Plant Biology Commons^™

Are Leaf Traits Suitable For Assessing The Feeding Value Of Native Grass Species?, R. Al Haj Khaled, M. Duru, P. Cruz

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research on forage feeding value other than in vivo assessment can be roughly divided into three kinds of approach. The first aims to predict feeding value using a set of enzymatic or physical methods. A second approach is based on phenological stages of species. These approaches are mainly used for pure stands of improved grasses or legumes. However, for native grassland, a complex type of vegetation, a third approach, based on botanical records, has been proposed to rank grassland communities for their feeding value. The aim of this work concerns the third approach. We tested whether leaf traits (e.g. specific …

Validation Of Faecal Nirs For Monitoring The Diet Of Confined And Grazing Goats, S. Y. Landau, T. A. Glasser, L. Dvash, Avi Perevolotsky

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Goats are used for brush control and ecological management of Mediterranean grazing lands. Farmers are willing to cooperate with communities but they need an easy method to evaluate the daily intake of nutrients. A calibration of the chemical attributes of goats' diets was set-up, based on faecal near infrared (NIR) spectra (Landau et al., 2004; Table 1). The accuracy of this methodology was estimated by using the standard error of cross-validation (SECV), which represents the variability in the difference between predicted and reference values when the equation is applied sequentially to subsets of data from the calibration data set. …

Near Infrared Spectroscopy To Assess Feeding Value And Antinutritional Compounds In Legume Species, M. Odoardi, S. Colombini, G. Piluzza, M. Confalonieri

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is an increasing demand for information on the quality characteristics and chemical composition of forages in order to meet the demands of dietary specifications for feeding animals. Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a tool for rapid and non-destructive analysis in agronomic and breeding programs of a number of chemical components of forages and grains. NIR spectroscopy in particular has the advantage of being able to simultaneously evaluate the samples for a number of qualitative traits of whole plants and seeds. In two experiments here presented, NIR Spectroscopy was used to predict: i) qualitative characteristics of field pea seeds and, …

Prediction Of The Feed Values Of Maize Silage By Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, H. S. Park, J. K. Lee, H. J. Ko, H. Y. Lee, D. Y. Kil

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Until recently, feed evaluation of silages in official laboratories and feed factories was based on cutting date, chemical composition and the ammonia fraction. However, in vitro techniques have been developed based on rumen fluid or commercial enzymes to replace laborious, time-consuming and expensive digestibility experiments with animals. In this study the possibility of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the chemical composition and digestibility of maize silage was examined.

Sample Preparation Method For Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy To Predict Fermentation Quality Of Maize Silage, H. S. Park, J. K. Lee, M. C. Kim

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Using NIRS directly on undried silage can increase error due to variability in sample particle size, temperature and water content (Givens et al., 1997). These problems can be overcome by grinding silages in frozen state with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, but such procedures are time-consuming and inconvenient due to cleanup required between samples and the need to thaw the sample for subsequent use. The objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of sample preparation methods on prediction of fermentation quality of maize silage, and to select an acceptable sample-preparation method for wet silage.

Nutritive Quality Of Silages By Conventional Laboratory Methods And Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, Pilar Castro, G. Flores, A. González-Arráez, J. Castro, B. Fernández-Lorenzo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Preservation of forages as silages is needed by dairy farmers in NW Spain to feed their cows during the dry (summer) and cold (winter) seasons. The objective of this work was to compare the prediction of in vivo digestibility values by conventional laboratory methods and by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for herbage and maize silages.

Prediction Of N Fractions Of Warm-Season Grasses With Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, S. W. Coleman, C. E. Johnson, B. A. Reiling, P. Mislevy

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Warm-season (C₄), the most common forage for beef production in much of the U.S.A., although having a higher productivity than temperate forages are of a lower quality. Current feeding standards (NRC, 1996) have adapted the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (Sniffen et al., 1992) to more accurately characterize forage quality. As these procedures are tedious, data is limited on genetic and management factors influencing quality parameters in C₄ species. The objective of this research was to determine if near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) could be used to predict the various N fractions in three C_{4 …}

A Rapid Estimation Of Nitrogen Bound To Neutral Detergent Fibre In Forages By Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, Jérôme Bindelle, G. Sinnaeve, P. Dardenne, P. Leterme, A. Buldgen

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used as a rapid method for the evaluation of the chemical composition or the nutritive value of foodstuffs (Givens et al., 1997). The determination of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) bound N (NDF-N), which is highly variable in forages (Shayo & Udén, 1999), is expensive. The purpose of this study was to test the use of NIRS in the prediction of NDF-N in various forages.

Towards Truly “Global” Near Infrared Calibrations For Protein And Neutral Detergent Fibre In Dried Ground Forages, D. Undersander, P. Berzaghi, P. Dardenne, P. Flinn, N. P. Martin, C. Paul, B. N. B. Büchmann, F. Mazeris, M. Lagerholm, I. A. Cowe

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Over the past five years, Foss and DeLaval have sponsored the activities of a group of forage analysts with the aim of developing "global" Near Infrared (NIR) calibrations for parameters that are important in ruminant nutrition. The approach adopted has been based on the amalgamation of historical databases from centres worldwide and calibrations for protein and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in dried ground forages have been developed based on databases that currently comprise approximately 30,000 records. Protein and NDF, while not the most important parameters in ruminant nutrition, were chosen for the initial calibration development exercise because of the amount …

Forage Quality As Related To Mineral Concentrations In Tropical Regions, L. R. Mcdowell

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Often tropical forages contain deficient or toxic concentrations of minerals for grazing livestock (McDowell, 2003). Tropical forages generally contain less of the more essential minerals than species grown in temperate regions (McDowell & Valle, 2000). Mineral elements in forages are dependent upon the interaction of a number of factors, including soil, plant species, stage of maturity, yield, pasture management and climate. The objective of this study was to determine the adequacy of minerals for ruminants in forages collected from seven tropical countries.

Mineral Status Of Some Permanent Range Plants For Grazing Sheep In Semi-Arid Areas Of The Chaharmahal And Bakhtiari Province In Iran. 2. Trace Minerals, G. H. R. Shadnoush

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

The principal factors limiting the performance of grazing animals are low protein content of grasses, low energy intake due to high fibre content and mineral deficiencies or imbalances (McDowell, 1985). At least 26 mineral elements are required by at least one animal species (Church et al., 1988). These elements are generally required in small amounts. They have a great deal of importance for body tissue growth as well as for physiological functions. Mineral deficiencies and imbalances have been reported from almost all tropical regions of the world. This study was designed to measure the copper, iron, manganese and zinc …

Mineral Status Of Some Permanent Range Plants For Grazing Sheep In Semi-Arid Areas Of The Chaharmahal And Bakhtiari Province In Iran. 1. Some Macro Minerals, G. H. R. Shadnoush

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

A deficiency of one or more of the essential minerals in animals can lead not only to a decrease in productivity but also to metabolic diseases in case of severe deficiencies (McDowell, 1985). In general, mineral, especially phosphorous, deficiencies and imbalances are reported from almost all tropical regions of the world (Matijovic & Durackova, 1994). This study was designed to measure the calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium and chlorine contents of some plant species in the semi-arid rangeland of Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province in Iran, because little information is available at present.

The Effect Of Two Magnesium Fertilisers, Kieserite And Mgo, On Herbage Mg Content, M. B. O'Connor, A. H. C. Roberts, R. Haerdter

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Supplementing Mg to dairy cows is widely practised in New Zealand. Various methods are used including drenching, pasture dusting, water trough treatment and adding to hay, silage and other feedstuffs (Young et al., 1979). Fertiliser Mg (calcined magnesite, MgO) is widely used to maintain soil Mg status but research has shown that using fertiliser Mg to achieve good soil, pasture and animal Mg status requires large inputs of Mg (120 kg/ha) and maintaining blood serum Mg status in dairy cows tends to be short-lived without further animal supplementation (O'Connor et al., 1987). The objective of these experiments was …

Potassium Content And The Balance Between Potassium And Other Minerals And Crude Protein In Forage Can Have A Big Impact On Dairy Cow Health, Hary Eriksson

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Preliminary studies indicated that the mineral balance in forage may affect dairy cow health. A bigger study covering the four most northern counties in northern Sweden was conducted. The objective of this study was to compare data on harvested forage with farm data on milk yield and animal health.

Distribution Of Trace Elements In Plant Parts Of Red Clover (Trifolium Pratense L.), S. Ignjatovic, Z. Lugic, D. Sokolovic, J. Radovic

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

There is little information on the distribution of minerals in plant parts although factors affecting mineral content in forages have been well investigated (Fleming, 1973; Whitehead et al., 1985). The aim of this investigation was to determine the trace mineral content in plant parts of different cultivars of red clover (foreign and domestic) and to assess differences between cultivars. The existence of significant differences between cultivars would indicate the possibility of selecting cultivars to satisfy particular animal requirements for minerals.

Use Of Green Sulla Forage For Feeding. 2. Effects On Lamb Carcass And Meat Quality, A. Bonanno, M. L. Alicata, G. Tornambè, F. Mazza, G. Di Miceli, D. Giambalvo

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Diets with 2.5% of condensed tannins (CT) from carob pulp have been showed to reduce lamb carcass weight, yield and fatness, as a consequence of lower digestibility due to strong protein-tannin bonds. Moreover the diets lightened meat colour and negatively affected meat sensory properties (Priolo et al., 2000). There is evidence that some tannin-rich legumes have weaker stability of the protein-tannin complex post-rumen (McSweeney et al., 2001). Since the CT-containing sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) demonstrated improved lamb growth performance in comparison with CT-lacking annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. subsp. wersterwoldicum) (Giambalvo et al., 2005), …

Use Of Green Sulla Forage For Feeding. 1. Effects On Lamb Growth And Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasite Infestation, D. Giambalvo, A. Di Grigoli, M. L. Alicata, B. Formoso, A. S. Frenda, P. Trapani

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Recent studies have shown that some forage legumes containing condensed tannins (CT), such as sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.), can reduce the gastrointestinal nematode burden in sheep (Niezen et al., 1998) and increase post-ruminal protein availability (Waghorn et al., 1994). This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic and nutritional properties of sulla forage in relation to its CT content. Thus, the growth performance and the level of nematode infestation of lambs fed sulla were compared with those of lambs fed ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. subsp. wersterwoldicum), lacking in CT.

Leaf, Pod And Whole Plant Tannin Contents In Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp), Rodolfo Godoy, P. M. Santos, Francisco H. D. Souza

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Tannin content is an important characteristic of leguminous crops and it has been used as a selection criterion in pigeon-pea improvement programmes (Godoy et al., 1994). In south-eastern Brazil, pigeon pea is often consumed by bovines in the dry season (from April though October), after flowering occurs, and is recommended in some cases, specifically for that time of the year (Lourenço et al., 1994). Since tannin content is being used as a selection criterion and the animals in the dry season preferentially eat pods and leaves, an experiment was conducted to compare whole plant, leaf and pod tannin …

Genome-Wide Association Analysis For Emergence Of Deeply Sown Rice (Oryza Sativa) Reveals Novel Aus-Specific Phytohormone Candidate Genes For Adaptation To Dry-Direct Seeding In The Field, Sandeep A. Sakhale, Shailesh Yadav, Lindsay V. Clark, Alexander E. Lipka, Arvind Kumar, Erik J. Sacks

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Dry direct-seeded rice (dry-DSR) is typically sown deeply to circumvent the need for irrigation, and thus seedling emergence is a crucial trait affecting plant stand and yield. To breed elite cultivars that use less water and are climate-resilient, an understanding of the genomic regions and underlying genes that confer emergence in deeply sown dry-DSR would be highly advantageous. A combined diversity panel of 470 rice accessions (RDP1 plus aus subset of 3K RGP) was evaluated with 2.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify associations with dry-DSR traits in the field and component traits in a controlled-environment experiment. Using genome-wide …

Reintroducing Hemp (Rongony) In The Material Palette Of Madagascar: A Study On The Potential Of Hemp Clay Components And Its Impact On Social And Ecological Communities., Henintsoa Thierry Andrianambinina

Masters Theses

When mentioning the word hemp, especially in the local language of Madagascar, the literal translation does not set it apart from marijuana, as they are both called “rongony” - creating the stigma around hemp as the negative stereotype of marijuana. However, the material has been used by the ancestors of Madagascar, as well as across cultures, in its fibrous form to produce fabrication like textile goods and packaging. During colonization, the prohibition of hemp intensified, and since then, any activity related to either of these plants is prohibited and will end in severe punitive measures. This thesis explores the strengths …

International Rice Outlook: International Rice Baseline Projections 2022-2032, A. Durand-Morat, S. Bairagi, W. Mulimbi

AAES Research Reports and Research Bulletins

Rice prices in Asia increased since the Summer of 2022 mainly due to worries about a reduction in rice production in India caused by an abnormal monsoon season (Fig. 1). The upward trend in export prices solidified after India implemented a 20% export tariff on brown and milled long-grain rice, and a complete ban on exports of broken rice, in September 2022 to curve down exports and release the pressure on domestic rice prices. India’s rice export prices increased since then and proportionally to the value of the export tax. The latest estimates put rice production at 128 million metric …

Fluidity And Inconstancy: Australian Bush Tomatoes As An Exemplar Of Non-Normative Sex Expression, Christopher T. Martine

Faculty Journal Articles

Solanum, a genus of ~1500 global species, is one of the more interesting plant groups in which to study reproductive biology and ecology. Overwhelmingly, species in this group express full cosexuality, where individual plants have flowers containing both fully-functioning “male” (staminate) and “female” (carpellate) organs. However, there have been multiple and widespread evolutionary transitions within the genus to non-normative variations on this ancestral condition. Australian bush tomatoes (ca. 40 species) are especially diverse in this regard, with uncommon variation and combinations of unisexuality and cosexuality -- including, most notably, two sexual systems known as dioecy (unisexual male or female …

Compositional Properties Of Flours And Starches From The Philippine National Seed And Industry Council-Registered Root Crops, Edgardo E. Tulin, Chinelo M. Cardaño, Anabella B. Tulin, Ma. Theresa P. Loreto, Ea Kristine Clarisse B. Tulin, Ma. Villa N. Yu

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Based in the Visayas State University, Philippines, the germplasm collection of the Philippine Root Crops Research and Training Center (PhilRootcrops) is home to several varieties that have not been fully characterized for their potential use in the production of functional foods. This study evaluated the compositional properties, amylose/amylopectin ratio, and glycemic index of flour and starches of 10 varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)), and taro (Colocasia esculenta L. Schott); 8 varieties of yam (Dioscorea alata L.); and 5 varieties of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea L.), which was the recommended …

Arkansas Soybean Performance Tests 2022, J. F. Carlin, R. B. Mulloy, R. D. Bond

Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series

Soybean variety and strain performance tests are conducted each year in Arkansas by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Crop Variety Improvement Program. The tests provide information to companies developing varieties and/ or marketing seed within the state, and aid the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service in formulating variety recommendations for soybean producers.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Ensiled Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) And Sweetpotato (Ipomoea Batatas L. (Lam.)) Foliage, And Fermentation Kinetics Of Cassava Silage, Arnel N. Del Barrio, Christian V. Lualhati, Kimberly I B. Turaja, Ralph Jovi B. Saldajeno, Mauricio P. Bayubay Jr, Chesa A. Elenterio, Babylyn T. Salazar, Gerard F. Guadayo, Kamla Zyra G. Lavadia, Menandro M. Loresco

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

This study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) foliage with or without additives molasses and rice bran. Six treatment combinations were from two crop species (cassava and sweetpotato) and three additives (without additive, 10% molasses, and 10% rice bran). The physical (color, odor, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, total soluble sugars, Flieg point, dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose) of the samples were evaluated following standard procedures. Fermentation kinetics of cassava foliage silage and ruminal in situ DM degradability of cassava …

Impact Of Nitrogen Availability On The Accumulation Of Vegetative Lipids In Sorghum, Leticia Felicio Pasqualino

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is a versatile and prosperous feedstock crop for renewable energy production. With the increase in bioenergy demand, the production of higher oil content per biomass in a feedstock crop is a highly desirable trait for the biofuel conversion process yield. Especially if this outcome can be achieved using fewer inputs in the field, such as nitrogen. In microalgae species, nitrogen limitation has been associated with changes in the carbon storage metabolic pathway favoring triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation. In this context, this study aimed to assess whether nitrogen starvation would result in a similar outcome in …

Do Cover Crop Mixtures Improve Soil Physical Health More Than Monocultures?, Humberto Blanco-Canqui

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Rationale and Purpose — Adding multispecies cover crop (CC) mixtures could diversify the current simplified crop rotations and enhance soil health more than monoculture CCs. Further, CC mixtures with diverse plant species could adapt better to changing climatic and environmental conditions than monoculture CCs. However, our current understanding of the soil benefits of CC mixtures is still limited. This review discussed whether CC mixtures are better than monoculture CCs to improve soil physical health.

Methods — All studies published up to May 25, 2023, comparing soil physical properties between CC mixtures and their constituents grown as monocultures were searched in …

Effect Of Condensed Tannins In Sainfoin On In Vitro Protein Solubility Of Lucerne, J. Aufrère, M. Dudilieu, C. Poncet, R. Baumont

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Proteins of fresh legume forages such as lucerne are highly degraded in the rumen, resulting in their inefficient use by the animal. The condensed tannins (CT) present in some forages can improve the nutritional value of these forages and of associated feeds in the diet. Previous in vitro work (Waghorn & Shelton, 1997) showed that CT from Lotus corniculatus are able to bind with and precipitate protein from a ryegrass/clover pasture, but when these forages were fed to sheep, the CT effects on digestion and animal performance were weak. This revealed a need for a better understanding of the mechanism …

Herbage Production, Nitrogen Fixation And Condensed Tannin Concentrations In Lotus Glaber Mill. Germplasm, H. Acuña, M. Figueroa, P. Hellman, A. Concha

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Lotus glaber (Lg) grows on clay, sandy and medium textured soils in central Chile (32º to 38º S). The diversity of environments where the species grows naturally supports the hypothesis that genetic variability would be found. The objectives of the experiment were to characterise accessions of Lg collected in the region for dry matter (DM) production, comparative capacity to fix atmospheric N and condensed tannins (CT) in Lg grown on clay soils used for cropping rice.

Condensed Tannins In Different Varieties Of Lotus Corniculatus, Christina L. Marley, Rhun Fychan, R. Jones

IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)

Research has shown that Lotus corniculatus may provide benefits as a grazing forage for ruminants, because of improved efficiency of protein utilisation in part due to the presence of condensed tannins (CT) in the forage. Lotus species have been found to contain different CT (Aerts et al., 1999). The aim of this experiment was to determine if differences exist in CT concentration among L. corniculatus varieties.