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Articles 241 - 270 of 1653
Full-Text Articles in Agronomy and Crop Sciences
A Study On The Control Of Suaeda Corniculata Bunge In The Fields Of Puccinellia Distans Parl. By Chemicals, Yu Kangfu
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the Suaeda corniculata Bunge) in the fields of weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans Par!.) by chemical, 5 herbicides of glyphosate, bentazon, dicamba, fosamine and 2,4-D butyl were tested with an efficiency of 80-90% obtained except for fosamine (10%), and among them, 2,4-D butyl was of low cost, low phytotoxicity and good efficiency and was further tested at 0.375, 0.750, 1.500 and 2.250 kg/ha by foliar sprays at seedling, branching and budding stages of the seepweed, and gave 80-90% control of the weed while it had no significant inhibitory effect on the growth of P. distans Par!. Therefore, it was …
Possibility Of Control Of Urophlyctis Alfalfae, The Crown-Wart Agent Of Alfalfa, By The Use Of Cultivars Tolerant To Soil Wetness, G Raynal, J Picard
Possibility Of Control Of Urophlyctis Alfalfae, The Crown-Wart Agent Of Alfalfa, By The Use Of Cultivars Tolerant To Soil Wetness, G Raynal, J Picard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Urophlyctis alfalfae, the crown-wart agent of alfalfa, is locally damageable in France in damp or irrigated fields. Field tests, from 1980 to 1983, in plots naturally contaminated by Urophlyctis alfalfae show that among 9 alfalfa cultivars, only those known to be tolerant to soil wetness have a good resistance to U. alfalfae ("Paider" and 2 old french cultivars "Marais de Challans", "Marais de Lm;on"). The use of such cultivars in damp soils would allow to reduce the damages of this disease. The resistance of the 2 old cultivars may have been naturally selected in marshlands where the disease is …
Importance Of Diseases As Constraints To Pasture Legume Adaptation In The Tropical American Lowlands, J M. Lenne, E A. Pizarro, J M. Toldeo
Importance Of Diseases As Constraints To Pasture Legume Adaptation In The Tropical American Lowlands, J M. Lenne, E A. Pizarro, J M. Toldeo
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The importance of diseases as major constraints to pasture legume adaptation in the major ecosystems of the tropical American lowlands is discussed. From 1979 to 1984, diseases were systematically and periodically monitored on species of more than 15 tropical pasture legume genera at 134 sites in more than eight countries. Thirty different diseases were detected and identified, including 24 fungal genera, two bacterial and two nematodal genera, one mycoplasma and several viruses. Most pathogens were causal agents of foliage diseases with potential to cause direct losses in forage yield. On the basis of spatial and temporal distribution and severity, nine …
Damaging Fungal Diseases Of Promising Pasture Legumes In The Tropical American Lowlands, Jillian M. Lenne, Amparo Vargas, Celina Torres
Damaging Fungal Diseases Of Promising Pasture Legumes In The Tropical American Lowlands, Jillian M. Lenne, Amparo Vargas, Celina Torres
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The most damaging fungal diseases of pasture legumes in the major ecosystems of the tropical American lowlands are discussed. Detailed evaluations during the past seven years in major screening sites and more than 100 RIEPT sites have identified more than 30 diseases of tropical pasture legumes caused by fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas, viruses and nematodes. Of these, four fungal diseases are considered the most damaging: Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp., is the most widespread and damaging disease of Stylosanthes. Dry matter losses of 26 to 100% have been recorded in several species. Foliar blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is also widespread; …
Ecology And Control Of Rhizoctonia Solani, Causing Web- Blight Of Siratro, Assanee Pachinburavan
Ecology And Control Of Rhizoctonia Solani, Causing Web- Blight Of Siratro, Assanee Pachinburavan
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The propagules of Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of web-blight disease of Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, were present in field soils providing the inoculum for further infection. The pathogen intensified its activities within the infected areas where most propagules were detected, with the uses of soil immersion tube and a selective isolation medium, to remain in the soil layer of 0-5 cm depth. The soil inoculum could possibly be disseminated by rain water into healthy plant areas. Fungicide treatments as soil drenches onto infested soils collected from infected fields significantly reduced the amount of infective propagules of R. solani …
Effects Of Prescribed Burning On Japanese Brome Population Dynamics, S G. Whisenant, W R. Bulsiewicz
Effects Of Prescribed Burning On Japanese Brome Population Dynamics, S G. Whisenant, W R. Bulsiewicz
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The effects of prescribed burning on the population dynamics of Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb.) are described. Density, seed production and seed bank data were collected following prescribed bums in two separate years. Spring burning significantly reduced Japanese brome density for the first growing season, but returned to its original density by the next year. Seed bank reserves of Japanese brome are sufficient to overcome the loss of any single year's crop. This data indicates that a single year's treatment will not result in more than one year's control. The reproductive capacity, seed bank, and competitive ability of Japanese …
Comparative Bio Efficacy Of Different Herbicides Against Poa Annua L. In Berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum L.), M S. Tiwana, Tarlok Singh, L S. Brar
Comparative Bio Efficacy Of Different Herbicides Against Poa Annua L. In Berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum L.), M S. Tiwana, Tarlok Singh, L S. Brar
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Field studies were carried out for four years to test the bioefficacy of fluchloralin, trifluralin and pendimethalin against Poa annua, L., which is impracticable to control mechanically in berseem. All the weedicides proved effective against Poa annua L. at the doses of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 kg/ha. However, application of fluchloralin at 0.6 kg/ha proved most effective and produced only 54 kg/ha dry matter of Poa annua L. as compared to 1010 kg/ha in unweeded control. Based on 4 years data fluchloralin@ 0.6 kg/ha gave 29.2 and 31.4 per cent higher green and dry matter yield of berseem over unweeded …
Using A Roller To Apply Herbicides For Control Of Brush Regrowth In Saskatchewan Pastures, John Waddington, Shabtai Bittman
Using A Roller To Apply Herbicides For Control Of Brush Regrowth In Saskatchewan Pastures, John Waddington, Shabtai Bittman
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
A carpet-covered roller was used to apply herbicides to control woody plant regrowth in established pastures in Saskatchewan, Canada. A 1.5% v/v solution of a 4:1 mixture of 2,4-D ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid]:picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) controlled the above ground growth of several tree and shrub species fairly well, but regrowth from the roots or stem bases usually occurred the year after the year of treatment. Applying a 1.5% v/v solution of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] resulted in more individual plant death but less permanent damage to survivors than the treatment with 2,4-D: picloram. The machine worked fairly well but is probably best …
Effect Of Bent Grass (Agrostis Tenuis) On The Growth And Wool Production Of Sheep In South East Australia, M E. Boyd
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
An experiment determined the effect of infestation by bent grass on the productivity of pastures grazed by sheep in Victoria. The 5-year study of liveweights and wool production from sheep grazing bent grass and treated pasture demonstrated that the presence of bent grass can reduce the productivity from sheep grazing such pastures by up to 63%. Thorough, shallow cultivation (5-7 cm deep) during summer, followed by resowing of more desirable species, produced the greatest increase in animal production. The average wool production/head of wethers grazed at 8.6/hectare on pasture dominated by bent grass was the same as that of sheep …
Fluctuation In Cattle Tick Population Density In Sown And Indigenous Pastures In Japan, I Ito, H Otake, K Sugawara
Fluctuation In Cattle Tick Population Density In Sown And Indigenous Pastures In Japan, I Ito, H Otake, K Sugawara
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In order to understand the fluctuation in cattle tick ( Haemaphysalis longicomis) population density in Japanese grazing lands, we investigated tick density in sown and indigenous pasture in North East Japan from 1979 to 1984. It became clear that the life span of grazing cattle is longer in sown than in indigenous pasture. Nevertheless, cattle tick density is lower in sown pasture than in indigenous pasture. It appears that the grazing cattle have not only the role of host but also contribute to cattle tick mortality. We proved experimentally that a great number of ticks are eaten by the …
Survival And Fecundity Of Spittlebugs On Different Grasses, S S. Nilakhe, G O. Paschoal, Y Savidan
Survival And Fecundity Of Spittlebugs On Different Grasses, S S. Nilakhe, G O. Paschoal, Y Savidan
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Survival and development of nymphs, and survival and fecundity of spittlebug adults [Zulia entreriana (Berg.)] reared on different grasses were studied by caging the insects on potted grass plants in screenhouse. Overall, fewer nymphs reached adulthood when reared on Andropogon gayanus cv. CIAT621, Brachiaria decumbens cv. IRI700, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria mutica, Chloris gayana, Panicum maximum cv. Coloniiio, Paspalum guenoarum and Paspalum plicatulum than on Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Brachiaria humidicola, Cenchrus ciliaris and P. maximum cv. K187B. Of the 240 nymphs used for P. guenoarum and P. plicatulum, none reached adulthood. Spittlebug adults reared on A. …
Endophyte Fungus Increases Persistence Through Improved Pest Control, R A. Prestidge, G M. Barker, R P. Pottinger, K W. Steele
Endophyte Fungus Increases Persistence Through Improved Pest Control, R A. Prestidge, G M. Barker, R P. Pottinger, K W. Steele
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Our objectives were to determine (1) the feeding and oviposition behaviour of Argentine stem weevil Listronotus bonariensis Kuschel feeding on ryegrass infected with Acremonium endophyte, and (2) to survey pastures to relate ryegrass content, Argentine stem weevil populations and larval damage to the incidence of Acremonium endophyte in pastures of known age. In preference tests, adult stem weevil fed more extensively and deposited more eggs on endophyte-free ryegrasses. Ryegrass content in surveyed pastures in the central North Island of New Zealand averaged only 35% of the sward after 2-3 years. The majority of rye grass plants were infected with Acremonium …
Preliminary Experiments For Biological Control Of Snow Mold Caused By Typhula Incarnata And T. Ishikariensis, N Matsumoto, A Tajimi
Preliminary Experiments For Biological Control Of Snow Mold Caused By Typhula Incarnata And T. Ishikariensis, N Matsumoto, A Tajimi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Preliminary experiments for biological control of snow mold were made because the disease is the most serious problem in growing forage crops in snowy areas. Several low temperature saprophytes were collected to examine their antagonistic ability against snow mold pathogens. They were antagonistic in culture but generally failed to suppress the disease. However, there was a promising saprophyte. A prospect of biological control is discussed.
Antifungal Activity Of Systemic Fungicides On Mycelial Growth Of Epichloe Typhina And Their Therapeutic Effects On The Choke Disease Of Timothy, T Shimanuki, T Sato
Antifungal Activity Of Systemic Fungicides On Mycelial Growth Of Epichloe Typhina And Their Therapeutic Effects On The Choke Disease Of Timothy, T Shimanuki, T Sato
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The choke,a systemic disease, is a serious obstacle in the breeding and seed production of timothy in Japan, since the disease often prevents plant from normal heading. In this study, our goal was to cure the infected plants by systemic fungicide treatment. Among 15 chemicals tested, Bitertanol (Baycor) was most effective against the causal fungus, Epichloe typhina, in vitro tests, being completely fungicidal at 10 ppm. Triforine (Saprol) was effective being partially fungicidal at 10 ppm and completely fungicidal at 100 ppm. Benomyl, captafol+captan, chlorothalonil and triadimenol were fungistatic at 100 ppm and fungicidal at 1,000 ppm. In greenhouse test, …
Laboratory Production Of The Sexual Stage Of Sclerotinia Trifoliorum, The Winter Crown-Rot Agent Of Red Clover Consequences For Improving Control Methods, G Raynal, J Picard
Laboratory Production Of The Sexual Stage Of Sclerotinia Trifoliorum, The Winter Crown-Rot Agent Of Red Clover Consequences For Improving Control Methods, G Raynal, J Picard
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The production of large quantities of ascospores of Sclerotinia trifoliorum is possible in the laboratory. The sclerotia of the fungus are obtained on autoclaved potato slices after 1 month growth at 20°C, in the darkness. After that time, sclerotia are placed during 1 month at 30°C in order to remove their dormancy, then slightly hurried in humid vermiculite at 15°C, under fluorescent light. The first apothecia appear 1 month later, the production lasts for 2 months. The average yield is 2 x 103 to 4 x 103 apothecia for 104 sclerotia. Every apothecium produces an average of 3 x 104 …
The Ecology And Control Of Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses In Pasture Grasses, P L. Guy, G R. Johnstone
The Ecology And Control Of Barley Yellow Dwarf Viruses In Pasture Grasses, P L. Guy, G R. Johnstone
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) infection is common in pasture grasses in temperate regions of the world. It directly reduces the growth of pasture grasses and may predispose them to attack by fungal pathogens. Measures which successfully control BYD in cereals may, with certain reservations, be useful to control the disease in pasture grasses. These include breeding cultivars which are either resistant or tolerant and various strategies to control the aphid vectors.
Preliminary Report On The Occurrence Of The Root And Stalk Rot Of Corn Caused By Pythium Gramincola Subrm. In Japan, T Sato, T Shimanuki, T Tsukiboshi
Preliminary Report On The Occurrence Of The Root And Stalk Rot Of Corn Caused By Pythium Gramincola Subrm. In Japan, T Sato, T Shimanuki, T Tsukiboshi
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In the early 1980s, a new stalk rot of corn occurred in Kanto, Japan. The diseased plants drooped first, then wilted within a few days. The disease appeared mostly on plants at the dent stage in late summer and fall. The stalks of the affected plants looked apparently healthy, but softened in some intern odes just above the ground. Longitudinal section of this portion showed a soft rot of inner tissues; pith was first water-soaked and abundant in oogonia and inflated mycelia, then turned brown and disintegrated, leaving the vascular strands intact. Prior to the stalk rot, severe root rot …
Establishment And Productivity Of Perennial Ryegrass Improved By Control Of Fungi Pathogenic To Seedlings, R E. Falloon
Establishment And Productivity Of Perennial Ryegrass Improved By Control Of Fungi Pathogenic To Seedlings, R E. Falloon
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Results of investigations into effects of fungicide seed treatments on establishment, productivity and seedling disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are reviewed. Seedling establishment from seed treated with protectant fungicides was increased compared with that from untreated seed. Seed treatment improved plant and sward productivity during the first year after establishment. Species of Fusarium and Pythium were virulent pathogens of young seedlings. Use of fungicide seed treatments as part of general pasture establishment practice is strongly recommended.
Recent Advances In The Understanding Of Anthracnose Of Stylosanthes In Tropical America, Jillian M. Lenne
Recent Advances In The Understanding Of Anthracnose Of Stylosanthes In Tropical America, Jillian M. Lenne
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Recent advances in the understanding of anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), the most damaging disease of Stylosanthes spp., are described with reference to the tropical American lowlands. During the past seven years, anthracnose evaluations of promising Stylosanthes spp., at major screening and RIEPT sites throughout the tropical American lowlands have revealed that although anthracnose is present at all sites, its severity varies among species and across ecosystems. From 1978 to 1981, field screening of S. capitata in Colombia and Brazil, found 94.2% of accessions resistant to anthracnose in Colombia while 85.1 % were susceptible in Brazil. These findings together with …
Anthracnose On Native Florida Stylosanthes, J B. Brolmann, R M. Sonoda
Anthracnose On Native Florida Stylosanthes, J B. Brolmann, R M. Sonoda
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The current status of anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. on Stylosanthes spp. in Florida is discussed. The pathogen was probably imported since it was not found on native stands of Stylosanthes in Florida. The reaction of Florida Stylosanthes to C. gloeosporioides, now present in Florida, ranges from resistant to moderately affected. Some accessions of native Florida S. hamata (L.) Taub., unaffected by the disease, have potential for forage use.
Research On The Grassland Ecosystem In Inner Mongolia Of China And The Strategy Of Utilization, Shu Jiang
Research On The Grassland Ecosystem In Inner Mongolia Of China And The Strategy Of Utilization, Shu Jiang
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The strategy on grassland utilization based on regional vegetation investigation and longterm ecosystem research in the middle part of Innermongolia is described. Although there are some potential capacity for increasing livestock number by the estimation of the primary productivity measurement and some investigation data, but practically, the pasture in some places has been degraded even desertified caused by unreasonable utilization of overgrazing and agricultural cultivations. Therefore on the strategy, to transform the structure both of pastoral and rural area in lnnermongolia would be necessary, i.e. to introduce some means of plantation for artificial range establishing at some limited azonal places. …
A Microbial And Biochemical Study Of Grassland Under The Different Fertilization Practices, S Higashida, A Nishimune
A Microbial And Biochemical Study Of Grassland Under The Different Fertilization Practices, S Higashida, A Nishimune
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The understanding of nutrient transformation in soil must be based on a knowledge of soil microbial activities. In order to clarify the relationship between fertilization and microbial activity, some microbial and biochemical characteristics were studied in some soils collected from the grassland under different fertilization practices, which caused marked changes in the uppermost part of grassland soil. The experimental plot was located in the northern part of Hokkaido, and the characteristics examined included bacterial and fungal numbers obtained by the plate methods, hyphal length, and the decomposing activities of urea, fructose, glucose, starch and protein. Simple correlation analysis indicated that …
The Changes Of Population Structure Of Timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) In An Establishing Sward, H Sawada, T Takahashi, Ch Tsuda
The Changes Of Population Structure Of Timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) In An Establishing Sward, H Sawada, T Takahashi, Ch Tsuda
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
To study the changes of population structure in.an establishing sward of timothy, we carried out the field experiment, and the demography and the spatial distribution of timothy plants for about a half year. Plants decreased at expotential rate and the cohort of seedlings emerging until July was dominant at the last recording date. The frequency distribution of individual tiller number shifted to more right-skewed as plants grew. Large plants were liable to survive to the succeeding recording dates, and there were positive correlated relationship in the individual tiller number between recording dates, especially high between October and November (r=0.93). Plant …
Vegetative Reproduction From Node And Population Structure Of Timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) In A Pasture, H Sawada, S Hirano, Ch Tsuda
Vegetative Reproduction From Node And Population Structure Of Timothy (Phleum Pratense L.) In A Pasture, H Sawada, S Hirano, Ch Tsuda
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
We found out the vegetative reproduction from node in timothy. We examined the demography and the intra-population variation of this reproduction in a 17-year-old pasture, and the potential ability to reproduce under the wet and undisturbed greenhouse condition. Also, clone analysis using peroxidase isozyme was carried out to detect the distributional patterns of genets in the above pasture. A number of propagules were found, most had short life-span but a few grew to flower and recruited into the large size class. Most propagules derived from the top-vegetative elongated tillers (Abnormal tillers), which appeared in autumn. This reproduction occured frequently in …
The Effect Of Grass Tiller Density On The Performance Of White Clover, A J. Brereton, O T. Carton, A Conway
The Effect Of Grass Tiller Density On The Performance Of White Clover, A J. Brereton, O T. Carton, A Conway
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The research was undertaken to obtain data on the factors affecting the ecological stability of grass/white clover swards. The objective was to monitor the changes in the level of clover dominance within and between seasons under different managements. The changes were compared with concurrent changes in the density of grass tillers. The results showed that clover dominance was reduced as grass tiller density increased. Clover dominance was maintained over three years in swards cut at 28-day intervals during the growing season. Clover declined progressively in swards cut at 14-day intervals. This decline was also related to an increase in grass …
Distribution Of C3 And C4 Type Grasses, And Climatic Patterns In Korea, S K. Lee, N K. Chang
Distribution Of C3 And C4 Type Grasses, And Climatic Patterns In Korea, S K. Lee, N K. Chang
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used in the aims to correlate statistically the geographic patterns in the abundance of½, C4 and CAM type grasses with patterns in climatic variables. The dominant grasses having the C3 , C4 and CAM pathways of photosynthesis were computed for the importance values of all the grass floras in 258 widely spaced regions of South Korea. From long-term climatic records, seasonal and annual values for solar irradiance, water supply, heat availability and combinations of these variables were assigned to each of 258 regions. The results of the analyses suggest that high humidity such as river …
Observations On The Revegetative Plant Successions Resulting From Digging Den Activity Of Rodents In Mountainous Grasslands Of North-Western China, Chen Qing Cheng
Observations On The Revegetative Plant Successions Resulting From Digging Den Activity Of Rodents In Mountainous Grasslands Of North-Western China, Chen Qing Cheng
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
In this paper, the revegetative plant successions on the rodent den mounds built up by Marmota himalayana, Myospalax fotarerii and Ochotona dahurica on various types of grassland have been studied and described. The objectives of this study are to arrange systematically the general processes and series of these successions and to seek means for promoting the revegetation of these mounds in order to raise the yield of forages in these grasslands. Characteristics of plant succession on the mounds have been summed up and methods and techniques for promoting the revegetation of these secondary bare areas have been suggested.
Effects Of Defoliation On The Difference In Growth Between Large And Small Plants In Swards, Y Takasaki, H Oizumi, H Nojima
Effects Of Defoliation On The Difference In Growth Between Large And Small Plants In Swards, Y Takasaki, H Oizumi, H Nojima
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Stands of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) become sparser as cutting frequency is increased (Takasaki, 1980), while stands of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) become denser as cutting frequency is increased (Jung et al., 1974; Ishida et al., 1971). It is assumed that defoliation of swards increases the difference in growth between individual plants and causes some of them to die in the case of alfalfa, whereas in those of orchardgrass or tall fescue defoliation decreases the difference in growth and relieves stand reduction. In order to prove this assumption two experiments were …
Herbage And Animal Production Of A Short Grass Pasture In A Mountainous Region Of Japan, M Fukuyama, M Shimamura, M Ushiyama, T Imura
Herbage And Animal Production Of A Short Grass Pasture In A Mountainous Region Of Japan, M Fukuyama, M Shimamura, M Ushiyama, T Imura
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
Herbage and animal production of a short grass pasture established by unplowed sowing were investigated for seven years under continuous grazing. Herbage production and consumption on the pasture were estimated by using cages. Moreover, light intensity was measured with the new portable solarimeter devised by the authors for pastures. Standing crop was kept at 200-300 g dry matter (DM)/m2 throughout the grazing season, 32-78% of which was below 3 cm from the ground surface. From these results, it was found that the standing crop scarecely fluctuate seasonally and considerable herbage mass existed under the lower layer near the ground. Furthermore, …
The Mountain Grassland Category And Its Ecological Succession Of The Greater Xing'an Mountains, Wei Shaocheng, Zhu Tingcheng
The Mountain Grassland Category And Its Ecological Succession Of The Greater Xing'an Mountains, Wei Shaocheng, Zhu Tingcheng
IGC Proceedings (1977-2023)
The mountain grassland of the Greater Xing'an Mountains are divided into two sorts, nine groups, fifteen types. It is suggested that mountain grasslands are sub-climax for its character of the climate and artificial succession. This classification and the rules of community dynamics will help us to know the grasslands of this area systematically. It will provide a scientific basis for the rational exploiting and utilizing the resources of the forest and grasslands, and determining the way of the agricultural production on it.