Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Effects Of A 3-Week High-Fat-Low-Carbohydrate Diet On Lipid And Glucose Profiles In 8 Experienced, Middle-Age Male Runners, Eric K. O'Neal, Ashton F. Smith, Alexander J. Heatherly, Lauren G. Killen, Hunter S. Waldman, Angela Hollingsworth, Yunsuk Koh

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 786-799, 2019. This study examined glucose and lipid marker responses following a 3-week, ad libitum low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet (LCHF; ~70% kcals from fat, <50 g/day of net carbohydrates) versus the habitual mixed macronutrient diet (HMD) of eight middle-age, trained male runners (40 ±10 years; V̇O₂peak = 49 ±4 mL·kg^-1·min^-1). Blood was drawn at 0600 from an antecubital vein after an overnight fast under conditions of no exercise/ heat stress (NEXH; 48 h of restriction from intense exercise) or 24-h after exercise/heat stress (EXH; 60 min run in hot conditions plus 5-km time trial) for both dietary conditions. Glucose improvement during LCHF approached but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). …

Obesity Affects Submaximal Oxygen Uptake-Heart Rate Relationship And Exercise Economy Differently In Pre And Postpubescent Boys And Girls, Eric Rivas

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 748-763, 2019. The purpose of this study was to develop regression equations for estimating the intensity of the exercise work rate (relative peak oxygen uptake-heart rate [%VO₂-HR]) and the metabolic energy expenditure (MEE) for exercise prescription and rehabilitation medicine that are specific to children. This study took into account that the specific data in terms of obesity, sex, and pubertal status are currently unavailable. Our hypothesis was that obesity would affect the submaximal exercise the oxygen uptake (VO₂), heart rate (HR), and metabolic energy expenditure (MEE), and exercise economy (ExEco). …

Too Much Workplace Sitting: A Brief Historical Perspective, Raymond Jones, Daniel P. Credeur, Stephanie M. Mccoy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 777-785, 2019. Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases, especially those of cardiovascular and metabolic origins. Prolonged sitting is one of the most common sedentary behaviors among adults. Individuals sit for hours every day for several reasons, including work and or physical limitations. Historical accounts regarding the negative health effects of prolonged sitting began with early epidemiological studies, which sparked a breakout of research examining this behavior in the workplace setting. Understanding the risks associated with prolonged workplace sitting is important when considering workplace interventions, such as sit-stand workstations. …

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors And Physical Fitness In Volunteer Firefighters, Zachary T. Martin, Rebecca A. Schlaff, Jade K. Hemenway, Jillian R. Coulter, Jeremy L. Knous, John E. Lowry, Joshua J. Ode

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 764-776, 2019. Forty-seven percent of volunteer firefighter line of duty deaths are caused by cardiovascular events. Aggressive cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor reduction and improved physical fitness could reduce CVD mortality within this population. We assessed CVD risk factors and physical fitness in a large cohort of volunteer firefighters to help establish a health and fitness profile of this population, which may serve as evidence for the need to initiate programs aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality caused by CVD in the volunteer fire service. Seventy-four male volunteer firefighters were assessed for eight CVD …

Effects Of Whole-Body Vibration On Flexibility And Stiffness: A Literature Review, Brannen Fowler, Turner Palumbo, Brent Feland, Jonathan Blotter

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 735-747, 2019. The effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on flexibility and muscle stiffness are focused areas of research. Many studies have been performed over a large range of vibratory conditions and have reported varied results on effectiveness. When reviewing the published literature, it is difficult to track the vibration parameters that have positive effects and which have negative or no effects. In writing this paper,over 80 articles were evaluated, 24 of which met the inclusion requirements. The data gathered in the articles were used to develop charts that illustrate the vibration conditions that elicit …

Comparison Of Steady State Exercise And Interval Training On Pitching Performance In Collegiate Baseball Players: A Pilot Study, Robert Rabena, Ryan Moran

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 726-734, 2019. Traditionally, a baseball pitcher’s in-season conditioning between starts has consisted of steady state exercise. Little to no research exists on the effects of interval training on pitching performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference between steady state exercise (SSE) and interval training (IT) on exercise and pitching performance in collegiate baseball pitchers following an 11-week program. A total of 13 collegiate baseball pitchers were randomly assigned to either the SSE or IT group and tested pre- and post-season on a one-mile run, 30-m sprint, pitching velocity, walks plus …

The Influence Of A Slow-Breathing Protocol On Heart Rate And Blood Pressure From Exercise In Moderately Trained Females, Emily L. Zumbro, Greg A. Ryan, Stephen J. Rossi, John L. Dobson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 714-725, 2019. Heart rate recovery (HRR) and blood pressure recovery (BPR) from exercise are both important indicators of health and fitness and are strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a slow-breathing technique, upright passive recovery (PASS), and active recovery (ACT) on HRR and BPR from exercise. Nine moderately trained, college-aged (20.22 ± 0.97 yrs) female participants cycled three times on an ergometer for 15 mins at 70% of their heart rate maximum (HR_max), each of which was followed by one of three …

Endothelial, Cardiovascular, And Performance Responses To L-Arginine Intake And Resistance Exercise, Daniel M. Streeter, Kara A. Trautman, Tylor W. Bennett, Lauren E. Mcintosh, James W. Grier, Sherri N. Stastny, Kyle J. Hackney

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 701-713, 2019. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute endothelial, cardiovascular, and performance responses to L-arginine intake by assessing flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and various indicators (e.g., heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, torque) both before and after resistance exercise. Thirty (15 male, 15 female) physically active participants (mean ± SD: age 20.4 ± 1.8 years, height 176.9 ± 10.2 cm, body mass 76.0 ± 12.2 kg) volunteered for a randomized, cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants completed five sets of elbow extension-flexion exercise after consumption of either 3 g …

Power Output In Rugby Players Comparing Unilateral And Bilateral Isotonic Upper-Body Resistance Exercise, Evan Nakachi, James D. George, Allen Parcell, Dennis Eggett, Brent Feland

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 691-700, 2019. Bilateral deficit (BLD) occurs when the internal muscular force generated during simultaneous bilateral limb exercise is lower than the sum of internal muscular forces generated during separate right limb and left limb unilateral exercise, while attempting to oppose the same total external load. Numerous BLD studies have evaluated force output differences during exercise; however, no study has determined whether BLD exists when generating power during isotonic upper-body exercise. To address this, we measured and compared power output across unilateral and bilateral isotonic upper-body exercise. Seventeen college male rugby players (age = 21.8 …

Comparison Of The Effects Of Linear And Non-Linear Resistance Training Periodization On Morphofunctional Capacity Of Subjects With Different Fitness Levels: A Systematic Review, Rafael M. Pitta, Carla G. S. Pinto Montenegro, Roberta L. Rica, Danilo Sales Bocalini, Ramires A. Tibana, Jonato Prestes, Whitley J. Stone, Aylton J. Figueira Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 666-690, 2019. Resistance training (RT) is recognized as an efficient method to improve muscle strength, power, hypertrophy; all are fundamental components of functional health and quality of life. Variables of RT such as volume, intensity, density, rest interval, duration, exercise order and selection, training frequency, and periodization models (i.e. linear periodization (LP), reverse linear periodization (RLP), block periodization (BP), and nonlinear periodization (NLP): undulating periodization (UP) and weekly undulating periodization (WUP)) are manipulated to potentiate musculoskeletal adaptations. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of studies comparing different periodization …

The Effect Of Exercise Order In Circuit Training On Muscular Strength And Functional Fitness In Older Women, Diogo Correia Cardozo, Belmiro Freitas De Salles, Pietro Mannarino, Ana Paula Sena Vasconcelos, Humberto Miranda, Jeffrey M. Willardson, Roberto Simão

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(4): 657-665, 2019.The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of different orders of exercises in circuit training on strength and functional fitness in older women over a 12-week period. After 10 repetition maximum (10-RM) and functional fitness baseline testing, thirty older women were randomly assigned into two groups. The exercise order for Group 1 was leg press, wide-grip lat pulldown, knee extension, pec deck fly, plantar flexion and triceps extension; Group 2 performed the same exercises, but in the opposite order: triceps extension, plantar flexion, pec deck fly, knee extension, wide-grip …

Trunk Muscle Activation During Dynamic Sling Training Exercises, Tobias Morat, Denis Holzer, Rieke Trumpf

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(1): 590-601, 2019. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of trunk muscle activation to characterize different dynamic sling training exercises. Thirty-six young adults (25±3 years, 1.78±0.1 m, 71.5±10.4 kg) performed six different sling training exercises while muscle activation of eight different trunk muscles was measured unilaterally by surface electrodes. Four of the exercises were conducted at two different difficulty levels (an easy and a hard version) by changing the body angle. The six sling training exercises differed regarding muscle activation, with significant differences (p< 0.05) between the three body parts (front, side, back). High muscle activations (76-87%) of the (front) trunk flexor muscles were measured. The back muscles tested reached more than half of their peak reference trial values only during one exercise tested. Regarding the side muscles, three of the sling exercises achieved muscle activations of 60% and higher (66-92%). All eight trunk muscles tested demonstrated a significantly (p< 0.05) higher muscle activation in the harder version compared with the easy version. Based on the results, the sling training exercises tested in this study seem to be most effective for the abdominal muscles. As assumed based on the former literature, changing the body angle during sling training exercises is shown to be a feasible way of adjusting the intensity of sling training. This could potentially be used in longitudinal sling training studies to assure a controlled, progressively increasing training intervention.

The Impact Of Cell Phone Texting During Aerobic Exercise On Measures Of Cognition, Michael J. Rebold, Mallory S. Kobak, Cody A. Croall, Emily A. Cumberledge, Matthew T. Dirlam, Timothy P. Sheehan

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(5): 646-656, 2019. This study assessed the effect of cell phone texting during a 30-minute bout of cycle ergometer exercise on measures of cognition (i.e., reaction time and accuracy). Twenty-eight college students participated in two conditions (cell phone and no cell phone). Reaction time and accuracy were assessed pre- and post-exercise with the use of the Stroop test. Reaction time was significantly worse (p < 0.001) in the cell phone condition from pre- (1003.75 ± 178.04 ms) to post-exercise (1124.46 ± 238.55 ms). Reaction time was significantly better (p < 0.001) in the no cell phone condition from pre- …

Attitudes And Beliefs Regarding Pregnancy Physical Activity In A Non-Pregnant Population, Mallory R. Marshall, John K. Petrella

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 636-645, 2019. The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes and beliefs about pregnancy physical activity (PA) in non-pregnant individuals. We hypothesized that younger, more educated, females, those who had ever been pregnant (or partner had been pregnant, for males) and physically active individuals would view pregnancy PA more positively than older individuals, those with less education, males, those who had not ever been pregnant (partner had not been pregnant, for males), and those who are inactive, respectively. Participants were non-pregnant adults ages 20+ years who were recruited by word-of-mouth, social media, …

Dorsiflexion Range Of Motion In Copers And Those With Chronic Ankle Instability, Madison M. Vomacka, Melena R. Calhoun, Monica R. Lininger, Jupil Ko

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(1): 614-622, 2019. The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) is used to classify individuals as ankle sprain copers, or as one suffering from chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, literature examining factors contributing to these classifications on the CAIT is lacking, as the CAIT itself does not offer explanations for specific anthropometric measures that influence a patient’s classification. Therefore, the purpose was to determine if there was a difference between dorsiflexion active range of motion (AROM) between copers, those with CAI, and a healthy control group. Twenty-two individuals with recent ankle sprains were recruited by a …

Effects Of Evidence-Based Materials And Access To Local Resources On Physical Activity During Pregnancy, Kolbi Edens

Masters Theses & Specialist Projects

Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy has been shown to be safe and effective for improving maternal and infant health; however, only 23% of pregnant women exercise in accordance with guidelines. PURPOSE: To determine if the distribution of evidence-based educational resources as well as access to community resources will increase PA levels as well as knowledge/beliefs about PA during pregnancy. METHODS: Participants (8-12 weeks) completed assessments concerning their activity levels, as well as knowledge/beliefs regarding PA, during pregnancy. Next, participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention (IG) or control group (CG). The IG received educational information regarding PA during pregnancy, …

Similar Effects Of 24 Weeks Of Resistance Training Performed With Different Frequencies On Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, And Muscle Quality In Older Women, Fábio Luiz Cheche Pina, João Pedro Nunes, Matheus Amarante Nascimento, Alex Silva Ribeiro, Jerry L. Mayhew, Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 623-635, 2019. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of 24 weeks of resistance training (RT) performed 2 vs. 3 times per week on muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle quality in older women. Thirty-nine older women (≥ 60 years old) were randomly assigned to two groups according to RT frequency (G2x = two sessions per week, n=19; and G3x = three sessions per week, n=20) and were submitted to 24 weeks of whole-body RT, divided into two stages of 12 weeks. In the first stage, participants performed 1 set of …

Effect Of Fed State On Self-Selected Intensity And Affective Responses To Exercise Following Public Health Recommendations, Ryan Rhodewalt, Katelyn Largent, Blaque Saur, Todd Astorino Ph.D, Zachary Zenko, Matt Schubert

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 602-613, 2019. Nutritional status has numerous effects on exercise metabolism and psychological responses. The effect of fed state on changes in affective valence; however, are unknown. Thus, the present study examined how fed state influenced self-selected exercise intensity, affective responses during exercise, and exercise enjoyment when exercise was completed following physical activity guidelines for public health. In a repeated-measures crossover design, 25 recreationally active men and women (age and BMI = 22.0 ± 2.0 yr and 24.3 ± 3.3 kg/m²) performed a single 30 min session of treadmill exercise at a Rating …

Educational Brochures Influence Beliefs And Knowledge Regarding Exercise During Pregnancy: A Pilot Study, Madison L. Alvis, Cody E. Morris, Tiana L. Garrard, Abigail G. Hughes, Laura Hunt, Megan M. Koester, India C. Yocum, Rachel A. Tinius

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 581-589, 2019. Women who are pregnant report receiving little or no advice about physical activity during pregnancy from their obstetric provider. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an evidence-based educational brochure on both immediate and two-week retention of knowledge about exercise during pregnancy. Thirty-two women of childbearing age (age: 25.0 ± 4.0 years, body mass index: 29.5 ± 6.5 kg/m², 93.7% Caucasian, 83.4% had at least some college) completed a survey before exposure to an evidence-based educational brochure regarding exercise during pregnancy. Post surveys were taken immediately …

Effects Of Low-Volume Resistance Training On Muscle Strength And Functionality Of People With Parkinson’S Disease, Matheus Barbalho, Elren Passos Monteiro, Rochelle Rocha Costa, Rodolfo Raiol

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 567-580, 2019. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects the elderly and results in a decrease of functional capacity, motor control, and muscle strength. Resistance training (RT) has been shown to be a non-drug alternative in both elderly and parkinsonian patients in increasing functional capacity and muscle strength. The present study aimed to verify the effects of low-volume RT in people with PD in relation to muscular strength, body composition, anthropometry and functional capacity. Fifteen elderly patients with idiopathic PD were divided into two groups: 7 …

No Effect Of L-Arginine On Vascular Stiffness At Rest And During Reactive Hyperemia In Young Healthy Subjects, Andrew Wells, George Swanson, Thomas Fahey, Michael Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 556-566, 2019. The efficacy of L-arginine in augmenting blood flow via nitric oxide (NO) production is controversial, with several studies in the literature providing equivocal findings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of L-arginine supplementation on vascular stiffness at rest and during induced reactive hyperemia. Young healthy males (n = 15) were studied on two separate study days. On day one, a resting pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured from the carotid and radial sites at rest and immediately following an induced reactive hyperemia (RH). On day two, subjects …

The Effect Of Cold-Water Immersion On Running Mechanics, Lucas M. Dibenedetto, Kristyne Wiegand, Julia Freedman Silvernail

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(1): 547-555, 2019. Cryotherapy is a common treatment used by athletes for rehabilitating acute injuries of a joint or muscle in order to accelerate recovery time and promptly return to play. Therefore, the potential effects of cryotherapy on performance and injury risk should be considered. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of cold-water immersion on running mechanics. Fifteen healthy male and female participants (24.6 ± 5.74 years, 166.37 ± 7.67 cm, 71.72 ± 17.7 kg, 27.47 ± 7.55% body fat) were recruited for the study. Participants completed 10 running trials …

Effects Of Personal Body Armor On Functional Movement Capability In Healthy Adults, Colin D. Tomes, Matthew David Lewis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 536-546, 2019. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a tool used to assess fundamental movement patterns and has been utilized to determine movement readiness of tactical athletes. However, tactical athletes rarely perform tasks without load carriage, and limited research evaluating loaded tactical personnel via the FMS has been conducted. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to determine if ballistic vest wear results in movement deficits as evaluated by the FMS. A convenience sample of college students (n = 31) completed test sessions in loaded and unloaded conditions. Subjects completed each FMS …

Effects Of Caffeine On Perceptually-Based Intensity Production During Outdoor Running, Kailee Neal, Matt Green, Eric O'Neal, Joyce Mcintosh, Alyssum Reno

International Journal of Exercise Science

ABSTRACT

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(5): 526-535, 2019. Caffeine (CAF) may enhance performance while altering estimated RPE. However, effects of caffeine on RPE production is not well understood. This study examined effects of CAF on velocity (VEL) selection during outdoor running when intensity was prescribed using RPE. Ten (n = 10) fit male runners completed a VO₂ max and two running trials, CAF (6 mg· kg^-1) vs. placebo (PLA). Participants ran a 2.4 km (1.5 m) bout, at prescribed RPE4, and another at prescribed RPE7, following 10 min passive recovery. Separate 2 (trial) x 6 …

Triple Hop For Distance As A Predictor Of Lower Extremity Performance In Firefighter Equipment, Sean M. Rogers, Zachary K. Winkelmann, Lindsey E. Eberman, Kenneth E. Games

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 515-525, 2019. The objective of this study was to examine the predictive value of the Triple Hop for Distance (THD) physical performance test to assess lower extremity (LE) strength and power in individuals donning firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE). Thirty-one healthy participants completed the THD in firefighter PPE on both the dominant and non-dominant limb. Dependent variables included LE power (vertical jump height [cm]) on a jump mat, and LE strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings (peak torque [Nm]) on an isokinetic dynamometer. THD was a strong predictor of LE power on the dominant …

Exercise Is Medicine®: Knowledge And Awareness Among Exercise Science And Medical School Students, Rachel Mealy, Laura Richardson, Brian Miller, Melissa Smith, Judith A. Juvancic-Heltzel

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 505-514, 2019. The purpose of this exploratory study was twofold: to determine whether exercise science and medical students are aware of the Exercise is Medicine^® (EIM^®) program and to construct a tool that would permit assessment of EIM^® variables with students enrolled in both programs. The study consisted of a quantitative, cross-sectional design, using a self-report electronic questionnaire. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) using principal component analysis extraction method with Varimax factor rotation was employed to validate the survey instrument based on the expected constructs, which posited five (5) contending …

Effect Of An 8-Week Plyometric Training Program With Raised Forefoot Platforms On Agility And Vertical Jump Performance, Matthieu Pj Voisin, Mikaël Scohier

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(6): 491-504, 2019. Some athletes use solid rubber platforms strapped onto the forefoot during plyometric exercises in order to increase their explosive performance including vertical jump height and agility. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a plyometric training program realized with these ‘raised forefoot platforms,’ designed to keep the heels off the ground, to the same program conducted with regular shoes. Forty-nine subjects performed 2 sessions of plyometric training for eight weeks, either with raised forefoot platforms (n=20) or regular shoes (n=29). Countermovement jump (CMJ) height and agility test time …

Monitoring Changes Of Cardio-Respiratory Parameters During 2000m Rowing Performance, Arnab Das, Malay Mandal, Alak K. Syamal, Pralay Majumdar

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 483-490, 2019. The purpose of this study was to characterize the kinetics of cardio-respiratory parameters of elite male rowers during 2000m rowing time trial. 16 lightweight category (LWC) and 11 open category (OC) elite male rowers attending National camp were included in the study. Pulmonary gas exchange and heart rate (HR) during 2000m rowing ergometer test was determined through breath-by-breath analysis, with a portable metabolic gas analyzer and HR monitor. Time to completion, HR, oxygen uptake (V̇O₂), minute ventilation (V̇E) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were recorded at 500m, 1000m, 1500m and …

Validity And Wearability Of Consumer-Based Fitness Trackers In Free-Living Children, Keith Brazendale, Lindsay Decker, Ethan T. Hunt, Michelle W. Perry, Allison B. Brazendale, R Glenn Weaver, Michael W. Beets

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(5): 471-482, 2019. Over the past decade wearable fitness trackers (WFTs) have grown in popularity with more recent versions able to capture the pulse rate noninvasively on the wrist of the wearer. Most of evidence on the validity of WFTs have explored adults in clinical settings. Thus, the purpose of this study is to 1) evaluate the validity of a wrist-placed WFT in determining heart rate, and 2) examine the wear compliance of a wrist-placed WFT, in children in free-living settings. In study 1, 19 children (5-12yrs) wore a Fitbit Charge HR^© and a …

Effects Of Exercise Environment And Protocol Intensity On The Efficacy Of Rehabilitation Care For Patients With Huntington’S Disease: A Comprehensive Review, James D. Dolbow, Hau Ly, Nicholas Elwert, John Gassler

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 12(3): 456-470, 2019. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by astrogliosis of the putamen and caudate nucleus. Motor symptoms include progressive chorea, leading to deficits in gait, motor function, and quality of life. While many studies have examined the effects of therapeutic exercise on these factors in individuals with HD, the efficacy of such protocols has yet to be analyzed. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to analyze trends in efficacy reported by studies examining the effects of exercise on motor function, gait quality, and quality of life in individuals with HD. …