Physiology Commons^™

The Relationship Between Aerobic Test Performance And Injuries In Police Recruits, Robin Marc Orr, Danielle Ferguson, Ben Schram, J. Jay Dawes, Robert G. Lockie, Rodney Pope

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1052-1062, 2020. Lower levels of fitness are associated with an increased risk of injury in police recruits. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between initial aerobic performance assessments and injury risk during police recruit training. Retrospective data from 219 police recruits undergoing training program at a state police training academy, including 20-m Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT) and 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (IFT) scores and injury data, were collected. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between levels of fitness (MSFT rs = - 0.292, p < 0.001: 30-15 IFT rs=- 0.315, p < 0.001) and rates of injury. Furthermore, a Pearson’s correlation showed a strong correlation between MSFT and the 30-15 IFT scores (r = 0.877, p < 0.001). Police recruits with lower fitness were at a higher risk of injury than those with higher fitness over the duration of a recruit training program. These findings indicate that aerobic performance assessments may be used by law enforcement agencies to estimate the relative risks of injury among cadets.

Reproducibility Of Objective And Subjective Markers Of Exercise Recovery In College Aged Males, Katie Coffey, Rachel Mccollum, Elizabeth Smyth, Eliza Casey, Jade Plunkett, Katy Horner

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1041-1051, 2020. This study investigated the reproducibility of objective and subjective parameters of recovery pre- and post-exercise in college-aged male athletes. Thirteen male (aged 19-22y) team sport players were assessed for a range of recovery markers before and 24 hours after a repeated sprint protocol. An identical procedure was followed one week later. Participants undertook two objective tests: creatine kinase (CK) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height; and two subjective tests: visual analogue scale (VAS) for muscle soreness and 5-item well-being questionnaire (WB). Coefficients of variation (CV) of CMJ and WB were lowest of all …

Anthropometrical And Physical Fitness Predictors Of Operational Military Test Performance In Air Force Personnel, Raí Tripolone Silva, Fabio A D Campos, Leandra Cristina Benetti Campos, Monica Y. Takito, Edison M. Miron, Idico L. Pellegrinotti, Emerson Franchini

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1028-1040, 2020. The objective of this study was to verify the relationships between the anthropometrical and physical fitness parameters (measured by the Physical Conditioning Assessment (PCA) of the Aeronautics Command), with the operational performance in the simulated military task performance (SMTP) performed by the infantry military of a Brazilian Air Force (BAF) unit. These evaluations were performed on two distinct days, interspersed by 48h, with PCA on the first day and the SMTP in the second. The distribution of the dependent variable was not normal (Shapiro-Wilk test, p = 0.001). Data are presented as …

Analyzing The Training Load Demands, And Influence Of Sex And Body Mass, On The Tactical Task Of A Casualty Drag Via Surface Electromyography Wearable Technology, Robert G. Lockie, Matthew R. Moreno, Spencer Ducheny, Robin Marc Orr, J. Jay Dawes, Katherine Balfany

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1012-1027, 2020. This study measured the training load (TL) demands associated with a military-specific casualty drag measured via surface electromyography (sEMG) wearable technology, and the influence of sex and body mass on these measures. Thirty-six college-aged participants (males = 25; females = 11) performed two trials of a 123-kg (91-kg dummy with 32-kg load) backwards casualty drag over 15 m. Time was recorded to calculate drag velocity, with the fastest trial analyzed. Prior to testing, participants were fitted with compression garments embedded with sensors to measure the vastus lateralis and medialis (quadriceps; QUAD), biceps …

A Comparison Of V̇O2, And Muscle And Prefrontal Cortex Tissue Oxygen Extraction Between Short And Long-Term Aerobically Trained Men Aged 40 - 60 Years, Gavin Buzza

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 964-978, 2020. This study was designed to compare systemic O₂ utilization (V̇O₂), and changes in tissue O₂ extraction [deoxyhemoglobin (ΔHHb)] in the vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius (GAST) and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) tissue; between aerobically short-term trained (STT) and long-term trained (LTT) older men (40 - 60 yr) who were matched for current training load. On separate occasions, 14 STT and 14 LTT participants completed ramp incremental (RI) and square-wave constant load (SWCL) tests on a cycle ergometer. In LTT compared to STT; (i) V̇O₂ was higher during the RI …

Physiological And Biomechanical Differences Between Seated And Standing Uphill Cycling, Quint N. Berkemeier, Brent W. Alumbaugh, Trevor Gillum, Jared Coburn, Jong-Kyung Kim, Michael Reeder, Chelsie A. Fechtner, Gerald A. Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 996-1011, 2020. Despite differences in economy, cyclists climb in seated and standing positions. Prompted by gaps in research, we compared VO₂ and heart rate (HR) (Study 1), muscle activation (Study 2) and breathing and pedaling entrainment (Study 3). METHODS: Subjects rode their bicycles on a treadmill in seated and standing positions. In Study 1, VO₂ and HR of four male cyclists (21.3 ± 1.7 yrs; 69.1 ± 6 ml/kg/min) were collected, alternating positions every 5 minutes for 20 minutes (8 mph, 8% grade). In Study 2, muscle activations of eight male cyclists …

Acute Effects Of Kinesiology Tape Tension On Soleus Muscle H-Reflex Modulations During Lying And Standing Postures, Yung Sheng Chen, Wei Chin Tseng, Che Hsiu Chen, Pedro Bezerra, Xin Ye

Faculty and Student Publications

Copyright: © 2020 Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Kinesiology tape (KT) has been widely used in the areas of sports and rehabilitation. However, there is no gold standard for the tape tension used during a KT application. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of KT application with different tension intensities on soleus muscle Hoffmann-reflex (H-reflex) modulation during lying and standing postures. Fifteen healthy university …

Respiratory Chain Activity And Protein Expression In Skeletal Muscles From High And Low Feed Efficient Swine Within The Same Genetic Line, Earsie L. Alcorn De Feliz

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Current as well as past studies have provided evidence for a connection between macroeconomic/agricultural and cellular/biochemical basis of feed efficiency (FE; gain:feed) in farm animal production. Our investigation of respiratory chain activity, mitochondrial protein oxidation and protein expression was an expansion to the subcellular/molecular level. In this study we investigated the entire complex (Cx) of the electron transport chain (ETC) for differences in Cx activities in mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle in high (HFE) and low (LFE) feed efficient swine within the same genetic line. Review of literature provided information for the connection between feed efficiency, mitochondrial function, and muscle …

Phenotypic Plasticity Of Japanese Medaka Gill In Response To Changing Salinities, Laura V. Ellis

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Japanese medaka (Oryzais latipes) are euryhaline fish, meaning they are capable of surviving in a variety of salinities from fresh water to seawater. The ability to maintain an internal osmotic concentration stems from the phenotypic plasticity of the osmoregulatory organs, the gill, kidney, intestine, and integument. The gill is the main site of osmotic and ionic regulation in fish due to the three-dimensional structure, the direct contact with the outside environment, and the composition of the gill cells. Fish gills are multifunctional as they regulate water movement, acid/base exchange, nitrogenous waste excretion, and ion fluctuations. In freshwater environments, fish are …

Genetics Of Physiological Traits Associated With Drought Tolerance In Soybean (Glycine Max), Sumandeep Kaur Bazzer

Graduate Theses and Dissertations

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the major row crops in the United States, and its production is often limited by drought stress. Physiological traits from exotic germplasm that confer drought tolerance may be useful in improving commercial soybean production. For example, carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) is positively correlated with water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) is negatively correlated with N2 fixation; canopy temperature (CT) is an indicator for genetic variation in transpiration and stomatal conductance. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to identify the genomic regions associated with: (1) δ13C and δ15N using a …

Effects Of Combined Power Band Resistance Training On Sprint Speed, Agility, Vertical Jump Height And Strength In Collegiate Soccer Players, Edgar T. Katushabe, Mark Kramer

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 950-963, 2020. Soccer involves explosive physical actions requiring strength, power, and agility for optimal performance. Such attributes may be trained several ways, of which power-band resistance training has received limited attention regarding the potential for performance improvement in soccer players. This study serves to determine the effect of power-band resistance training on 1-repetition maximal (1RM) strength, speed, standing vertical jump (SVJ) height, and agility of collegiate soccer players. Seventeen male players (age: 20.47 ± 1.85 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.08 m, mass: 70.49 ± 4.15 kg) were matched and randomly allocated into either a …

A Single Bout Of Foam Rolling Increases Flexibility Of The Hip Adductor Muscles Without Compromising Strength, Gavin Connolly, Roger L. Hammer, Joseph A. Powell, Paul L. O'Connor

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 938-949, 2020. Foam rolling (FR) is a method of self-myofascial release (SMR) implemented to reduce tension in underlying soft tissue, leading to increased range of motion (ROM). The hip adductor muscles of the groin are commonly less flexible and often a site for soft tissue injuries. Limited research has been done to determine the most effective flexibility exercises to increase ROM in the groin muscles prior to exercise without comprising strength. The purpose was to determine the effect of an acute bout of FR on passive groin flexibility and strength. Randomized crossover study with …

Circadian Disruption With Constant Light Exposure Exacerbates Atherosclerosis In Male Apolipoproteine-Deficient Mice, Jeffrey M. Chalfant, Deborah A. Howatt, Lisa R. Tannock, Alan Daugherty, Julie S. Pendergast

Biology Faculty Publications

Disruption of the circadian system caused by disordered exposure to light is pervasive in modern society and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms by which this happens are largely unknown. ApolipoproteinE-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice are studied commonly to elucidate mechanisms of atherosclerosis. In this study, we determined the effects of light-induced circadian disruption on atherosclerosis in ApoE^−/− mice. We first characterized circadian rhythms of behavior, light responsiveness, and molecular timekeeping in tissues from ApoE^−/− mice that were indistinguishable from rhythms in ApoE^+/+ mice. These data showed that ApoE^−/− mice had no inherent circadian …

Low-Cost Diagnostics: Using Paper As A Material And Pens As An Instrument, Annie Armitstead

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) are equipment-free tests that produce results quickly using small sample volumes. Colored lines appear as the test runs, indicating the presence of a biomarker. LFIs are ideal in a variety of settings. Development of these assays can be complicated for small team operations, and tests are not sufficiently adaptable for low resource settings. If robust point-of-care tests can be developed on site, they can expand the reach of global diagnostics, improving health around the world. We report a simple empowering LFI (seLFI) that only requires treated printer paper and a plastic backing card. This eliminates the …

Examining Grit Like Qualities In Nfl Qbs, John Beck, Mark Debeliso

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(5): 912-923, 2020. In order to excel in the National Football League (NFL) it would seem reasonable to assume an athlete has grit which consists of the constructs of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. Grit-like qualities such as endurance, urgency and intensity, self-confidence, need for encouragement, and self-criticality may be of particular value for the athlete playing the Quarterback (QB) position. The purpose of the study was to assess the 5 grit-like constructs of endurance, urgency and intensity, self-confidence, need for encouragement, and self-criticality among NFL QBs. The Flippen Profile^TM assessment was …

Case Report Of A Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Intervention During Aerobic Exercise In A 44-Year-Old Amateur Triathlete Male With A History Of Acute Myocardial Infarction, Maxime Caru, François Lalonde, Hugo Gravel, Chantal Daigle, Daniel Curnier

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 924-937, 2020. Over the years, exercise has become increasingly important in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, AMI patients need to be closely monitored since they maintain cardiovascular disease risks, such as ventricular repolarization abnormalities in electrocardiograms during exercise and rest. A recent study showed the need to focus on the different potential mechanisms and the applicability of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) for cardiac patients engaged in exercise rehabilitation. This is the first case report that explores the effectiveness of an RIPC intervention in a 44-year-old amateur triathlete male with a history of …

The Effects Of Walking With A Load In The Heat On Physiological Responses Among Military Reserve Female Cadets, Nurul Atikah Shuhada, Marilyn L.Y. Ong, Chee Keong Chen

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(2): 900-911, 2020. This study aimed to investigate the effects of walking in a hot and humid environment while wearing a combat suit with a load on physiological responses among the Malaysian Military Reserve Officer Training Unit (ROTU) female cadets. Eight healthy female ROTU cadets (age: 21.3 ± 1.0 years old; height: 156.3 ± 4.9 cm; weight: 55.6 ± 7.5 kg) participated in this randomised, crossover trial. They walked for 1 h on a treadmill at 3 km.h^-1 while carrying either 8.2 kg load (WL) or without load (WOL) in a room maintained at …

Donning A Novel Lower-Limb Restrictive Compression Garment During Training Augments Muscle Power And Strength, Jaxon T. Baum, Robert P. Carter, Eric V. Neufeld, Brett A. Dolezal

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 890-899, 2020. The popularity of graduated compression garments (GCG) in sport and exercise is largely driven by the abundance of anecdotal claims suggesting their efficacy. A new line of compression apparel, restrictive compression garments (RCG), integrate novel resistance technology into lower-limb compression garments designed to provide variable resistance to movement. This study aimed to investigate the effect of donning an RCG during a 4-week training program on selected performance variables. Twelve college-aged males were recruited for four weeks of lower-body strength-power resistance training. Participants were randomized 1:1 and blinded to (i) an intervention group …

Effects Of Horizontal And Incline Bench Press On Neuromuscular Adaptations In Untrained Young Men, Suene F. N. Chaves, Valdinar A. Rocha-Júnior, Irismar G. A. Encarnação, Hugo C. Martins-Costa, Eduardo D. S. Freitas, Daniel B. Coelho, Frederico S. C. Franco, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Martim Bottaro, João B. Ferreira-Júnior

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(6): 859-872, 2020. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of horizontal and incline bench press as well as the combination of both exercises on neuromuscular adaptation in untrained young men. Forty-seven untrained men were randomly assigned to one of the three groups: 1) a horizontal bench press group (n= 15), 2) an incline bench press group (n= 15), and 3) a combination (horizontal + incline) group (n= 17). Training was conducted once a week for eight weeks, with equalized number of sets among groups. Muscle thickness, isometric strength and electromyography …

The Influence Of Sport-Related Concussion On Lower Extremity Injury Risk: A Review Of Current Return-To-Play Practices And Clinical Implications, Jason M. Avedesian, Tracey Covassin, Janet S. Dufek

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 873-889, 2020. Sport-related concussions (SRCs) are now classified as a major health concern affecting athletes across all sporting levels, with recent evidence suggesting upwards of 3.8 million SRCs occur each year. Multiple injury surveillance datasets have recently determined that athletes post-SRC, compared to non-concussed counterparts, are at greater risk for lower extremity (LE) injury beyond the resolution of traditional SRC assessment batteries. However, it is presently uncertain if common clinical practices (symptom reporting, neuropsychological (NP) examination, and static postural control analysis) can determine athletes at risk for LE injury following an SRC. A comprehensive …

Translational Regulation Of Environmental Adaptation In Bacteria, Rodney Tollerson Ii, Michael Ibba

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Bacteria must rapidly respond to both intracellular and environmental changes to survive. One critical mechanism to rapidly detect and adapt to changes in environmental conditions is control of gene expression at the level of protein synthesis. At each of the three major steps of translation—initiation, elongation, and termination—cells use stimuli to tune translation rate and cellular protein concentrations. For example, changes in nutrient concentrations in the cell can lead to translational responses involving mechanisms such as dynamic folding of riboswitches during translation initiation or the synthesis of alarmones, which drastically alter cell physiology. Moreover, the cell can fine-tune the levels …

The Effect Of Timing And Type Of Exercise On The Quality Of Sleep In Trained Individuals, Victoria Burgess, Jose Antonio, Helen Bland, Ronald Wagner, Jaime Tartar, Bridget Melton

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(7): 837-858, 2020. Sleep is an extremely important component for overall health and for a well-balanced training program. Recent studies have highlighted the interaction between sleep, recovery, and performance in elite and recreational athletes alike. Exercise has been known to affect the quality of sleep, nevertheless the impact is not well understood in the current research, particularly the effects of exercise timing and intensity on sleep quality. The purpose of this study was to understand if exercise timing and intensity significantly impact sleep quality among recreational exercisers. The participants involved were recreational exercisers who were …

Impact Of Hydration Status On Jump Performance In Recreationally Trained Males, Paul T. Donahue, Samuel Wilson, Charles Williams, Christopher M. Hill, Melinda Valiant, John Garner

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 826-836, 2020. The vertical jump is commonly used as a means of evaluating athlete readiness. Athletes have been shown to arrive to training and competition in a hypohydrated state. Thus, this investigation sought to examine the impact of hydration status on both countermovement (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) performance. Twenty-five recreationally trained males completed three CMJ and SJ in a euhydrated, hypohydrated and control condition. Conditions were separated by a minimum of 24 hours. Hydration status was assessed using urine specific gravity. Jump performance was evaluated using both kinematic and kinetic data obtained from …

To Play Or Not To Play: Can An Instrument Really Impact Lip And Tongue Performance?, Robert S. Thiebaud, Takashi Abe, W. Matt Denning, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Micah J. Okerlund, Joe S.J. Ryan, Whitney Boyce, Maggie Mcbride, Jared Hernandez

Faculty and Student Publications

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (1) Background: Increasing tongue and lip strength may help improve various speech and swallowing disorders, but it is unclear if instrumentalists who use these muscle groups for long periods of time have greater strength and endurance compared to controls. It is also unclear if instrumentalists can more accurately estimate various exercise intensities. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in lip and tongue strength and endurance between instrumentalists and non-instrumentalists (controls). A secondary purpose was to assess differences in ability to estimate various exercise intensities between the two groups. …

An Investigation Of Stress-Related Factors And Injury Occurrence In Division Iii Ice Hockey Athletes 2020., Christian Kiesel

Master's Theses

Many variables can factor into a student athlete sustaining an injury, but one of the most interesting is stress. The Stress and Injury Model is excellent in explaining how exactly history of stressors, personality, and coping mechanisms play a pivotal role in the stress response. If these three factors cause a negative stress response, then that will lead to an athlete becoming more likely to become injured. This study used 40 ice hockey players from a Division III NCAA institution. Each participant completed the Inventory of College Students’ Recent Life Experiences (ICSRLE) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) every month …

The Effects, Perceptions, And Attitudes Of Previously Sedentary Individuals Starting An Exercise Program, Arlene Moreno, Megan Rasmussen

Loma Linda University Research Reports

Background: Many Americans do not eat healthfully or exercise, which is associated with higher risk of disease. Nutrition and exercise awareness have increased, but people experience barriers preventing lifestyle change. Limited research has been completed on the impact of nutrition education on dietary intake.

Objective: Examine whether starting an exercise program with or without nutrition education can influence dietary choices in previously sedentary individuals, and to determine their perceptions and attitudes.

Design: Mixed methods study gathering quantitative data through a food frequency questionnaire, InBody test, and demographics/exercise activity survey. Qualitative data was gathered through focus groups. Participants …

Expression Of Stress Related Genes Of Penaeus Varnamei In Biofloc Closed Breeding System, Truong An Nguyen

Student Works (2020-2029)

The Pacific shrimp Penaeus vannamei, which is also known as the whiteleg shrimp, is fast becoming a key species of shrimp farming worldwide since this species has been cultured widely in many countries, such as Mexico, America, especially in Southeast Asian countries including Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia. In addition, the shrimp aquaculture industry has applied many new cultural techniques, especially biofloc technology – which is an eco-friendly culture technique and has many advantages over other traditional methods, such as high productivity, the stable environment of the culture, and low levels of feed conversion. Unfortunately, for so many years, shrimp farming …

Cosyntropin As A Therapeutic Intervention Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Lorraine C. Siebold

Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern in the United States. With over two million occurrences and approximately 50,000 deaths annually, TBI is a leading cause of death in young adults and is associated with cognitive deficits influenced by acute and persistent neuroinflammation. Melanocortins, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), are agonists for melanocortin receptors located in the adrenal glands and peripheral immune cells as well as throughout the central nervous system. Melanocortins ameliorate inflammation and provide a novel therapeutic approach for TBI. The focus of this dissertation was to describe and quantify effects of cosyntropin, a synthetic ACTH …

Evaluation Of Repetitive Jumping Intensity On The Digi-Jump Machine, T. Scott Lyons, James W. Navalta, Whitley J. Stone, Scott W. Arnett, Mark A. Schafer, Laura Igaune

International Journal of Exercise Science

Cardiorespiratory endurance is an important element of aerobic fitness, particularly in weight management and reducing risk for cardiovascular disease. While there are numerous options for aerobic exercise, rope jumping is often overlooked. In addition to regular exercise and a healthy diet, the American Heart Association strongly recommends rope jumping. The first purpose of this study was to determine the steady state metabolic cost of repetitive jumping on the Digi-Jump machine to evaluate whether exercise on this device is more or less strenuous than similar exercise with a jump rope, as demonstrated in previous literature. A second purpose was to determine …

Cardiovascular And Stride Frequency Differences During Land And Aquatic Treadmill Walking, Jessica Burton, Sarah Duffey, Amber Hammonds, Anna Leduc, Rachel Shumate, John Coons, Ryan T. Conners

International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education

This study examined heart rate (HR) and stride frequency (SF) values of 30 college-aged males and females during dry-land (DL) and aquatic walking (AW). Aquatic walking trials were completed in an underwater treadmill with the water depth at waist level; the water temperature (31℃ ± 0.1℃) and room temperature (26.6℃ ± 0.1℃) were maintained at thermoneutral levels throughout the study. During each walking condition, HR and SF were recorded at treadmill speeds of 1 mph, 2 mph, and 3 mph. Participants were instructed to walk with their hands at their sides swinging as they would when walking on dry-land unless …