Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Resistance Training Volume Load With And Without Exercise Displacement, W. Guy Hornsby, Jeremy A. Gentles, Paul Comfort, Timothy J. Suchomel, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

Monitoring the resistance training volume load (VL) (sets × reps × load) is essential to managing resistance training and the recovery–adaptation process. Subjects: Eight trained weightlifters, seven of which were at national level, participated in the study. Methods: VL was measured both with (VLwD) and without (VL) the inclusion of barbell displacement, across twenty weeks of training, in order to allow for comparisons to be made of these VL calculating methods. This consisted of recording the load, repetition count, and barbell displacement for every set executed. Comparisons were made between VL and VLwD for individual blocks of training, select training …

The Effectiveness Of Myplate And Paleolithic-Based Diet Recommendations, Both With And Without Exercise, On Aerobic Fitness, Muscular Strength And Anaerobic Power In Young Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial, Collin Popp, Michelle Bohan Brown, Elliot D Jesch, William C. Bridges

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 921-933, 2018. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of recommending a MyPlate or a Paleolithic-based diet, both with and without exercise, on aerobic fitness, strength, and anaerobic power over eight weeks. Participants (n=20) were randomized to one of four groups, (1) a MyPlate diet (MP), (2) Paleolithic-based diet (PD), (3) MyPlate and exercise (MP + Ex), and (4) Paleolithic-based diet and exercise (PD + Ex). The exercise included two days of unsupervised aerobic and resistance exercise. At baseline and final, absolute and relative peak oxygen consumption (absVO_2peak and relVO …

Behavior Of Heart Rate Variability After 10 Repetitions Maximum Load Test For Lower Limbs, Estêvão R. Monteiro, Jefferson S. Novaes, Aline G. Fiuza, Eduardo Portugal, Felipe S. Triani, Leonardo Bigio, Rudson Santos, Alexandre Palma, Victor G. Corrêa Neto

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 834-843, 2018. The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute heart rate variability behavior after 10 repetitions maximum load test for back squat, leg press, leg extension, and leg flexion in normotensive subjects. Eight recreationally trained women (age: 21.8 ± 2.2 yrs; height: 167.6 ± 6.3 cm; weight: 61.6 ± 10.1 kg) performed two 10 repetitions maximum testing days with 48-hours rest between each one. Heart rate variability was measured in baseline and postexercise (15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minutes) for time and frequency domain. A significant difference was identified in RMSSD_{ms …}

Peak Power Output In Loaded Jump Squat Exercise Is Affected By Set Structure, Nikolaj Koefoed, Mads Lerche, Bjørn K. Jensen, Pia Kjær, Sebastian Dam, Rasmus Horslev, Ernst A. Hansen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 776-784, 2018. A priority in strength and power exercise might be to train with as high quality as possible for the shortest possible duration. In this context, peak power output could reflect quality. Designing an exercise session as a cluster set structure, as compared to a traditional set structure, may be a way to obtain higher peak power output in the session. But it is unknown whether that is obtainable for non-elite individuals performing loaded jump squat exercise. The aim of the present study was therefore to test the hypothesis that peak power output …

Effect Of An 8-Week Eccentric Training Program On Strength And Balance In Older Adults, Samantha Johnson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 468-478, 2018. The purpose of the current study was to determine changes in balance and strength following an eccentric resistance training program in community-dwelling older adults who reported no history of falling. Participants (N = 14, 8 female, 6 male; age = 63.5 ± 2.0 years) completed an 8-week eccentric exercise training intervention on a commercially available eccentric step machine. Training included 2 training sessions per week, with a duration of 5 to 10 minutes and an intensity of 30 to 50% maximal eccentric strength. Single leg stance, 30-second repeated chair stand, timed …

Effects Of Strength Training Sessions Performed With Different Exercise Orders And Intervals On Blood Pressure And Heart Rate Variability, Sandro Lemos, Tiago Figueiredo, Silvio Marques, Thalita Leite, Diogo Cardozo, Jeffrey Willardson, Roberto Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 55-67, 2018. This study compared the effect of a strength training session performed at different exercise orders and rest intervals on blood pressure and heart rate variability (HRV). Fifteen trained men performed different upper body exercise sequences [large to small muscle mass (SEQA) and small to large muscle mass (SEQB)] in randomized order with rest intervals between sets and exercises of 40 or 90 seconds. Fifteen repetition maximum loads were tested to control the training intensity and the total volume load. The results showed, significant reductions for systolic blood pressure (SBP) for all sequences …

The Effects Of Resistance Training Volume On Skeletal Muscle Proteome, Ramires A. Tibana, Octávio L. Franco, Gabriel V. Cunha, Nuno M. F Sousa, Ivo V. Sousa Neto, Márcia M. Carvalho, Jeeser Alves De Almeida, James W. Navalta, Mariana O. Lobo, Fabricio A. Voltarelli, Rita C. Marqueti, João L.Q Durigan, Jonato Prestes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(7): 1051-1066, 2017. Studies are conflicting to whether low volume resistance training (RT) is as effective as high-volume RT protocols with respect to promoting morphological and molecular adaptations. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare, using a climbing a vertical ladder, the effects of 8 weeks, 3 times per week, resistance training with 4 sets (RT4), resistance training with 8 sets (RT8) and without resistance training control (CON) on gastrocnemius muscle proteome using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and cross sectional area (CSA) of rats. Fifty-two proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS, …

Increases In Variation Of Barbell Kinematics Are Observed With Increasing Intensity In A Graded Back Squat Test, Kevin M. Carroll, Kimitake Sato, Caleb D. Bazyler, N. Travis Triplett, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine the variation in velocity and power with increasing intensity in the back squat among subjects; and (2) To explore individual subject characteristics as possible explanations for variations of velocity in the back squat. Fourteen recreationally trained male subjects with experience in the back squat agreed to participate in the study (age = 25.0 ± 2.6 years, height = 178.9 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 88.2 ± 15.8 kg). One-repetition maximums (1RM) were performed for each subject on force platforms with four linear position transducers attached to the barbell. …

The Effect Of Acute Hyperglycemia On Muscular Strength, Power And Endurance, Franklin Lime-Ma, Joshua A. Cotter, Evan E. Schick

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(3): 390-396, 2017. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of acute hyperglycemia on skeletal muscle strength, power, and endurance. Ten male collegiate athletes (age 21.5 ± 1.5 years, height 186 ± 2.03 cm, body mass 108.8 ± 7.6 kg) participated in 2 testing sessions, separated by 7 days and randomized for either high glucose (HG) or control (C) treatment conditions. HG consumed a high glucose drink (2 g glucose/kg body weight) while controls consumed an isocaloric nutrition bar (40% protein, 30% fat, and 30% carbohydrate). Blood glucose (BC) levels for HG …

Cell Free Dna As A Marker Of Training Status In Weightlifters, Jeremy A. Gentles, William G. Hornsby, Christine L. Coniglio, Andy R. Dotterweich, Jon A. Miller, Charles A. Stuart, Michael H. Stone

ETSU Faculty Works

The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the changes in cf-DNA as it relates to fluctuations in resistance training workloads and intensities. The relationship between cell free DNA (cf-DNA), C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (T), cortisol (C), testosterone-cortisol ratio (T:C), body mass and body composition were also examined. Eight weightlifters (5 males and 3 females, age = 25 ± 3.5 yr, body mass = 88.3 ± 22.7 kg, height = 173.8 ±8.4 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Venous blood samples, body mass and body composition were taken six times, each corresponding to the end of …

The Effects Of Eccentric, Velocity-Based Training On Strength And Power In Collegiate Athletes, Samantha M. Dolezal, Tamra L. Llewellyn, Derek L. Frese

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(5): 657-666, 2016. The purpose of this study was to determine if combining velocity-based training with eccentric focus (VEB) and velocity-based training (VBT) results in power and strength gains. Nineteen men and women collegiate track and field athletes participated in this study. The subjects completed a 12-week intervention with either a VEB program or a VBT program. To determine the effectiveness of each program, the subjects completed four exercise tests before and after the training period: vertical jump, medicine ball put test, 1RM projected bench press and 1RM projected squat. There were no significant differences …

The Effect Of A Moderately-Low And High Carbohydrate Intake On Crossfit Performance, Kurt A. Escobar, Jacobo Morales, Trisha A. Vandusseldorp

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 460-470, 2016. CrossFit is a metabolically demanding strength and conditioning method which performance may benefit from a carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diet. This study investigated the effect of three consecutive days of high CHO intake on CrossFit performance and corresponding metabolically -related variables in strength trained individuals. Eighteen subjects with a CHO intake of <6 g/kg/day were randomly assigned into a CHO (n = 9) or control (C) group (n =9) and underwent a 9-day training protocol. During days 1, 5, and 9, performance was measured as repetitions completed during a 12 minute CrossFit workout. Oxygen consumption (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and blood lactate (BL) were also measured. Days 6-8, the CHO group increased CHO intake from <6 g/kg/day to 6-8 g/kg/day; the C group maintained their current intake of <6 g/kg/day. On days 6 and 7 both groups performed CrossFit workouts followed by a day of rest prior to day 9. There was a significant increase in repetitions completed in both groups in day 9 (vs. means score of day 1 + 5) (p = 0.002), but no differences between C and CHO groups (p = 0.111). However, the CHO group displayed a 15.2 repetition increase (+10.9%) in day 9, compared to 5.7 (+4.2%) by the C group. VO2, RER, and BL were not influenced by the experimental intervention. Our results suggest that the CrossFit-embraced practice of moderately-low CHO diets may be adequate in CHO during short periods of training, however, given the noted trend, extended training periods may be effected.

Eight Weeks Of Kettlebell Swing Training Does Not Improve Sprint Performance In Recreationally Active Females, Michael E. Holmstrup Ph.D., Brock T. Jensen Ph.D., William S. Evans, Emily C. Marshall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 9(4): 437-444, 2016. The kettlebell swing (KBS), emphasizing cyclical, explosive hip extension in the horizontal plane, aligns with movement- and velocity-specificity of sprinting. The present study examined the effect of an eight-week KBS intervention on sprinting in recreationally-active females, in comparison to an eight-week intervention using the stiff-legged deadlift (SDL). Following a pre-testing session measuring 30 meter sprint and countermovement vertical jump performance, participants were divided evenly by sprint time into KBS (n=8) and SDL (n=10) cohorts. Following familiarization with the exercises, KBS met twice weekly to perform swings using the Tabata interval (20s work, …

The Effects Of Active Recovery During High Intensity Resistance Training On Lactate Clearance In Collegiate Athletes, Christopher Alexander Perry

Online Theses and Dissertations

Purpose: With the development of more intense and complex strength and conditioning programs, it is necessary to discover the best possible means of recovery during workout sessions to increase athletic performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of active recovery during the rest periods of a resistance training session on lactate clearance in varsity collegiate athletes.

Methods: Twenty healthy varsity collegiate athletes age 18-22 yr participated in a collegiate strength and conditioning workout session. Participants were randomly divided into an active recovery group (A.R.) and a passive recovery group (P.R.). Both groups performed 5 exercises for …

Leg Lean Mass Adaptations Following Short-Term Barbell Training In Women, Jacob A. Mota, Matt S. Stock, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Alexander S. Drusch, Brennan J. Thompson

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Participations in a resistance training program results in both neural adaptations and increases in lean body mass, the latter of which is considered a slow process. The majority of previous investigations that have examined the time course associated with muscular adaptations have utilized exercise machines or single-joint movements. Furthermore, the adaptations associated with resistance training in women are not as well understood as those for men. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a four week resistance training intervention on changes in leg lean mass in untrained, college-aged women. Thirty-five women (mean ± SD age = …

Acute Ingestion Of L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Fails To Improve Muscular Strength And Endurance In Rotc Cadets, Benjamin Wax, Jerry J. Mayo, Laura A. Hilton, Harris C. Mareio, Justin D. Miller, Heather E. Webb, Brian Lyons

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 91-97, 2013. L-Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AAKG) is purported to stimulate the release of nitric oxide, and is suggested to facilitate muscular performance by increasing blood flow and increase oxygen and nutrient delivery to the working muscle. However, the ergogenic benefit of AAKG during resistance exercise has not been established. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute AAKG ingestion in active ROTC Cadets on measures of one-repetition maximal strength (1RM) and muscular endurance. Nineteen apparently healthy males ingested either AAKG (3 g) or a placebo 45 minutes prior to …

Kinematic Analysis Of Four Plyometric Push-Up Variations, Laura H. Moore, Michael J. Tankovich Atc, Cscs, Bryan L. Riemann Phd, Atc, George J. Davies Dpt, Atc

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 5(4) : 334-343, 2012. Plyometric research in the upper extremity is limited, with the effects of open-chain plyometric exercises being studied most. Kinematic and ground reaction force data concerning closed-chain upper extremity plyometrics has yet to be examined. Twenty-one recreationally active male subjects performed four variations of plyometric push-ups in a counterbalanced order. These included box drop push-ups from 3.8 cm, 7.6 cm, 11.4 cm heights, and clap push-ups. Kinematics of the trunk, dominant extremity and both hands were collected to examine peak flight, elbow flexion at ground contact, elbow displacement, and hand separation. Additionally …

Chronic Changes In Serum Il-6 And Tnf-Α Following 12 Weeks Of Concurrent Resistance And Aerobic Exercise Are Dependent On Exercise Mode And May Affect Adaptation, Brad S. Lambert, Justin P. Dobson, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To examine physiological responses to concurrent resistance and land treadmill training (RT-LTM) compared to concurrent resistance and aquatic treadmill training (RT-ATM) and the chronic effect of each on serum TNF-α and IL-6 (cytokines associated with chronic inflammation, CVD, and skeletal muscle metabolism). METHODS: Twenty-six untrained subjects (M: n=13, 98.6±17.1kg, 182.2±6.2cm, 34±11yrs, F: n=13, 78.9±14.0kg, 165.1±5.1cm, 38±11yrs) were screened to assess VO_2max, body composition (DEXA), and strength (Lifts: leg press, chest press, leg curl, lat pull, leg ext, triceps push-down, biceps curl). Subjects were then randomized into 2 groups: RT-LTM (M=6, F=7), RT-ATM (M=7, F=6). Each performed progressive …

Increase In Muscle Power Induced By Periodized Resistance Training In Elderly Women, Cláudio De Oliveira Assumpção, João Bartholomeu Neto, Christiano Bertoldo Urtado, Maria Imaculada L. Montebelo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Resistance training (RT) has been recommended to prevent muscle force and power decrease induced by aging. Neuromuscular tests are important tools to analyze muscle force function. The objective of the present study was to analyze the behavior of lower limb muscle power of elderly women submitted to 12 weeks of periodized RT. 16 women aged 65.5±3.6 years with a minimum of one year of previous experience in strength training were selected, they performed 24 sessions of RT divided in 3 mesocycles (MA, MB and MC), of 8 sessions each, with a session frequency of twice a week. The MA with …

Strength Training And Nandrolone Decanoate Decreased Myostatin Expression, Uliana Sbeguen Stotzer, Rita De Cássia Marqueti, Milena De Moura Paschoal, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre De Araújo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Nandrolone decanoate is a androgenic anabolic steroid (AAS) which targets the satellite cells in skeletal muscles. These cells are considered the stem cells of skeletal muscle, and they are essential for muscle growth and repair. Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle mass that inhibits myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Recognizing the mechanisms related to AAS action in skeletal muscle is critical for a better understand of muscular physiology under AAS use. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic plyometric training (APT) with overload associated with AAS on the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Animals were grouped …

Aquatic Plyometric Training Associated With Androgenic Anabolic Steroids Do Not Increase Muscle Mass In Rats, Uliana Sbeguen Stotzer, Rita De Cássia Marqueti, Milena De Moura Paschoal, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre De Araújo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

To improve athletic performance or for aesthetic reasons, athletes and no athletes may use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). Numerous studies have reported that aquatic plyometric training (APT) can improve muscular strength and vertical jump; however the effect of these training protocols on muscular mass are poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of APT associated with AAS in the soleus, gastrocnemius (Gastro), extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) skeletal muscles in rats. Animals were grouped into: sedentary (S); S with AAS (AAS); trained (T); and T with AAS (AAST). Exercised groups performed jumps …

Effects Of Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion Post-Resistance Training In Male Rugby Players, Colin J. Coyle Msc, Bernard Donne, Nick J. Mahony

International Journal of Exercise Science

Evidence suggests that carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) drinks post-exercise are an advantageous nutritional recovery intervention. Resistance trained (n = 14, mean ± SD; age 19 ± 1 yr, mass 95 ± 9 kg, % fat 17 ± 4 % and BMI 28.5 ± 1.8 kg.m^-2) male rugby players participated in a study investigating effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and CHO-PRO drinks on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Following an initial resistance training (RT) protocol consisting of 8 circuits of 5 discrete exercises at 10 repetition maximum (RM), participants received 10 mL.kg^-1 BM of randomised sports drink (LCHO, HCHO and CHO-PRO) on …

Genetic Regulation Of Myofiber Hypertrophy?, Anna Thalacker-Mercer, Xiangqin Cui, Michael Stec, Edward Merritt, Marcas Bamman

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction. Progressive, resistance exercise training (RT) induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy, increases strength, power, and quality of muscle, and is potentially the most promising method to regenerate and re-grow muscle in populations suffering from involuntary atrophy. However, we have previously shown that there is a large degree of intersubject variability for myofiber hypertrophy in response to RT with adults having no response [-16μm2 (mean myofiber growth), Non], a modest response (1111μm2, Mod), or an extreme hypertrophic response (2475μm2, Xtr). Underlying mechanisms for this differential growth response are largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in …

Type Of Encouragement Influences Peak Muscle Force In College-Age Women, Ruth M. Amagliani, John K. Petrella, Alan P. Jung

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: To investigate if the type of encouragement during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) had an influence on peak muscle force in strength-trained versus untrained collegiate women. Methods: Eleven strength-trained (20.4 + 1 yr) and twelve untrained (20.8 + 1 yr) women participated in three, five-second MVICs of seated knee extension. The three trials consisted of verbal only encouragement, verbal + visual encouragement, and verbal + pain avoidance encouragement. In all three trials, the participants received the same verbal encouragement. Trials were counterbalanced to minimize any possible order effects. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze data. Any …

Effects Of 8 Weeks Of Flexibility And Resistance Training In Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, Matthew T. Herriot, Sheri R. Colberg, Henri K. Parson, Tanja Nunnold, Aaron I. Vinik

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

(First paragraph) Flexibility is often downplayed as unimportant to fitness. However, flexibility training is imperative to maintain full range of motion (ROM) of joints, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes, who may experience limited joint mobility due to glycation of joint structures (1). Maladies such as “frozen shoulder” are common complaints in type 2 diabetes (2).