Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Caffeine Supplementation And Intermittent Exercise: Effects On White Blood Cells, Marco Machado, Felipe Sampaio- Jorge, Juliano G. Barreto, Rodrigo A. Lazo-Osorio

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Caffeine is a common substance in the diets of most athletes and it is appearing in energy drinks, sport gels, alcoholic beverages and diet aids. The effects of caffeine ingestion prior to endurance training have been extensively studied. However, less is known concerning the effects of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of caffeine ingestion prior to intermittent exercise on white blood cells in soccer players. 15 professional soccer players completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. Forty-five minutes before exercise all subjects received 5.5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine (E+C, n=8) or placebo …

Behavior Of Bicarbonate Ion Between Capillary Blood And Saliva During Acute Exercise, Alexandre Fonseca Brandão, Roberto Mario Machado Verzola, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre-De- Araujo, Rafael Nativio

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

This study includes the monitoring of the behavior of the bicarbonate ions concentration in the capillary blood and in saliva, with the main objective of establishing reliable parameters of the relationship of this variable between these two fluid compartments. The tests were conducted under a modified Balk protocol in the cycloergometer with progressively increasing load of 50 to 50 watts and measurement of bicarbonate ion was held in a gas analyzer ABL 800 FLEX Radiometer, assigned by UNIMED of São Carlos. It was necessary to develop 70 glass capillary 110μL and one adapter to collect saliva, manufactured in PVC. The …

Aquatic Plyometric Training Associated With Androgenic Anabolic Steroids Do Not Increase Muscle Mass In Rats, Uliana Sbeguen Stotzer, Rita De Cássia Marqueti, Milena De Moura Paschoal, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre De Araújo

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

To improve athletic performance or for aesthetic reasons, athletes and no athletes may use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). Numerous studies have reported that aquatic plyometric training (APT) can improve muscular strength and vertical jump; however the effect of these training protocols on muscular mass are poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of APT associated with AAS in the soleus, gastrocnemius (Gastro), extensor digitorium longus (EDL) and tibialis anterior (TA) skeletal muscles in rats. Animals were grouped into: sedentary (S); S with AAS (AAS); trained (T); and T with AAS (AAST). Exercised groups performed jumps …

Acute Effects Of A Short-Term And High Intensity Exercise On Serum Cytokines Concentrations Of Sedentary Women Submitted To A Circuit Resistance Training, Cristiane Nicioli, João Elias Nunes, Gabriela Bombarda, Fabiano Candido Ferreira

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of short-term and high intensity exercise on serum cytokines concentrations, oxygen consumption and power of sedentary women pre and post 10 weeks of circuit resistance training (CRT). 14 women, 40.23 ± 3.9 years old, 164 ± 6.6 cm and 57.84 ± 7.7 kg were evaluated. Ventilatory threshold (WVT) and VO2peak (IVO2peak) were determined by ergoespirometric incremental test in a cycloergometer. In pre and post CRT, the women performed a test of cycling exercise with two stages: pedaling 30 minutes on WVT and 5 minutes on IVO2peak. The VO2peak was …

Proceedings Of The I International Meeting In Exercise Physiology, Sérgio Eduardo De Andrade Perez

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

This meeting is the seventh in Exercise Physiology and the first International Workshop in Exercise Physiology of UFSCar, sponsored by the Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences – DCF, which is affiliated to the Post-Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences (PPGCFS/UFSCar). The event is designed to bring Brazilian scientists, especially from São Paulo state that work with Exercise Physiology and Health. The main objective is to put together these students and scientists interested in developing joint researches in this area. The general theme is Exercise Physiology, including athletic performance, nutrition and metabolism. Therefore, the central roundtable programmed in this year …

Isokinetic Knee And Hip Torque In Ncaa Division I Female Soccer Athletes, Kelly A. Brooks, Samantha L. Clark

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of isokinetic knee and hip torque to various physiological characteristics and soccer-specific variables, such as kick velocity (KV) and body fat percentage (BF%) specifically in female collegiate soccer players. METHODS: Anthropometric data was collected on 22 division I female soccer players. Maximum strength, explosive lower body power, agility, acceleration, speed, and aerobic power were tested. Anthropometric data was collected on age, height, weight, and body composition. Body composition was assessed using the Jackson-Pollock 3- Site Skinfold Formula procedure using the Lange skinfold calipers. A one repetition max (1-RM) squat …

Injuries And Physical Limitations In Division I Female Collegiate Athletes, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The NCAA conducted research regarding incidence of injury among collegiate sports teams from 1988 to 2004. Although this study was comprehensive, more research is needed about female athletes, especially on major and chronic injuries and the limitations they pose on athletes in both the present and the future. PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of injury and current physical limitations between women’s soccer, volleyball, and softball. METHODS: A survey was given to 44 Division I female soccer, volleyball, and softball athletes to inquire about injury status and physical limitations. Minor and major injuries, as well as those requiring surgery were specified …

Baseball Pitching Biomechanics, Pitch Velocity, And Body Position During An Intrasquad Game, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To observe changes over each inning in body position, pitch velocity, and joint angle during baseball pitching of an intrasquad game. METHODS: Six Division I intercollegiate baseball pitchers volunteered to wear a Zephyr BioHarness during an intrasquad game while a high-speed camera captured their pitching performance. The BioHarness device records several variables, including body position and acceleration. The pitcher’s performance was analyzed with Dartfish software. The trunk, elbow, glenohumeral joint, and knee were examined while pitching from the stretch. RESULTS: Five pitchers each completed five innings, and one completed six. The pitchers averaged 15.7 pitches per inning. Based on …

Physiological Monitoring Of The Cardiovascular System During A One-Rep Max Bench Press Using The Zephyr Bioharness, Kelly A. Brooks, Kyle T. Craven

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While much is known about the muscular and neurological responses in the body during a one rep max (1RM) bench press test, there is little research regarding the cardiovascular response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological response, specifically in the cardiopulmonary system, during 1RM testing in real-time using the Zephyr Bioharness. Thirty college undergraduates who were enrolled in beginning weight training for three months were asked to wear a BioHarness device during a 1RM bench test. Individual 1RM was found one week prior to test. Prior to testing, subjects followed a standardized warm-up and protocol to …

Comparison Of The Ymca Cycle Sub-Maximal Vo2 Max Test To A Treadmill Vo2 Max Test, Jeremy G. Carter, Kelly A. Brooks, Joshua R. Sparks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: An individual’s maximum capacity to extract, transport, and utilize oxygen is reflected by their VO2 max (10,22). Numerous physiological factors affect a person’s maximal oxygen consumption. A person’s VO2 max is dependent on their pulmonary, cardiovascular, and muscular systems, which depends on their ventilation-aeration efficiency, central and peripheral blood flow, and metabolism of their active muscles (13,17). The six factors that have the most influence on a person’s maximal aerobic power are heredity, state of training, gender, body size and composition, age, and the mode of the exercise (16). A person’s VO2 max is the gold standard of assessing …

Energy Expenditure And Economy During A Cycle Ergometer Test, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Richard G. Crise, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Research has shown that submaximal cycle ergometer testing presents a reduced V02 max score when compared to that of the treadmill test. In this study, we compared a submaximal economy test on the Monark Cycle Ergometer. The purpose of this study was for each participant to perform the same test and compare economy, V02 ml/kg/min for a given workload, as well as calories burned between males and females during the nine minute test. By testing economy for each participant, we aim to determine whether males or females use oxygen more efficiently during testing. Before beginning the test, the Cosmed metabolic …

Emg Analysis And Motor Unit Recruitment In The Rectus Femoris Of College Students, Richard G. Crise, Elizabeth L. Franklin, Kelly A. Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The rectus femoris works as part of the quadriceps muscle group to provide the force needed to generate very explosive movements during knee extension. Because many sports require explosive movements from the lower body, many strength coaches implement exercise routines that strengthen the muscles and prevent injuries. In the general population, activities using knee extension are essential in getting the full benefit of a designed exercise program. Muscle fibers provide the contractile force needed to accomplish a movement. Commonly, a deficiency is present in people who tend to favor one leg more than the other during activity. This is due …

Physiological And Perceptual Responses To Nintendo® Wii Fit™ In Young And Older Adults, Nicole M. Mullins, Kathryn A. Tessmer, Michele L. Mccarroll, Brian P. Peppel

International Journal of Exercise Science

Physically active video gaming (AVG) provides a technologically-modern, convenient means of increasing physical activity (PA). This study examined cardiovascular, metabolic, and perceptual responses in young adult (AP) and older adult (OP) participants engaging in Wii Fitä AVG play, and compared PA levels during play to recommended PA levels. Heart rate (HR), percent heart rate reserve (%HRR), oxygen consumption (VO₂), energy expenditure (EE), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), enjoyment level (EL), and step count data were obtained from 10 YP and 10 OP during 15 minutes of rest and four 15-minute bouts of Wii Fitä activities (yoga, balance, aerobics, …

Self-Estimation Of Body Fat Is More Accurate In College-Age Males Compared To Females, Halley L. Hancock, Alan P. Jung, John K. Petrella

International Journal of Exercise Science

Objective: To determine the effect of gender on the ability to accurately estimate one’s own body fat percentage. Participants: Fifty-five college-age males and 99 college-age females Methods: Participants estimated their own body fat percent before having their body composition measured using a BOD POD. Participants also completed a modified Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Results: Estimated body fat was significantly lower compared to measured body fat percent in females (26.8±5.6% vs. 30.2±7.0%, p<0.001) but not in males (16.8±6.8% vs. 18.1±8.3%, p=0.09). The mean difference between estimated and measured body fat was significantly higher for females compared to males (p<0.001). There was a moderate, significant correlation found between measured body fat percent and SPAS score for males (r=0.331, p=0.014) and females (r=.427, p<0.001). Conclusions: Males estimated their body fat percent more accurately than females. Despite these findings, 62% of males and 76% of females underestimated their body fat.

Experimentally Manipulated Somatic Information And Somatization Tendencies And Their Impact On Physical Symptom Reporting And Performance In A Physically Strenuous Task, Kathleen V. Casto, Len B. Lecci

International Journal of Exercise Science

This study attempts to determine whether the presentation of an experimentally manipulated somatic experience during a physically strenuous task can influence physical performance and symptom reporting. The study also compares the relative influence of experimentally manipulated somatic information (state somatization) with stable individual differences in the tendency to amplify physical symptoms (trait somatization) on performance and symptom reporting. 194 participants completed standardized measures of somatization tendencies, state anxiety, neuroticism and conscientiousness. Participants where then given a mock physical exam, with individuals randomly assigned to receive either favorable or unfavorable somatic information. All participants then had their body mass index assessed …

Caffeine And Sprint Performance In Habitual And Caffeine Naive Participants, J. Bradley Jordan, Richard S. Farley, Jennifer L. Caputo

International Journal of Exercise Science

Caffeine is thought to provide ergogenic benefits during endurance performance. However, there is limited research on the effects of caffeine on anaerobic sports performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 6 mg·kg_-1 of caffeine on repeated sprint performance. The sample included active college students (N = 18), classified as habitual caffeine or caffeine naïve users. Participants completed a 12 x 30-m sprint test with 35 s rest intervals between sprints. Ratings of Perceived Exertion were collected every 3rd sprint. Height and body mass were measured and participants accommodated to the sprint test on …

Effects Of Carbohydrate-Protein Ingestion Post-Resistance Training In Male Rugby Players, Colin J. Coyle Msc, Bernard Donne, Nick J. Mahony

International Journal of Exercise Science

Evidence suggests that carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) drinks post-exercise are an advantageous nutritional recovery intervention. Resistance trained (n = 14, mean ± SD; age 19 ± 1 yr, mass 95 ± 9 kg, % fat 17 ± 4 % and BMI 28.5 ± 1.8 kg.m^-2) male rugby players participated in a study investigating effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and CHO-PRO drinks on subsequent resistance exercise performance. Following an initial resistance training (RT) protocol consisting of 8 circuits of 5 discrete exercises at 10 repetition maximum (RM), participants received 10 mL.kg^-1 BM of randomised sports drink (LCHO, HCHO and CHO-PRO) on …

The Effects Of Muscle Mass On Homocyst(E)Ine Levels In Plasma And Urine, M. René Malinow, Craig L. Lister, Carl De Crée

International Journal of Exercise Science

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between homocyst(e)ine (H[e]) lev-els and muscle mass. Two experimental groups each of 24 Caucasian males, one consisting of higher-muscle mass subjects (HMM) and the other of lower-muscle mass subjects (LMM) par-ticipated in this study. Muscle mass was estimated from 24-hour urine collections of creatinine (Crt). Muscle mass was 40.3 ± 15.9 kg in HMM and 37.2 ± 11.4 kg in LMM (P= 0.002). Mean plasma H(e) levels in HMM were 10.29 ± 2.9 nmol/mL, and in LMM were 10.02 ± 2.4 nmol/L (Not significant, [NS]). Urinary H(e) levels (UH[e]) were 9.95 …

Stability Ball Sitting Versus Chair Sitting During Sub-Maximal Arm Ergometry, Charles R.C Marks, Kristina E. Hylland, Jacob Terrell

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purpose: It was predicted that sitting on a stability ball during arm ergometry would elevate cardiovascular parameters when compared to sitting on a chair and that this would be associated with greater recruitment of trunk and leg skeletal muscles. Methods: Open-circuit spirometry, video taping, blood pressure, heart rate, and EMG were conducted during rest and four minute stages of 15 W, 30 W, and 45 W using a Monark arm ergometer. Twenty-six apparently healthy adults exercised twice, once sitting on a stability ball and the other sitting on a chair (order randomized), with 45 to 60 minutes of rest between. …

Fitnessgram® Friday: A Middle School Physical Activity And Fitness Intervention, Tinker D. Murray, James Eldridge, Pete Silvius, Erik Silvius, William G. Squires Jr.

International Journal of Exercise Science

Texas Senate Bill 530 (2007) mandated fitness assessment as part of the annual K-8 Physical Education (PE) curricula, yet no studies have reported interventions designed to improve and quantify individual student passing rates or individual school performance. Students (Total 2008-2010 N=1484; 729 females, 755 males; mean age = 11.85 y; mean BMI = 22.69 or > 90%-tile, overweight) were evaluated on individual FITNESSGRAM® performances in a cross-sectional analysis of 6th graders comparing baseline scores (year 1) with outcomes of a physical activity intervention in years 2 and 3. Students participated in regular PE classes (including campus wellness center activities) with a …

The International Journal Of Exercise Science: 2011 Year In Review, T. Scott Lyons, Jenny Hutchens, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

The International Journal of Exercise Science: 2011 Year in Review

The Short-Term Effect Of Whole Body Vibration Training On Physical Capabilities On Active Young Recreational Athletes, Esteban Martinez Ballester, Ivan Chulvi Dr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In recent years, whole body vibration (WBV) has been the subject of a great amount of research towards improving physical capabilities as a postactivation potentiation because the muscle spindle’s sensitivity can be increased (Rittweger, 2010). Typically, WBV is realized by the subject above the platform in squat position while the platform oscillates at differences intensities and amplitudes. Previous reports have shown that WBV produces preconditioning effects that lead an increase of power and flexibility (Jacobs & Burns, 2009), but controversial data exists that have shown no positive effect if an optimal dosage is not used in a controlled manner (Wilcock …

Discriminating Between Copers And Those With Chronic Ankle Instability With Clinical Outcomes, Erik A. Wikstrom, Jessica Plante

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common consequence of lateral ankle sprains and a leading cause of post-traumatic ankle osteoarthritis. Despite a history of a lateral ankle sprain, there are some individuals (copers) who appear to have a mechanism that allows them to avoid recurrent lateral ankle sprains and giving way episodes. To date, research has identified differences in perceptual (e.g. self-assessed disability), mechanical (e.g. ligament laxity), and sensorimotor (e.g. balance) outcomes between copers and those with CAI. However, the vast majority of these outcomes are considered research and/or laboratory based and thus impractical for most clinicians to use …

Comparing Dominant And Non-Dominant Torque And Work Using Biodex 3 Isokinetic Protocol For Knee Flexors And Extensors, Joshua Sparks, Jeremy Carter, Kelly Brooks

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION. There is often a misconception when looking at comparing dominant and non-dominant limbs of any sort. Although there will be a lack of control in non-dominant limbs compared to dominant, the amount of torque and power associated with each limb may be equal; even so, there may be an instance of bilateral deficit, where even though the dominant limb may be used to do work on a specific limb, the non-dominant limb may still receive strength benefits. PURPOSE. The main purpose of this study is to directly relate ability (torque and total work) in both dominant and non-dominate limbs …

Influences On Pulmonary And Muscular V’O2-Kinetics, Uwe Drescher, Uwe Hoffmann

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction

Muscular and respiratory V’O2-kinetics are influenced by many factors. At cellular level muscular V’O2 (V’O2musc) is affected by O2-delivery and O2-consumption. Further, these factors can be divided into muscle perfusion, capillary density, enzyme activity, mitochondrial proliferation, muscle fiber composition and some more.

Focusing on the difference between V’O2resp and V’O2musc the venous blood volume, the venous O2-stores and the dynamics of cardiac output can be identified as influences. These influences result in a time delay and a distortion of V’O2resp. Usually exercise step responses are used for estimating V’O2resp-kinetics. But it has to be recognized, that V’O2resp may be …

Micro-Fracture Simulation In Human Vertebral Body Due To Weight Lifting, Harcharan S. Ranu

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Abstract Lumbar vertebrae are a heavily loaded component of the human body. They are subjected to repetitive loading in daily activities. However, limited information on failure mechanism of lumbar vertebrae are available to date. Thus, the need to develop an analytical model to predict stress-fracture characteristics of vertebral body. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been considered and a mathematical model has been proposed so that the predictions can be made more easily related to the occurrence of injury. Study reveals that for a person weighing 1334 N and lifting a weight of 345 kg during squat exercise causes …

Injury Simulation In Female Gymnasts, Harcharan S. Ranu

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Abstract Female gymnasts often place un-physiological extreme repetitive loading on their bodies during the common maneuvers characteristic of this sport. Thus, it was necessity to provide quantitative and qualitative analyses of impact behavior of feet of gymnasts. The response of fracture or injury due to jumping is also important in designing safety equipment related to sports. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been used for this analysis. Typical behavior of crack growth rate for a force of F= 6.1 KN and m being 1.25, revealed that 6 landings were sufficient to initiate micro-fracture of bone due to landing after …

A Leucine-Enriched Diet Enhances Overload-Induced Growth And Markers Of Protein Synthesis In Aged Rat Skeletal Muscle, Rengfei Shi, Hoke Whitworth, William Mixon, Scott E. Gordon

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The hypertrophic response to overload in fast-twitch skeletal muscle is impaired in aged humans and rats, and impaired protein synthesis pathway activation is hypothesized to be a contributing factor. Muscle growth occurs when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation. Dietary supplementation of the essential amino acid leucine has been shown to enhance protein synthesis in both young and aged skeletal muscle. Leucine acts in part by activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; a key upstream regulator of protein synthesis pathways) as well as by attenuating the activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK; a negative regulator of mTOR and protein synthesis). …

A Leucine-Enriched Diet Enhances Overload-Induced Growth And Suppresses Markers Of Protein Degradation In Aged Rat Skeletal Muscle, Scott E. Gordon, William Mixon, Hoke Whitworth, Rengfei Shi

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Introduction: The hypertrophic response to overload in fast-twitch skeletal muscle is impaired in aged humans and rats, and upregulation of protein degradation pathways are hypothesized to be a contributing factor. Muscle growth occurs when protein synthesis is greater than protein degradation. Dietary supplementation of the essential amino acid leucine has been shown to reduce protein degradation in both young and aged skeletal muscle. Specifically, leucine acts in part by attenuating 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation as well as the translocation of the forkhead box transcription factor 3A (FoxO3, known to promote transcription of mRNAs encoding degradation pathway proteins) to the …

Isokinetic Muscle Strength And Fatigue Evaluation Following A Combined Aerobic And Resistance Training Program On A Gravity Independent Flywheel Device, Joshua A. Cotter, Tomasz Owerkowicz, Alvin M. Yu, Marinelle L. Camilon, Theresa Hoang, Per A. Tesch, Vincent J. Caiozzo, Gregory R. Adams

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Exposure to microgravity imposes changes on the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems leading to decreases in aerobic capacity, muscular strength, and muscular fatigue (1). Anti-gravity muscles, those that play a postural role in a standard gravity environment such as the soleus and quadriceps, are most affected by microgravity (2) with nearly all musculature affected with extended spaceflight (3). The multi-mode exercise device (M-MED) is a gravity independent device that provides both high force resistance type and low force aerobic type modes of exercise. Consequently, the M-MED has the ability to enhance both skeletal muscle function through resistance training exercises as well …