Exercise Physiology Commons^™

Validation Of The Actiheart Monitor For The Measurement Of Physical Activity, Tiago V. Barreira†, Minsoo Kang‡, Jennifer L. Caputo‡, Richard S. Farley‡, Matthew S. Renfrow†

International Journal of Exercise Science

The Actiheart monitor uniquely allows simultaneous measurement of heart rate and movement counts. The purpose of this study was to establish validity evidence for the Actiheart monitor under laboratory and free-living conditions. A total of 34 college students (17 males and 17 females, age = 21.8 ± 3.6 years) participated in the study. In the laboratory environment, the participants completed three, 5 min bouts of treadmill walking and/or running at speeds of 3.2, 6.4, and 9.6 km/h. Outside the laboratory, participants were asked to perform free-living physical activity for 30 min. For validation, energy expenditure, movement counts, and heart rate …

Modeling Oxygen Uptake During V1 Treadmill Roller Skiing, Robert S. Bowen†, Randall L. Jensen‡, Jennifer M. Ryan†, Phillip B. Watts‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The use of regression equations to predict oxygen uptake in relation to speed, grade, power output, and anthropometric characteristics is common in cardiac rehabilitation and athlete fitness testing. Research has suggested that sport specific testing improves the reliability of the test methodology and is appropriate for the development of effective training programs. This study focused on the development of a cross-country skiing specific predictor of maximal oxygen uptake based on treadmill speed, treadmill grade, gender, and body mass. This project simulated snow skiing on a large research treadmill using roller skis. A small sample size (N = 34) warranted the …

Exercise Bouts At Three Different Intensities Fail To Potentiate Concentric Power, Chad A. Cabrera†, Jacobo Morales‡, Felicia Greer‡, Robert W. Pettitt‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

Postactivation potentiation (PAP) has been hypothesized previously to occur during voluntary, concentric actions. We tested the hypothesis that one of at least three different intensities of conditioning exercises would evoke potentiation of power during the concentric, bench press throw (BPT). Twelve men (age = 22.9 &#; 2.7 years, bench press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) = 1.20 ± 0.12 kg•kg-1 body weight) completed five isotonic conditioning presses at ~55, 70, and 86% 1RM, in counterbalanced order, and on separate days. Average and peak power of the BPT using a load of 55% 1RM along with surface electromyography (EMG) of the triceps …

Influence Of Body Composition, Oral Contraceptive Use, And Physical Activity On Bone Mineral Density In Premenopausal Women, Vanessa D. Sherk†, Clint D. Howard†, Michael G. Bemben‡, Debra A. Bemben‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

In premenopausal women, low bone density may reflect attainment of a lower peak bone mass which can increase risk of osteoporosis after menopause. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between total body, lumbar spine, and proximal femur bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition and oral contraceptive (OC) use in 18-30 year old women. Sixty-five healthy women, split into groups of oral contraceptive users (OC, n = 36) and non oral contraceptive users (Non-OC, n = 29), completed Baecke physical activity, calcium intake, and menstrual history questionnaires. Total body, AP lumbar spine, and dual proximal femur …

Comparison Of Body Composition Measurements Using A New Caliper, Two Established Calipers, Hydrostatic Weighing, And Bodpod, Erin E. Talbert*, Michael G. Flynn‡, Jeffrey W. Bell†, Andres E. Carrillo†, Marquita D. Dill†, Christiania N. Christensen*, Colleen M. Thompson†

International Journal of Exercise Science

Purposes: (1) To compare the Lafayette Instruments (LI) skinfold caliper to the Lange (L) and Harpenden (H) calipers using a diverse subject population. (2) To determine the validity of the LI caliper in a subset of subjects by comparing body compositions from skinfold thicknesses to those measured by hydrostatic weighing (HW) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP). (3) To compare measurements obtained by experienced (EX) and inexperienced (IX) technicians using all three calipers. Methods: Skinfold measurements were performed by both EX and IX technicians using three different calipers on 21 younger (21.2 ± 1.5 yrs) and 20 older (59.2 ± 4 …

Timing Carbohydrate Beverage Intake During Prolonged Moderate Intensity Exercise Does Not Affect Cycling Performance, George G. Schweitzer†, John D. Smith‡, James D. Lecheminant‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

Carbohydrate beverages consumed during long-term exercise have been shown to attenuate fatigue and improve performance; however, the optimal timing of ingestion is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if timing the carbohydrate ingestion (front-loading (FL), continual loading (CL), and end-loading (EL)) during prolonged exercise influenced exercise performance in competitive cyclists. Ten well-trained cyclists completed three separate exercise bouts on a bicycle ergometer, each lasting 2 hours at an intensity of ~67% VO₂ max, followed by a 15-minute “all out” time trial. In the FL trial, participants ingested a carbohydrate beverage during the first hour and …

From The Editors: Assessing The International Journal Of Exercise Science After One Year, T. Scott Lyons, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

Western Kentucky University (WKU) strives to be a “leading American university with international reach.” In an effort to contribute to that mission, Drs. Scott Lyons and James Navalta of the Exercise Science program endeavored in 2007 to start a student-focused, on-line journal. Working closely with Berkeley Press, the platform for the International Journal of Exercise Science (IJES) was established during the summer of 2007 and it went “live” in January 2008. The journal has now been on-line for over one year and has enjoyed great success, with quality research submitted from graduate and undergraduate students, as well as professionals. We …

Acute Effects Of Whole-Body Vibration On Lower Extremity Muscle Performance In Persons With Multiple Sclerosis, Kurt Jackson, Harold L. Merriman, Paul M. Vanderburgh, C. Jayne Brahler

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Background and Purpose: Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a relatively new form of exercise training that may influence muscle performance. This study investigated the acute effects of high (26 Hz) and low (2 Hz) frequency WBV on isometric muscle torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Participants and Method: Fifteen individuals (mean age = 54.6 years, SD = 9.6) with MS and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores ranging from 0-6.5 (mean = 4.2, SD = 2.3) participated in this randomized cross-over study. Following baseline measures of isometric quadricep and hamstring torque, subjects were exposed to …

Impact Of Seated And Standing Bicycle Riding Position On Subsequent Running Performance, Randall L. Jensen‡, Brendon J. Ewers†, Brian Cunniffe*, Brian Phelan*, Andrew J. Harrison‡, Amir Shafat‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

This study examined the effects of cycling posture on subsequent running performance similar to the transition phase of a triathlon. Experienced, non-elite triathletes completed two trials of a cycle-run transition. During the last three minutes of a 30 minute cycling bout, at power output equal to lactate threshold, subjects either remained seated (SEAT), or alternated seated and standing cycling (30 s at a time; ALT). Heart rate, RPE, minimum and maximum knee angle, stride frequency and length, and onset and duration of quadriceps and hamstrings activity were obtained at the end of a three-minute control run and at minutes 0, …

Aerobic Capacity And Postprandial Flow Mediated Dilation, Kevin D. Ballard†, James J. Miller‡, James H. Robinson†, Jennifer L. Olive‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The consumption of a high-fat meal induces transient vascular dysfunction. Aerobic exercise enhances vascular function in healthy individuals. Our purpose was to determine if different levels of aerobic capacity impact vascular function, as measured by flow mediated dilation, following a high-fat meal. Flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery was determined before, two- and four-hours postprandial a high-fat meal in young males classified as highly trained (n = 10; VO2max = 74.6 ± 5.2 ml·kg·min-1) or moderately active (n = 10; VO2max = 47.3 ± 7.1 ml·kg·min-1). Flow mediated dilation was reduced at two- (p < 0.001) and four-hours (p < 0.001) compared to baseline for both groups but was not different between groups at any time point (p = 0.108). Triglycerides and insulin increased at two- (p < 0.001) and four-hours (p < 0.05) in both groups. LDL-C was reduced at four-hours (p = 0.05) in highly trained subjects, and two- and four-hours (p ≤ 0.01) in moderately active subjects. HDL-C decreased at two- (p = 0.024) and four-hours (p = 0.014) in both groups. Glucose increased at two-hours postprandial for both groups (p = 0.003). Our results indicate that a high-fat meal results in reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in highly trained and moderately active individuals with no difference between groups. Thus, high aerobic capacity does not protect against transient reductions in vascular function after the ingestion of a single high-fat meal compared to individuals who are moderately active.

Effect Of Different Resistance Exercise Methods On Post-Exercise Blood Pressure, Daniel Rodriguez†, Marcos D. Polito‡, Reury F.P. Bacurau‡, Jonato Prestes‡, Francisco L. Pontes Jr‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-exercise blood pressure (BP) responses to two different methods of resistance exercise (RE, traditional multiple set and tri-set). Young adult men (n = 30, 19.6 &#; 0.7 years old; 76.0 ± 2.7 kg; 178.2 ± 6.7 cm; 90.5 ± 5.8 MBP) with six months of previous experience in RE were selected. The volunteers were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10, each group): non-exercised control group (CON); multiple set group (MS); and a tri-set group (TRI). The TRI group performed three consecutive exercises (3 sets of 10 repetitions with …

Age-Related Differences In Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery After A Maximal-Effort Exercise Test In Non-Athletic Adults, Uchechukwu Dimkpa†, Andrew C. Ugwu‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The present study investigated the rate of systolic blood pressure recovery (SBPR) amongst three male age groups. Ninety-six apparently healthy, non-athletic adult males (48 young [23.91±4.58 years], 32 middle-aged [41.78±5.98 years] and 16 elderly [62.87±2.57 years]) participated in the study. Subjects performed a maximal-effort ergometer exercise test. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured during the exercise protocol; heart rate (HR) and SBP were measured before exercise (after 10 and 15 minutes of rest), during exercise (at 2-minute intervals), and at the first minute of post-exercise recovery and subsequently at 2-minute intervals until the recovery of SBP. Results showed that third-minute …

Student Reflections On A Study Abroad Course To The 2008 Summer Olympics In Beijing, James W. Navalta, T Scott Lyons, Fred W. Gibson

International Journal of Exercise Science

The authors lead a study abroad trip to Beijing, China during the 2008 Summer Olympic Games. Included are reflections from the students who participated. Throughout the visit, students had the opportunity to complete learning outside of the traditional classroom setting. In addition, various challenges were faced and overcome which also constituted a learning experience and was the cause of reflection. The country of China and all of its historical landmarks had a great impression on these students, especially the day that was spent at the Great Wall. Finally, being able to be at the Olympic Games was a life-changing experience, …

Muscular Strength And Body Composition Comparison Between The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Fire And Police Departments, Robert W. Boyce‡, Satya Ciulla*, Glenn R. Jones‡, Edward L. Boone‡, Steven M. Elliott‡, Clarice S. Combs‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

Firefighters and police have different physical job requirements and selection processes. Firefighters have on-duty exercise time and police do not. This could affect body composition and strength. The purpose of this investigation was to compare body composition and bench press strength between firefighters and police officers in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg departments. Current 2006 fitness records were analyzed to compare firefighters and police (N = 2330). Variables included: gender, age, body mass, percent body-fat, fat mass, lean mass, bench press strength, bench press/lean mass, bench press/body mass, and percent that were obese. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences were found between male firefighters …

Resulting Shifts In Percentile And Standard Placements After Comparison Of The Bod Pod And Dxa, Timothy Heden†, Steven Shepard†, John Smith‡, Kay Covington‡, James Lecheminant‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the BOD POD® when compared to the DXA and if placement on a percentile chart and standard table is affected by any differences between the two measures. A total of 244 (27.7 ± 10.8 yrs, 77.3 ± 16.1 kg, 171.4 ± 10.1 cm, 26.31 ± 5.42 BMI) males and females between the ages of 18 and 52 were recruited to participate in this study. The participant’s body fat percentage (%BF) was tested in random order on the BOD POD® and DXA during a 30-minute session following manufacturer’s guidelines and …

Contributions Of Body Fat And Effort In The 5k Run: Age And Body Weight Handicap, Anne R. Crecelius, Paul M. Vanderburgh, Lloyd L. Laubach

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

The 5K handicap (5KH), designed to eliminate the body weight (BW) and age biases inherent in the 5K run time (RT), yields an adjusted RT (RTadj) that can be compared between runners of different BW and age. As hypothesized in a validation study, however, not all BW bias may be removed, because of the influences of body fatness (BF) and effort (run speed; essentially the inverse as measured by rating of perceived exertion (RPE)). This study's purpose was to determine the effects of BF and RPE on BW bias in the 5KH. For 99 male runners in a regional 5K …

Occupational Relevance And Body Mass Bias In Military Physical Fitness Tests, Paul M. Vanderburgh

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Recent evidence makes a compelling case that U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force health-related physical fitness tests penalize larger, not just fatter, service members. As a result, they tend to receive lower scores than their lighter counterparts, the magnitude of which can be explained by biological scaling laws. Larger personnel, on the other hand, tend to be better performers of work-related fitness tasks such as load carriage, heavy lifting and materiel handling. This has been explained by empirical evidence that lean body mass and lean body mass to dead mass ratio (dead mass = fat mass and external load to …

Test-Retest Reliability Of The Digijump Machine, J Cody Sivley†, James W. Navalta‡, T Scott Lyons‡, Leigh K. Marable*

International Journal of Exercise Science

Repetitive jumping has been identified as a possible exercise modality able to provide sufficient stimulus to improve bone health. However, it is necessary to establish whether repetitive jumping can elicit a consistent physiological response with the ablity to monitor work rate. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the stability reliability of the Digijump device for the commonly used laboratory measures of oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). College-aged individuals (N = 17) completed two 3-min repetitive jumping bouts on the Digijump machine (120 jumps per minute, jump height = 1.27 cm) at …

Swim Positioning And Its Influence On Triathlon Outcome, Grant J. Landers†, Brian A. Blanksby‡, Timothy R. Ackland‡, Ronald Monson†

International Journal of Exercise Science

Questions have been raised regarding which of the three legs of a triathlon influences the final finishing position. Some coaches subjectively believe that the swim and run are more important than the cycle, especially since the introduction of drafting during the cycle. This study analysed race position shifts between each of the three disciplines to assess the importance of the swim finish position and final finish position during draft legal Olympic distance triathlon events. Ten male and 10 female triathlon world cup events during one season were analysed. The results suggested that the triathlon swim leg is important because the …

Undergraduate Research: Importance, Benefits, And Challenges, John K. Petrella, Alan Jung

International Journal of Exercise Science

Developing and maintaining undergraduate research programs benefits students, faculty mentors, and the university. Incorporating a research component along with a sound academic foundation enables students to develop independent critical thinking skills along with oral and written communication skills. The research process impacts valuable learning objectives that have lasting influence as undergraduates prepare for professional service. Faculty members at teaching intensive institutions can enhance learning experiences for students while benefiting from a productive research agenda. The university in turn benefits from presentations and publications that serve to increase visibility in the scientific community. Whether projects are derived through student-generated or mentor-generated …

The Effect Of Intensity Of Aerobic Training On Insulin Sensitivity, Carmine Richard Grieco Iii

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Theses & Dissertations

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing. It is estimated that I 0. 7% of adults over the age of 20 years and 23.1 % of adults over the age of 60 years have diabetes (NIH, 2007). Individuals with type 2 diabetes are 2-4 times more likely to die from heart disease than those without diabetes and twice as likely to die of all-cause mortality (CDC, 2005). Additionally Mokdad et al. (2000) report that the prevalence of diabetes increased 33% between 1990 and 1998. Furthermore it has been estimated that nearly 26% of the …

Relationship Of Vo2 Peak, Body Fat Percentage, And Power Output Measured During Repeated Bouts Of A Wingate Protocol, John R. Mclester‡, J. Matthew Green‡, P. Jason Wickwire†, Thaddeus R. Crews‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The principle of specificity would indicate that being aerobically trained would not necessarily enhance performance in events relying principally on oxygen-independent metabolic pathways (i.e. “anaerobic” exercise). Body fatness may be associated with aerobic and anaerobic performance. VO2 Peak was determined with a graded cycle ergometry and, in a separate session 4 consecutive Wingate power tests (3 min recovery) in 31 males. Pearson correlations were calculated for VO2 Peak and Body Fat Percentage with Peak Power, Mean Power, Minimum Power, Fatigue Index, Peak Heart Rate, and Recovery Heart Rate. No significant correlations were found for VO2 Peak or Body Fat Percentage …

Exercise Induced Alterations In Rat Monocyte Number, Morphology, And Function, Marcia Guereschi†, Jonato Prestes‡, Felipe Donatto‡, Rodrigo Dias‡, Anelena Frollini‡, Clílton Ferreira‡, Claudia Cavaglieri‡, Adrianne Palanch‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to verify the histophysiological alterations in monocytes and macrophages induced by short periods of exercise. Male Wistar rats (age = 2 months, body weight = 200g) were divided into seven groups (N=6 each): sedentary control (C), groups exercised (swimming) at low intensity for 5 (5L), 10 (10L), and 15 minutes (15L), and groups exercised at moderate intensity for 5 (5M), 10 (10M) or 15 minutes (15M). At moderate intensity the animals carried a load of 5% of body weight on their backs. Blood monocytes were evaluated for quantity and morphology, and peritoneal macrophages were …

Changes In Emg And Finger Force With Repeated Hangs From The Hands In Rock Climbers, Phillip B. Watts‡, Randall L. Jensen‡, Sara M. Agena†, John A. Majchrzak†, Rebecca A. Schellinger†, Cory S. Wubbels†

International Journal of Exercise Science

The nature and degree of fatigue in muscles that control finger position during repeated sustained efforts in rock climbing have not been described. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in maximum hang time and forearm electromyogram (EMG) during repeated maximum duration hangs from a simulated rock feature. A second objective was to determine the effect of different recovery times between hangs upon changes in finger force. Five experienced rock climbers performed 2 test sessions on different days in a randomized order. Each session involved 8 repetitions of a maximum duration hang with either 1 min (R1) or …

Do The Principles Of Motor Program Editing Apply To Longer Sequences Of Rapid Aiming Movements? Part Ii, Eric J. Wilson*, David E. Sherwood‡

International Journal of Exercise Science

In Part I of this study, it was shown that performing a shorter distance aiming movement prior to a longer distance aiming movement resulted in overshooting of the short movement and undershooting of the longer movement compared to control conditions. However, the finding was limited, unexpectedly, to the nondominant hand. To replicate the prior result and to determine the effect of practice organization on movement accuracy, right-handed (n =24) participants (aged 18-22) produced a sequence of three rapid lever reversals combining short (20°) and long (60°) movements with an intermovement interval of 2.5 s with the dominant hand. Greater overshooting …

Reviewing An Original Research Manuscript For The International Journal Of Exercise Science: A Guide For Students And Professionals, Kathy J. Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science

Considerations for the review process of manuscripts submitted to the International Journal of Exercise Science are presented. Initial steps to evaluation include reading the abstract to determine your ability as a reviewer, becoming familiar with the journal requirements, and formulating an initial impression of the manuscript. At this point an assessment is made to determine how the reviewer should treat the manuscript. If it is determined that the manuscript is acceptable with minor revisions, or may be acceptable with major changes, a full review should be performed. A full review of the manuscript requires a thorough examination of the major …

Validation Of A New Method Of Estimating Vo2max Based On Vo2Reserve With Treadmill Exercise, Julie Lynn Ward

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of the current study was to establish and then validate a treadmill protocol to predict VO_2max based on VO₂Reserve.

Methods

A treadmill protocol was developed to elicit approximately 60-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR) in the fifth and sixth minutes of the final stage. The protocol involved walking on a treadmill at 3.0 mph, with grade increasing by 1 % each minute until 50% HRR was reached. Then, an additional 5 minutes of walking at the final grade was performed. A study population of 60 volunteers (30 male; 30 female), considered low risk by ACSM …

Body Mass Bias In A Competition Of Muscle Strength And Aerobic Power, Paul M. Vanderburgh, Lloyd L. Laubach

Health and Sport Science Faculty Publications

Recently, a fitness competition called the Pump and Run (PR) has been popularized. Composed of 2 events, a 5-km road race time (RT) in seconds and a maximal-repetition bench press (BPR) with resistance based on a percentage of body mass (M), the final score (RTadj) equals RT - 30(BPR). From published findings, the authors hypothesized that the PR would impose a bias against heavier competitors. Furthermore, the potential for age bias in this event has not been evaluated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate M and age bias in the PR for men and women. For 74 …

Do The Principles Of Motor Program Editing Apply To Longer Sequences Of Rapid Aiming Movements? Part I, Eric J. Wilson, David E. Sherwood

International Journal of Exercise Science

Prior work had shown that performing a shorter distance aiming movement prior to a longer distance aiming movement resulted in overshooting of the short movement and undershooting of the longer movement compared to repetition of the same movement. The main question was whether the same interference effects would be found in a three-movement sequence. Right-handed (N = 24) participants (aged 18-22) produced a sequence of two or three bimanual rapid lever reversals combining short (20°) and long (60°) movements with an intermovement interval of 2.5 s beginning with either the dominant or nondominant hand. Participants overshot the short target and …

The Relationship Between Upper Arm Anthropometrical Measures And Vertical Jump Displacement, Richard A. Reeves, Ocie D. Hicks, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to determine if upper body segment length or mass contributes to vertical jump (VJ) displacement. Seventeen men (n=9) and women (n=8) who were active recreationally participated in this investigation. Subjects performed VJ for maximal displacement, and skeletal length measurements of the humerus (acromion following the lateral lip to the greater tuberosity), ulna (olecranon to the ulnar styloid process), and hand (lunate to distal end of third phalanx) were obtained by palpation of boney landmarks and a standard tape measure. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were used to compare the data with statistical significance accepted …