Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Pre-Prandial Vinegar Ingestion Improves Two-Hour Glucose Control In Older, Type Ii Diabetics More Than Post-Prandial Walking, Sarah J. Taylor, Matthew J. Garver, Anna E. Ciufo, Taylor G. Flowers, Chase M. Harbach, Austin A. Ray, Cory M. Scheadler

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Exercise engagement benefits diabetic patients through an insulin-like effect on muscle. Literature indicates that vinegar consumption may lower blood glucose levels. It is not currently clarified whether a relative amount of vinegar ingestion or a walking bout is more effective at controlling glucose in older, Type II diabetics during the acute phase following a meal. Purpose: The aim was to directly compare the impact of preferred-pace walking (15 min, postprandial) versus ingestion of a relative quantity of vinegar (0.3 g/kg) on two-hour glucose control. Methods: The two arms of the trial were completed in a randomized, …

Role Of High-Intensity Resistance Exercise In Vascular Inflammation In Recreationally Trained Men, Jin K. Park, Neil Schwarz, Darryn Willoughby, Yunsuk Koh

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) are known as vascular inflammatory markers and play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. Although low to moderate intensity exercise may positively influence inflammatory markers, the role of high-intensity resistance exercise in sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 has not been fully examined. The current study examined the effects of resistance exercise at different intensities (low vs. high) on acute responses of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. In a randomized, cross-over design, 10 recreationally trained (resistance-trained 3 to 6 days per week for at least one year) college-aged men performed a …

Thermoregulatory Dysfunction In Multiple Sclerosis Patients During Moderate Exercise In A Thermoneutral Environment, Mu Huang, Nathan Morris, Ollie Jay, Scott Davis

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Impairments in sudomotor function during passive heat stress have been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the CNS that disrupts autonomic function. However, little is known regarding exercise induced increases in core body temperature on thermoregulatory mechanisms in MS. Thus, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that thermoregulatory function is impaired in MS patients compared to healthy controls (CN) during moderate exercise. Thermoregulatory function in five patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS and five mass-matched healthy controls were compared during a single bout of cycling exercise (fixed workload of 70 Watts) for 30-60 minutes …

Influence Of Decompression Rate On Hemodynamic Compensation To Continuous Lower Body Negative Pressure, Edward J. St. John Jr., William H. Cooke

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

We applied lower body negative pressure (LBNP) continuously, at three decompression rates, in an attempt to simulate uncontrolled hemorrhage as might be experienced by victims of traumatic injury. The purpose of our study was to determine whether hemodynamic compensations to simulated hemorrhage depend more on the magnitude, or the rate of change in pressure applied. Forty five (45) young, healthy subjects participated. We recorded the electrocardiogram, beat-to-beat arterial pressure (finger photoplethysmography), and measured cardiac output (inert gas rebreathing to calculate stroke volume) during continuous LBNP applied at three different decompression rates (n = 15 subjects for each rate; slow = …

Lower Extremity Proprioception And Physical Performance Testing: A Correlation Study, Danielle Aguilar, Erin Drozd, Clara Borja, Dr.Jason Winchester, Dr. Chad Jackson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Proprioception is a function of the somatosensory system which has implications for activities of daily living, athletic endeavors, and risk of injury. It has been suggested that athletes who sustain injuries may have decreased proprioception and a corresponding increase in the risk of re-injury. Interventions for injury prevention and/or recovery may include, but are not limited to, emphasis on proprioceptive ability via joint position awareness. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a correlation exists between proprioceptive ability and other components of physical performance such as lower body muscular power and change of direction. It was hypothesized that …

Comparison Of Multiple Sets And Single Set Of Resistance Training On Muscle Strength And Power, Junyoung Hong

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of different resistance training modalities on muscle strength and power in order to improve physical performance, yet to date findings have been inconclusive. Optimal resistance programs for muscular responses to high and low volume resistance training still need to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of multiple sets (70% of 1RM, 3 sets/10 reps) and a single set (50-100% of 1RM, 1 set/up to 8 reps) of resistance training on muscular strength and power in healthy male college students. A total of 19 students were randomly …

The Effects Of Deep Water Running And Cold Water Immersion On Muscle Soreness, Todd J. Castleberry, Vic Benezra, Sarah Deemer, Tara Niemann, Janie Foreman

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is caused from any type of activity that places unaccustomed loads on a muscle. Athletes are consistently pursuing methods to help decrease soreness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of deep water running (DWR) and cold water immersion (CWI) on perceived muscle soreness and creatine kinase (CK) activity. Healthy participants (males=2, females =12; mean ± SD, 22.8 + 4.9 yrs; 38.0 + 7.8 yrs VO_2max; 113.6 + 27.3 lbs 1RM) completed five days of data collection. Seven days following a 1 repetition maximum (1RM), participants completed an eccentric exercise …

Acute Flavanol Supplementation Improves The Attenuated Cerebral Vasodilatory Capacity In Young African Americans, Jordan C. Patik, Chansol Hurr, Michelle L. Harrison, R. Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

African Americans (AA) have increased risk for cerebral vascular disease including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, or dementia relative to Caucasian Americans (CA). Our recent study found that AA have attenuated cerebral vasodilatory response to rebreathing-induced hypercapnia when compared with CA. Thus, we hypothesized that acute flavanol intake restores blunted cerebral responses in AA. Fourteen healthy college-aged AA and 14 age- and sex-matched CA participants were studied. A four-parameter logistic regression was used for curve fitting the responses of cerebral vascular conductance (%CVCi) relative to changes in end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration. In AA, there were significant improvements in total range of changes …

Wrist Immobilization: Does Elbow And Shoulder Overcompensation Occur When Performing Drinking And Hammering Tasks?, Virginia P. Stofer, Scott P. Mclean, Jimmy Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wrist orthoses, which immobilize or reduce motion at the wrist, may cause difficulties in performing daily tasks as they may affect other nearby joints and muscles of the upper extremity. Previous studies have generally focused on compensatory shoulder movements, not elbow movements, when wearing wrist orthoses. The purpose this study was to determine whether wrist immobilization results in compensatory movements of both the elbow and shoulder. Specifically, this study examined joint movement of the elbow and shoulder joints when performing a drinking and hammering task while wearing a wrist orthosis. Informed consent was received from all participants prior to participation …

A Comparative Study On The Energy Cost Of Pushing The Hope Haven Kidchair And Free Wheelchair Mission Gen 2 Wheelchair, Elisa J. Hamm, Benjamin M. Jonah, Karen Rispin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Wheelchair skills tests can be used to assess the mobility provided by different types of wheelchairs [1]. A repeated measures study design in which participants complete skills in one type of wheelchair and then another minimizes individual variation [2]. Free Wheelchair Mission Generation 2 (FWM-2) and Hope Haven KidChair (H-KC) offer two pediatric-sized wheelchairs designed for use in low-resource settings. We hypothesize that four simple skills tests will be able to distinguish some strengths and weaknesses of the mobility provided by these two wheelchairs. Methods: This study was done in partnership with a host organization at a …

Attenuated Cerebral Vasodilatory Capacity In Response To Hypercapnia In Young Obese Individuals, Janée D. Terwoord, Chansol Hurr, R. Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obese individuals are at a greater risk for the development of a variety of cardio and cerebral vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and stroke. Furthermore, obesity is associated with cognitive impairment and is a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The exact mechanisms of this elevated risk are not fully characterized; however, impaired microvascular function is believed to be a contributor. This study tested the hypothesis that the cerebral vasodilatory capacity in response to hypercapnia is reduced in obese individuals relative to age and sex matched lean counterparts. Cerebral blood velocity (CBFV) was measured using transcranial …

Acute Natural Cocoa Consumption Improves Cerebral Vasodilatory Capacity In Obese Individuals, Chansol Hurr, Michelle L. Harrison, Robert Matthew Brothers

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity increases the risk for cardio and cerebral vascular diseases including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Our preliminary data indicate that obese individuals (Obese) have attenuated cerebral vasodilatory capacity compared to age / sex matched lean individuals (Lean). This study tested the hypothesis that natural cocoa (NC) consumption (13g NC, The Hershey Company) would restore cerebral vasodilatory capacity in Obese. 15 lean (BMI < 25) and 15 obese (BMI > 30) subjects underwent a rebreathing protocol while cerebral blood velocity (CBFV) was measured before and 2 hr post consumption of a NC-containing drink or a NC-free placebo (randomized order, single-blinded). Cerebral vascular conductance (CVCI) was calculated …

Prediction Equations For Competitive Male And Female Collegiate Road Cyclists, Punam Ghadia, Rodney Holmes, Frank Wyatt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The convenience and cost of metabolic measurements for oxygen consumption can be problematic. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to establish prediction equations for oxygen consumption applicable to collegiate, competitive male and female bicyclists. METHODS: Subjects were thirty-eight (n=38) female (n=10) and male (n=28) collegiate road cyclists. Prior to testing, each subject signed a university Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved informed consent. Resting measures were the following: age (y), height (cm), weight (kg) and body fat (%). Exercise measures were taken during a cycle ergometer test utilizing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). The ergometer test for males began …

Neuromuscular Recruitment In Endurance Runners Should Be Improved With Explosive-Strength Training, Zachary Gillen, Dalton Smith, Vidhi Ghetia, Frank Wyatt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Research has indicated that anaerobic training combined with aerobic training may improve endurance performance greater than aerobic training alone, primarily by utilizing explosive-strength training. The purpose of this investigation was to find if there are any associations between VO_2max and rate of force development (RFD). METHODS: Eleven subjects (n=11, age 34.1 ± 13 years, height 175 ± 9.7 cm, weight 76.1 ± 15.5 kg, hip range of motion 33.5 ± 6.9 cm, ankle range of motion 76.1 ± 6.6°) volunteered for this study. Subjects were asked for endurance training experience (4.7 ± 3.7 years) and resistance training experience (4.1 …

Blood Lactate Kinetics Established Through Polynomial Line Of Best Fit, Franklen Phares, Megan Moats, Frank Wyatt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research is to determine a consistent line of best fit to mathematically define blood lactate kinetics during an incremental test to volitional fatigue. METHODS: There were 28 male and 10 female (n=38) subjects. Prior to testing, subjects signed an informed consent approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for humans as subjects at Midwestern State University. Resting measures include: age (y), height (cm), weight (kg), body fat (%). The exercise measures of heart rate (HR, b*min.^-1), minute volume of oxygen consumption (VO₂, mL*kg^-1*min.^-1) and blood lactate (BLa, …

Metabolic Efficiency During Ramp Test In Collegiate Cyclists, Hannah Ross, Kenechukwu Onwubuya, Frank Wyatt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine trend-line patterns for efficiency in collegiate, competitive cyclists. METHODS: Subjects included 17male and 6 female (n=23) . Measures were the following: age (y), height (cm), weight (kg), maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max, mL*kg^-1*min.^-1), maximal heart rate (MHR, b*min.^-1), blood lactate (BLa, mM) and maximal power (w). Subjects were fit, collegiate cyclists competing for Midwestern State University cycling team. Each subject performed a cycle ergometer test utilizing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) cycle ergometer protocol. Blood lactate was determined by removing 10µl each minute …

A Bayesian Inference Comparing Collegiate Female Cyclists To Elite Female Cyclists From A Meta-Analysis, Yesha Shah, Mihir Dhimar, Frank Wyatt

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Physiological characteristics of competitive female cyclist can be used as a reference to enhance performance. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological characteristics of competitive, collegiate female cyclists (CFC) to data of elite female cyclists (EFC) obtained from a meta-analytic review. Methods: Eleven (n=11) CFC volunteered as subjects. All subjects signed a university approved informed consent. Means and standard deviation (SD) were obtained from the following measurements: age (y), 22.5± 5.1; height (cm) 167.22 ± 6.2; weight (kg) 63.78 ± 9.71; body fat (%) 22.9 ± 3.6. Each subject performed a maximal cycling ergometer test to …

Relationships Among Maximal And Explosive Strength Production Of The Leg Extensors And Vertical Jump Peak Power Output In Female Youth Volleyball Athletes, Alexander S. Drusch, Jacob A. Mota, Kendra D. Olinghouse, Matt S. Stock, Brennan J. Thompson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

ABSTRACT

Architectural and physical performance measurements are commonly implemented to identify various physical capacities in many populations. However, previous research has suggested architectural measures, notably in the leg extensors, are ineffective predictors of vertical jumping (VJ) performance. Given the functional relevance of rapid strength development on explosive dynamic tasks, further research is warranted examining, a) the presence of associations of maximal (e.g., peak torque; PT) and, in particular, explosive (e.g., rate of torque development; RTD) strength-related characteristics with jumping performance in the leg extensors, and b) the extent to which PT and RTD either uniquely, or synergistically contribute to VJ …

The Effect Of Out-Of-Round Wheels Versus True Round Wheels On Energy Costs Of Pushing A Wheelchair, Austin Mccasland, Duane Trogdon, Karen Rispin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: It has been assumed that true round wheels are to be preferred compared to out-of-round or untrue wheels. Bicycle and car wheels are balanced and “trued” to ensure a smooth ride and railway wheels that are out-of-round are known to damage the track and railcars. However, there has been very little research on the impact of out-of-round wheels on the mobility or energy cost of wheelchair users. Inexpensive out-of-round bicycle wheels are utilized on some wheelchairs designed for low-resource settings; any impact on mobility would affect those riding in and those assisting by pushing the wheelchair. We hypothesize a …

Time-Clamped, Rpe-Matched Treadmill Activity And Interactive Video Game Dancing Differ In Step Count But Not Heart Rate Response, Cara D. Loveland, Matthew J. Garver, Haley E. Grisham, Elizabeth M. Knight

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Background: Participation in regular moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA) results in numerous health benefits. Task enjoyment is a known antecedent and promoter of regular activity engagement. Participation in interactive video gaming has increased in recent years. Purpose: The aims of the present investigation were to: 1) determine heart rate (HR) and step count outcomes of time-clamped and RPE-matched interactive video game dancing (VGD) and treadmill activity; 2) characterize the suitability of VGD to achieve MVPA designation; and, 3) investigate step count outcomes recorded by pedometry and accelerometry. Methods: Subjects underwent three testing sessions with the latter …

A Comparison Of Cardiovascular Adaptations Between High And Low Altitudes, Arthur J. Babcock, Jim Newberry

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

As you ascend to a higher elevation, atmospheric pressure decreases. This is, followed by a decrease in the supply of oxygen. If someone has not acclimated at altitude, then they can suffer some symptoms of acute mountain sickness, HAPE (High Altitude Pulmonary Edema), and HACE (High Altitude Cerebral Edema). Acclimating at altitude is important for the body to physiologically adapt to the surrounding environment and to help with an increase in oxygen saturation, a lower heart rate, and lower blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine if living at high or low altitude would affect oxygen saturation. …

The Effects Of Metabolic Syndrome On The Increased Prevalence Of Cognitive Decline In Minority Groups., Omokeji T. Adeniji, Juan Navarro, Upender Cheeti, Matthew Barlow

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the leading causes of dementia, affecting over five million people in the United States. It is clinically diagnosed by the presence of amyloid plaques and hyperphosphoryated tau. Alzheimer’s disease patients present with memory and cognitive decline. The cumulative effects of an increasing elderly population and the elevation in the number of persons with diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and obesity, which are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease elevated the interest in understanding the interrelatedness between factors of metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. The disparity between the incidences of Alzheimer’s disease among racial groups in the …

Rider Energy Expenditure During High Intensity Horse Activity And The Potential For Health Benefits, Colleen L. Oreilly, Dennis H. Sigler, James D. Fluckey, Martha M. Vogelsang, Jason E. Sawyer

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Obesity and disease associated with sedentary lifestyles have become major concerns in the United States. Exercise has been described as a crucial part of disease prevention and overall health, with activities such as biking or running cited as examples. Horseback riding is a popular activity; however, little information on the exercise value of horseback riding exists. The objective of this experiment was to define the energy expenditure of participants in several common riding events. All procedures were approved by the Texas A&M Institutional Review Board and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; subjects gave written consent prior to participation. Twenty …

Nutritional, Bone, And Physical Fitness States Of Jockeys In Chronic Repetition Of Short-Term Weight Loss, Soeun Jeon, Kyungho Cho, Gina Ok, Hyon Park

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Professional jockeys are required to fit their weight, mainly weight loss, for two game days every weekend during racing season which usually lasts 10 months a year in Korea. The repetitive routine weight loss protocol is performed for 4 to 5 days a week include two game days. This situation would have brought some negative effects on the professional jockeys' overall health and physical condition with the relation of their performance. The purpose of the present study was: 1) to examine the weight loss habits of pro-jockeys, and 2) effects of chronic short-term weight loss on nutritional status, bone health, …

Walk This Way: The Effects Of Wearing A Knee Brace On Gait, Lauren R. Arnold, Casi Helbig, Jim Newberry, Tim Kent

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Gait is defined as the way a person walks; the manner of his or her steps taken. Walking is a simple concept that can be taken for granted until it is lost. When a movement in the gait cycle is limited due to injury, changes in biomechanical and neurological factors occur. The purpose of this study was to measure and evaluate gait patterns of subjects walking with and without a Breg T Scope Premier Post-Op Knee Brace. Twenty-two Texas Lutheran University students were tested using the Dartfish Software program in the Kieffer Laboratory. Seven females and fifteen males, ranging in …

Psychological Responses Prior To A Strenuous Task Involving An Injured Joint, Ashley K. Balles, Stacey A. Gaines, Ryan Fiddler, Christopher M. Hearon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Injuries are an inherent risk of sport participation. Roughly 68% of athletes experience an athletic injury during their college career, with over half being injuries to the lower extremity (Hootman, Dick & Agel, 2007). While much attention has been given to the physical effects of an injury, the psychological ramifications can also affect an athlete’s recovery from injury. According to Quinn & Fallon (2008), an athlete can physically recover from an injury however they may not attain a complete psychological recovery. An athlete’s performance can be affected negatively if they return to sport participation without recovering psychologically from their injury, …

Analysis Of Cognitive Deficits Of Concussion Patients: Dual Task, Motor Cognition, And Memory, Jorge A. Quezada Jr, Matthew A. Barlow, Michael F. Shaughnessy, Robyn Rausch

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The severity of a concussion is determined by the magnitude of the force of impact and the symptoms expressed post-injury. The most current and widely used test to identify a concussion in college athletics is called the Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). It is a computerized neurocognitive test battery that measures different cognitive abilities and compares baseline with post-injury results. In the current study we formulated a series of physical and psychological cognition tests that measure similar cognitive abilities as the ImPACT. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that physical tests paired with neurocognitive tests …

Analyzing Performance Of Skilled And Unskilled Jump Ropers During A Two-Footed Jumping Task, Briana N. Felix, Scott P. Mclean, Jimmy Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The purpose of this study was to determine if reduced tibial acceleration characterized skilled rope-skipping performance for a two-footed jumping task and to examine if the style of rope used had an effect on performance. Following a 3-minute treadmill warm-up, fifteen volunteers from Southwestern University (8 women and 7 men; 20.6 ± 0.91 years; 168.5 ± 8.9 cm, 68.3 ± 9.9 kg) completed three one-minute trials of two-footed jump roping. Each trial was performed with one of three different jump ropes of varying material and mass (0.10 kg plastic rope, 0.14 kg cable rope, 0.17kg beaded rope). The ropes selected …

Adrenergic Control Of The Cutaneous Circulation During Cryotherapy, Kevin M. Christmas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cryotherapy application is a widely clinically used therapeutic technique using ice or cold water applied to the skin surface to reduce local blood flow. While beneficial, cryotherapy treatment does have the potential to induce some detrimental physiological side effects. For example, cryotherapy treatment induces pronounced tissue ischemia that is sustained for hours even during a post-treatment rewarming period. PURPOSE: To investigate the role of adrenergic receptor activation on cutaneous blood flow during 30 min of cryotherapy as well as during the subsequent 1 hr of passive rewarming. We hypothesized that adrenergic-mediated vasoconstriction is involved in pronounced and sustained cutaneous vasoconstriction …

Resting And Post-Exercise Blood Pressure Response To Repeated Bouts Of Aquatic Treadmill Exercise, Dustin P. Joubert, Jorge Z. Granados, Stephen F. Crouse

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Aerobic exercise is known to reduce resting blood pressure as well as induce and acute post-exercise hypotensive response. Purpose: Determine the effect of repeated bouts of aquatic treadmill exercise on consecutive days in physically untrained, pre-hypertensive men. Methods: Nine male subjects (SBP: 132 ± 8 mmHg; DBP: 79 ± 8 mmHG; 33 ± 8 years; 183 ± 7 cm; 103 ± 31 kg; 32 ± 10% Fat; 36 ± 7 ml·kg^-1·min^-1) participated in the study. All subjects completed an acute aquatic treadmill exercise session (60% VO₂max; 300 kcal) on two consecutive days. Prior …