal moral philosophy were related to approval decisions. The reasons given for the decisions fell into three main categories: metacognitive statements, factors related to the animal, and factors related to the design of the experiment.

The Creation Of Transgenic Animal “Models” For Human Genetic Disease, Bernard Rollin

Biomedicine and Animal Models in Research Collection

Transgenic animals will be created to study human genetic disease as soon as the technological capability exists to do so. Extant laws permit such animals to be created. The mindset of the research community makes it inevitable. It is also clear that such diseases can cause enormous amounts of pain and suffering. Responsible researchers need to explore all possible avenues for controlling such pain and suffering. Thus far the research community has not engaged this issue vis a vis animals. The development of methodologies for controlling pain and suffering is likely to be exportable to numerous areas of animal research, …

The Sheep Lice Detection Test, Peter Morcombe

Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, Series 4

Sheep farmers would agree it is difficult to find sheep lice when carrying out an inspection.

The lice detection test makes this task easier and helps farmers decide how to control lice. The test also helps community liaison groups with eradication of lice infestations in specific areas, and provides data for epidemiologists to monitor changes in prevalence of lice and efficacy of treatments. Tests are much cheaper than flock inspection on the farm.

The present lice detection test was developed by the Australian Wool Testing Authority (A WTA) and introduced as an integral part of the Western Australian Sheep Lice …

Arkansas Cooperative Beef Bull Performance Test 1991, M. W. Eaton, A. E. Brown Jr., J. A. Hornsby, R. W. Parham, J. D. Shockey, W. C. Loe

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Performance testing of beef bulls was initiated to improve productivity of Arkansas beef cattle through breeding. This cooperative testing program provides cattlemen with reliable information for identifying animals with superior breeding value for the traits of production measured in the test. By using the information as a basis for herd sire selection, a breeder can greatly increase the chances of obtaining a bull that will sire rapid-gaining, more efficient, highquality calves. Such calves can increase profits for both the breeder and the feeder. This testing program provides information that is useful to financial institutes in arranging their lending programs and …

Use Morality As Basis For Animal Treatment, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Experimentation Collection

No abstract provided.

Effect Of Age On The Structure Of Meissner Corpuscles In Forepad Digital Pads Of Mice, Roger C. Mathewson

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Meissner corpuscles in forepaw digital pads of albino mice were examined by light and electron microscopy to determine structural age-changes. After 1.5 months of age, no intraepidermal nerve fibers were seen extending from corpuscles. From young (1.5-6 months) to middle age (9-15 months), corpuscles became larger and more complex, gaining more horizontally arranged terminals, associated lamellae and connective tissue. At old age (18-26 months), corpuscles became small and lobulated, appearing disorganized. There was no loosening of the corpuscle-epidermal interface. An increase in collagenous connective tissue and basal lamina duplication occurred with advancing age. Ultrastructural age-changes consisted of disorganization of the …

The Role Of T Cells In The Pathogenesis Of Periapical Lesions, John B. Wallstrom

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The pulps of mandibular molars of 15 athymic and 15 conventional rats were surgically exposed and left open to their oral flora. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups of 5 animals each. The rats were sacrificed after their pulps were exposed for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. After fixing, decalcifying, and embedding, the specimens were sectioned and stained with H and E. They were then examined under a microscopic grid and quantified by percentages of surface areas of bone, connective tissue, bone marrow, intrabony spaces, periapical lesions, and numbers of osteoclasts. This was done using a DataVoice computerized data …

Histomorphometric Analysis Of Primate Periodontal Tissues Following Corticotomy In Orthodontics, Wuiteng Koh

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of specific cell types and structures at the active tooth movement site in corticotomized and non-corticotomized specimens obtained from a previous study, and to consider the hypothesis that corticotomy facilitated orthodontics is efficacious due to an inflammatory response rather than tooth-bone block movement. Specimens from 3 monkeys, each of which had a treatment and control quadrant in each arch, were sectioned, mounted on glass slides, and stained with Giemsa, haematoxylin, and Safranin stains. A histomorphometric analysis was performed with DataVoice™, a voice activated computer system which allowed for digitization of …

Catecholamines And The Regulation Of Uterine Contractions In The Pregnant Rhesus Macaque, Cahleen Mae Mcnutt

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that: 1) maternal and/or amniotic fluid catecholamines or prostaglandins display nocturnal activity rhythms similar to those of the myometrial contractility in the pregnant rhesus macaque and, 2) catecholamines stimulate prostaglandin production by fetal membranes. Paired maternal arterial blood and amniotic fluid samples were collected at 0900 h (AM) and 2100 h (PM) from chronically catheterized rhesus macaques until delivery and analyzed for prostaglandin metabolites (PGFM and PGEM-II) and catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine). Uterine activity data was continuously recorded. A rhythm in uterine contractility was observed, with peak activity between 1900 and …

Topographic Development Of The Corticocollicular Projection In The Neonatal Rat, F. Allen Richburg Ii

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

The density and distribution of labeled cortical cells was examined following discrete deposits of retrograde tracers into the superior colliculus (SC) of neonatal and adult rats to study the topographic order of SC afferents from the cortex during the initial phase of axon ingrowth. Small deposits of red and green latex microspheres (0.02-0.05ul) were placed into the SC of rats ranging in age from birth to adulthood using glass micropipettes (tip diameter 25-35um). The animals, following a 48hr survival period, were deeply anesthetized and perfused with normal saline followed by a 10% formal-saline solution. The brains were sectioned coronally at …

Fixing Coccidian Oocysts Is Not An Adequate Solution To The Problem Of Preserving Protozoan Type Material, Donald W. Duszynski, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Fresh (36 days old) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria nieschulzi were divided into 7 groups. Control oocysts were maintained at 23 C in 2% aqueous (w/v) K₂Cr₂O₇. The 6 experimental groups were mixed with either Bouin's solution, 10% aqueous (v/v) buffered formalin, Karnovsky's solution, glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde, or 70% aqueous (v/v) ethanol (EtOH). After 115 days, oocysts from all 7 groups were examined under oil immersion to determine the effect of fixation on their structural integrity. The parameters examined were lengths and widths of oocysts and sporocysts, percent sporulation (%S), and percent crenation (%C) of oocysts …

Life History, Ecology, And Morphology Of The Ravine Salamander, Plethodon Richmondi, Ronnie D. Jewell

Theses, Dissertations and Capstones

The distribution of P. richmondi and P. cinereus has been of interest to herpetologist for many years. Plethodon cinereus is found throughout the state except for part of the Allegheny Plateau Province where P. richmondi occurs. There is a somewhat abrupt end to their ranges where they overlap which does not appear to be influenced by elevational differences, vegetation patterns, or general climatic changes. The propose of this study was to determine if temperature and/or moisture are limiting the distribution of P. richmondi and P. cinereus in West Virginia. The natural history of P. richmondi has not in West Virginia …

Animals In Biomedical Research: The Undermining Effect Of The Rhetoric Of The Besieged, John P. Gluck, Steven R. Kubacki

Experimentation Collection

It is correctly asserted that the intensity of the current debate over the use of animals in biomedical research is unprecedented. The extent of expressed animosity and distrust has stunned many researchers. In response, researchers have tended to take a strategic defensive posture, which involves the assertation of several abstract positions that serve to obstruct resolution of the debate. Those abstractions include the notions that the animal protection movement is trivial and purely anti-intellectual in scope, that all science is good (and some especially so), and the belief that an ethical consensus can never really be reached between the parties.

Reflective Ethology, Applied Philosophy, And The Moral Status Of Animals, Marc Bekoff, Dale Jamieson

Experimental Research and Animal Welfare Collection

Currently there is an unprecedented interest in ethological studies of nonhuman animals. Much of this interest is motivated by a desire to learn more about animals themselves. For scientists assuming this stance, a secondary goal is to use this knowledge to assess the place of humans in the natural order of things, stressing continuity or discontinuity depending on one's views. Others, however, study animals primarily to apply this knowledge to human behavior. We argue that behavioral research demands the rigorous application of methods that are minimally harmful to the animals being studied. We argue for a moderate, but rigorous and …

Pharmacokinetics And Effects On Blood Chemistry Of Cyclosporine In Human Infants And Kid Goats, Floyd A. Beierle

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Kid goats (newborn) have been used in transplantation protocols to study the techniques and problems of infant human cardiac transplantation. Immunosuppression has been by cyclosporine in both species. However, the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine (CSA) in both the kid goat and human infant were unknown. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics of CSA were investigated. A single dose study and a long term chronic administration study were undertaken in the goat. Six Nubian goats, ages 60-90 days, were given a single IV dose of CSA, 0.25 mg/kg, over a 10 minute period and 72 hr later an oral cyclosporine dose of 20 mg/kg. The …

Proto-Oncogene Regulation By Growth Factors In Bone Cells, Harold Lyndon Merriman

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Previous studies have shown that bone cells in culture produce a number of growth factors that are important in bone regulation. Chick and mouse primary calvarial cultures consist of a mixture of cell types that make it difficult to interpret the results from these model systems. In contrast, MC3T3-E1 cells are a clonal mouse osteoblast-like cell line. Since MC3T3-E1 cells consist of a single population of calvarial cells, they make an ideal system in which to study the autocrine effects of bone growth factors.

Based on this work, MC3T3-E1 cells are now known to produce IGF-I, TGF-beta and IGF-II in …

Effect Of Glucose Administration On Hamster Liver S9-Mediated Mutagenesis, Metabolism And Dna-Binding Of Benzo[A]Pyrene And Aflatoxin B1, Daniel C. Rubano

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Hamster liver S9 prepared from control animals and animals given 30% glucose in drinking water 48 h before time of sacrifice was used in studies of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and aflatoxin (AFB₁)-induced mutagenesis, metabolism of BaP and AFB₁, and metabolite binding to calf thymus DNA. BaP-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 was reduced 38.5% while AFB₁-induced mutagenesis was increased 36% by S9 from glucose-treated hamsters. The reduction of [³H]BaP metabolite binding to calf thymus DNA in incubations with S9 from glucose-treated hamsters correlated with a decrease in unknown BaP metabolite-deoxyribonucleoside adducts isolated by …

Understanding Dogs Through Kinesthetic Empathy, Social Construction, And History, Kenneth J. Shapiro

Sentience Collection

The term, "come into animal presence," she takes from the title of a Denise Levertov poem. The poem, which reads, in part, "What joy when the insouciant armadillo glances at us and doesn't quicken his trotting across the track into the palm bush. What is this joy?" This joy is the possibility of our being in the presence of animals for "(t)he armadillo has some intention to pursue in the palm forest." This joy, to which I invite you here, consists in dwelling in that presence, in inhabiting that intention, that armored but guileless world of the armadillo. I will …

Alternatives To And Reduction Of Animal Use In Biomedical Research, Education And Testing, John M. Frazier, Alan M. Goldberg

Experimentation Collection

Biomedical endeavours can be divided into three major categories: research, education, and testing. Within the context of each of these categories, activities involving whole animals have made major contributions and will continue to do so in the future. However, with technological developments in the areas of biotechnology and computers, new methods are already reducing the use of whole animals in certain areas. This article discusses the general tissues of alternatives and then focuses on the development of new approaches to toxicity testing.

Effects Of Dietary Corn Oil And Menhaden Oil On Rats Mammary Tumorigenesis And Prostaglandin E2 Levels, Melissa L. Philley

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology by Melissa L. Philley on August 4, 1989.

The Effect Of An Anti-Osteoclastic Agent And A Collagen Sponge On Root Resorption Following Regenerative Periodontal Surgery In The Dog, Rudolf Hahn

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Previous studies indicate that root resorption is a frequent sequela to significant amounts of periodontal repair following experimental regenerative periodontal surgical procedures in animal models. To study if root resorption can be reduced or prevented, periodontal repair was evaluated in large horizontal circumferential defects in the dog in the absence of influence from the oral environment. Diphosphonate (Cl₂ MDP) applied topically to the root surfaces prior to wound closure as well as the use of a collagen sponge membrane (Helistat®) draped over the root surfaces and a control with no additional treatment after defect creation were the modalities employed. …