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Articles 91 - 120 of 223
Full-Text Articles in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Health
Cerebral Organoids As Models For Neurological Disorders, Esther Karman
Cerebral Organoids As Models For Neurological Disorders, Esther Karman
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Despite the devastating effects of neurological disorders on millions of people each year, for decades, brain research remained stagnant in the face of scientific advancement in other areas. Ethical concerns, debilitating costs, and a lack of suitable models created an unfriendly environment for the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and gliomas. Recent developments in the field of stem cells, including Yamanaka’s discovery of the four transcription factors necessary to induce pluripotency, and the subsequent culturing of induced pluripotent stem cell models known as organoids, opened …
What Is The Best Method To Cure Hiv?, Israel Hacker
What Is The Best Method To Cure Hiv?, Israel Hacker
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a sexually transmitted retrovirus impacting millions of people worldwide. Strides have been made to cure and/or prevent various genetic mutations via gene editing. Scientists hope to rid of HIV on a genomic level which will also prevent Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) - a biproduct of HIV. HIV utilizes a mechanism that counteracts the innate, adaptive, and intrinsic immune systems. Because the virus’s replication takes place in the lymphatic organs, the infection traverses the entire bloodstream. Due to the complexity of HIV and AIDS, their constant evolution, and their effect on a genomic level, no cures …
Can Stem Cell Transplantation Restore Insulin Levels In Diabetics?, Nechama Mendelson
Can Stem Cell Transplantation Restore Insulin Levels In Diabetics?, Nechama Mendelson
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
A recent public interest in stem cell research has led to new approaches to treat various pathologies, including diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to the inability of the β cells in the pancreas to produce insulin. Therefore, the standard diabetes treatment is introducing insulin to the bloodstream. With the advancement of stem cell therapy, a new approach to treating diabetes mellitus is being researched. Scientists are working to differentiate pluripotent stem cells into mature insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. These cells are then transplanted into in vivo models and observed after a glucose challenge for …
An Analysis On Various Treatment Options For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Elisheva Dusowitz
An Analysis On Various Treatment Options For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, Elisheva Dusowitz
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) is a highly invasive, under-researched subtype of Breast Cancer. Patients lack receptors for the protein Human Epidermal Growth Factor, and both estrogen and progesterone. This negatively impacts treatment by making all hormone-sensitive treatments unavailable to TNBC patients. Since the effectiveness of various options has remained understudied, the prognosis remains poor. This paper attempts to analyze and compare the effectiveness of various treatment options. Because TNBC is very aggressive, the standard approach is to jump in with harsh surgical procedures, including mastectomies and lumpectomies. This analysis finds that more aggressive treatment may not be necessary to treat …
The Development And Future Of Prosthetics Controlled By Myoelectrical Impulses, Chaya Podemski
The Development And Future Of Prosthetics Controlled By Myoelectrical Impulses, Chaya Podemski
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Objective: To document the developmental history of prostheses to better understand the circumstances that led to enabling amputees to experience touch through sensory reinnervation surgery in conjunction with an innovative bionic arm; and to prove that sensory reinnervation is the key to further progress. Methods: The topic was researched extensively using scholarly databases and read relevant accounts of experimental studies and outcomes. Results: By examining the progress made in the field of prostheses, it has been determined that a sensory reinnervation technique is at the forefront of bionic limb technology and predict that it will continue to be utilized and …
Full Issue: Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2022
Full Issue: Volume 15, Number 2, Spring 2022
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Complete .pdf file of Volume 15, Number 2 of The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences. Published Spring 2022.
Is Deep Brain Stimulation A Desirable Therapy For Parkinson’S Disease?, Chana Steinberg
Is Deep Brain Stimulation A Desirable Therapy For Parkinson’S Disease?, Chana Steinberg
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that currently impacts 6.1 million people globally. Although it has different presentations, its core features are tremors, postural instability, bradykinesia (slowing of movement), and psychological disabilities such as mood disorders and cognitive decline. A primary treatment is Levodopa, but it has limited success. A promising treatment called Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has been shown to induce significant improvements in motor skills where Levodopa has failed to help. Deep Brain Stimulation works via implanted electrodes. It has been used successfully in many studies to decrease motor issues associated with Parkinson’s, but potential side effects pose …
Cardiovascular Disease - Is A Whole Food Plant-Based Diet The Answer?, Shalom Katz
Cardiovascular Disease - Is A Whole Food Plant-Based Diet The Answer?, Shalom Katz
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Objective: To determine if a whole food plant-based diet can prevent and cure cardiovascular disease. Results: People on whole food plant-based diets exhibit extremely low levels of plasma LDL. Another risk factor for developing atherosclerosis, is inhibited production of nitric oxide, which is vital for healthy blood flow. One of the main inhibitors of nitric oxide production is asymmetric dimethyl-l-arginine (ADMA). An inverse relationship was found between dietary fat and ADMA levels. The diets with the best results were the diets where oil intake was reduced to a minimum. Clinically, people who went on whole food plant-based diets had their …
Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg
Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton that becomes more common with advanced age, especially in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, thereby reducing the quality of life for those who suffer from it. Due to the aging population, direct costs resulting from osteoporosis are projected to reach upward of $25 billion per year by 2025. The main pharmaceuticals primarily target osteoclasts. Exercise may be an effective method of preventing osteoporosis, although more research needs to be done. More research should be conducted to explore potential ways to enhance osteoblastic activity as a method to treat and/or reverse …
Does Exercise Make You Smarter?, Avi Derkhidam
Does Exercise Make You Smarter?, Avi Derkhidam
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Physical exercise has been applauded for its beneficial cardiovascular and mental effects for decades. Recently, researchers have begun to study exercise from a different perspective, focusing on the positive relationship between exercise and cognition. One area of cognition highlighted in association with exercise is its positive impact on executive function. Executive function refers to the collection of neurocognitive processes involved in goal-directed problem-solving. Improved levels of cognitive function have been found to impact significant achievements throughout life. Because of this, the development, improvement, and preservation of these functions are essential. While research has proven a correlation between exercise and improved …
Can Androgenetic Alopecia Be Reversed And What Are The Effective Treatments?, Michelle Aminova
Can Androgenetic Alopecia Be Reversed And What Are The Effective Treatments?, Michelle Aminova
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Androgenic alopecia (AGA), also known as male and female pattern baldness, is the loss of hair on the scalp for both men and women. The onset of hair loss for men suffering from this condition can occur as early as their teens or early 20s. Symptoms include a receding hairline and gradual disappearance of hair at the vertex and frontal scalp. When women have female pattern baldness (FPB), their hair doesn’t appear thinning until they reach their 40s or older. Generally, women experience a thinning of the hair over the whole scalp, with the most extensive hair loss at the …
Optimal Treatment Of Osteoporosis, Yehoshua Wiederkehr
Optimal Treatment Of Osteoporosis, Yehoshua Wiederkehr
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Osteoporosis affects tens of millions of people in America and is the most common disease of the bones. New treatments are constantly sought, as existing ones have documented side effects. This review seeks to pinpoint the most effective and safe treatment for osteoporosis by looking at head-to-head trials and research regarding combination therapies. This review also looks at the effectiveness of non-pharmacologic treatments and whether any options are beneficial. The importance of an open patient/provider relationship proves itself, as many medications and treatment plans depend on personal factors that need to be measured and weighed by a medical professional together …
Effective Treatments For Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Moshe Picciotto
Effective Treatments For Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, Moshe Picciotto
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) is the most common form of breast cancer wherein its progression interrupts the hormonal receptors and genetic variation of one’s DNA. DCIS can be caused by hereditary means, or through mutations. Fortunately, due to the many different modes of contraction, there is a plethora of treatments available in the forms of mastectomy, radiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, and PARP inhibitors, each with their own mechanism of action to combat the tumor and any metastatic effects the cancer may have on the body. This paper analyzes the cancer’s mechanism of action upon the body and the positive effects …
Can Robotic Exoskeletons Improve Gait In Ms Patients?, Chana Weinberg
Can Robotic Exoskeletons Improve Gait In Ms Patients?, Chana Weinberg
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that affects about one million people in the United States. The disease results from an abnormal immune response where T cells damage the myelin sheath in the central nervous system, causing scarring. The lesions can occur in any part of the brain or spinal cord, and thus affects every patient differently. One of the most detrimental effects the disease has on patients’ lives is the decreased ability to walk. There has been research and treatments to manage pain and slow progression of the disease, but little progress has been made to enable MS …
Enzybiotic Therapy As Treatment For Mrsa, Rachel Finkelstein
Enzybiotic Therapy As Treatment For Mrsa, Rachel Finkelstein
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
This paper reviews the antibacterial potential of enzybiotics against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Due to the increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance, researchers are looking to make use of the natural antibacterial qualities of virus bacteriophages, viral derived lysins, and antimicrobial peptides to fight MRSA infections. The efficacy of bacteriophages, endolysins, and bacteriocins as potential antibacterial agents against MRSA was extensively researched through Touro’s online library database. Each of their mechanisms of action allows them to effectively lyse S. aureus cells, by essentially disrupting the peptidoglycan in the cell wall, causing it to burst. The narrow host range of these antimicrobials …
Dance Training And Delayed Maturation, Shira Heavenrich
Dance Training And Delayed Maturation, Shira Heavenrich
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
The physiological effects of early childhood dance training are constantly being explored and adjusted. It was observed that children in training experience a higher than normal percentage of delayed maturation, both in puberty and bone development. It was suggested that the environmental conditions in which dancers practice, such as malnutrition and too much time spent indoors, as well as biological factors, contribute to the hormonal and cellular disruptions responsible for late development. Undernourishment, as is common in dancers, was found to have a direct correlation with reproductive hormone levels, including reduction in gonadotropin- releasing hormone secretion as well as lower …
What Is The Safest And Most Effective Method Of Repairing Myelomeningocele?, Matti Klein
What Is The Safest And Most Effective Method Of Repairing Myelomeningocele?, Matti Klein
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Spina bifida is one of the most common NTD’s (neural tube defects) to occur during embryonic development, when the neural tube fails to close properly during neurulation. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. Characterized by an open posterior neuropore with meninges and parts of the spinal cord protruding from the fetus’s body, it manifests in a variety of physical and neurological symptoms that vary both by the individual and by the state of the lesion. Until the late 1990’s, the standard course of treatment was surgical closure of the lesion at birth, followed by standard protocols and …
Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg
Osteoporosis: A Comprehensive Review, Eliyahu Greenberg
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton that becomes more common with advanced age, especially in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis increases the risk of fractures, thereby reducing the quality of life for those who suffer from it. Due to the aging population, direct costs resulting from osteoporosis are projected to reach upward of $25 billion per year by 2025. The main pharmaceuticals primarily target osteoclasts. Exercise may be an effective method of preventing osteoporosis, although more research needs to be done. More research should be conducted to explore potential ways to enhance osteoblastic activity as a method to treat and/or reverse …
What Common Factors May Influence The Success Of Dental Implant?, Yehuda Taavar
What Common Factors May Influence The Success Of Dental Implant?, Yehuda Taavar
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
The aim of this study is to investigate the common factors that may influence the success of dental implants. Addressing these factors may potentially aid experts in the field in delivering dental implants without approaching or decreasing the number of failures. Smoking, diabetes, implant maintenance, age, and implant size have significantly influenced implant success. It is suggested that patients are advised to quit smoking at least one week before surgery to minimize risk factors. Inadequate glycemic control also contributes to periodontal destruction and is associated with the severity of peri-implant complications. However, if patients maintain good glycemic control, dental implants …
Understanding Pathophysiology Of Nonsyndromic Autism By Examining And Extrapolating From Syndromic Variants, Alexander Labkowsky
Understanding Pathophysiology Of Nonsyndromic Autism By Examining And Extrapolating From Syndromic Variants, Alexander Labkowsky
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder encompassing a range of presentation and severity. The common characteristics include communication deficits, impaired social skills, dependency on routine, sensitivity to environmental change, and stereotyped behavior (DSM-5, 2013). When ASD is accompanied by a host of other symptoms it is often referred to as syndromic autism. Syndromic autism is usually severe and can usually be traced to deletions or duplications on a specific gene. These monogenic disorders are by definition easier to diagnose and are good candidates for study since specific biological markers can be assessed and tracked. There have …
The Role Of Immunotherapy In Treating High-Risk Neuroblastoma, Mollie Raczkowski
The Role Of Immunotherapy In Treating High-Risk Neuroblastoma, Mollie Raczkowski
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Neuroblastoma originates from the cells in the neural crest. High-risk neuroblastoma, patients have poor outcomes even with the multi-step treatment plans, including immunotherapy maintenance treatment. Researchers in developmental biology search for unique antigens in neuroblastoma cells to utilize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Currently, GD2 is the most effective antigen that scientists have isolated in the tumor; these anti-GD2 mAbs are administered in the forms of Dinutuximab or Dinutuximab beta to attack the tumor. Monoclonal antibodies are currently administered in neuroblastoma instead of CAR T (that has seen success in curing different types of leukemias) due to the heterogeneity of this tumor. …
Etiology And Associations Of Oral And Oropharyngeal Cancer, Aron Yaghar
Etiology And Associations Of Oral And Oropharyngeal Cancer, Aron Yaghar
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
This research paper discusses oral cavity cancer, which is one of the 11th most common cancers in the world. According to newer research, some important possible causes include smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and citrus fruits. Some research attributes it to one’s genetic makeup and include exposure to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and diagnosis of Diabetes mellitus, all in conjunction with one’s age. In this research paper, each of these factors are discussed in depth, and their association with this illness is considered and debated. Review of the literature reveals that the high concentrations of nicotine found in smokeless tobacco products is deleterious …
Migraine Triggers, Adina Jeidel
Migraine Triggers, Adina Jeidel
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Migraines are a painful and life-interrupting disease which strikes around 23 million Americans every year (Goadsby et al., 2017). Not enough studies have been done to help the public fully understand migraines. Details regarding the causes and pathophysiology of migraines continue to be analyzed by physicians and scientists, as no theory has been fully confirmed regarding a migraine’s concrete path. The goal of this scientific review is to provide an overview for the main triggers of migraines, in reference to recent clinical investigations, and to understand why they might cause patients to be more prone to having a migraine attack …
Is Lsvt Big An Effective And Realistic Treatment Of Parkinson’S Disease?, Elisheva Erlbaum
Is Lsvt Big An Effective And Realistic Treatment Of Parkinson’S Disease?, Elisheva Erlbaum
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Parkinson’s Disease is one of the most common neurological disorders which disrupts the everyday lives of millions of people. This disease is categorized by the loss of dopamine in the brain, specifically the Substantia Nigra. People diagnosed with PD suffer from motor and cognitive impairments. While there is no one treatment which can completely cure the disease, there are many treatments available which can help alleviate symptoms. However, most of the treatments cause many negative side effects. Recently, a new physical therapy treatment, LSVT BIG has begun to show its effects. This revue describes the many factors and treatments of …
Effects Of Soy Isoflavone, Anne Roberts
Effects Of Soy Isoflavone, Anne Roberts
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Soy, which contains a form of phytoestrogen known as isoflavones, impacts the biological activity of humans at all stages. There are many aspects to consider when determining whether soy is beneficial. Since the hormone estrogen plays a significant role in maintaining the biochemical and homeostatic conditions of an individual, it follows that the disruption of estrogenic levels can be detrimental. There are many hormone- dependent diseases that can be linked to one’s diet, and the possibility of utilizing phytoestrogens, such as soy, to prevent or control hormonal irregularities is compelling. This paper explores the effects that phytoestrogens, specifically soy, can …
The Relationship Between Autoimmunity And Polyautoimmunity, David Schon
The Relationship Between Autoimmunity And Polyautoimmunity, David Schon
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Autoimmune disease refers to a systemic immune response by the body against its own healthy tissue and cells. This results in various non-specific and systemic inflammatory processes that evolve into more than 100 individual diseases. Numerous biological similarities exist between the different pathophysiological pathways, including biochemical cascades and inflammasome mediators. This paper aims to investigate whether contracting one form of autoimmune disease can lead to the development of polyautoimmunity and multiple autoimmune syndrome. Scientists have identified chronic levels of high stress as a contributor to higher levels of C-reactive protein and several immune modulating interleukins, which can lead to both …
Full Issue: Volume 14, Number 2, Spring 2021
Full Issue: Volume 14, Number 2, Spring 2021
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Complete .pdf file of Volume 14, Number 2 of The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences. Published Spring 2021.
What Is The Underlying Cause Of Infantile Colic?, Tamar Itzkowitz
What Is The Underlying Cause Of Infantile Colic?, Tamar Itzkowitz
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
Infantile colic (IC) is an important area of current research due to the extreme distress it causes parents and their infants. It is vital that a cause is isolated so that treatment can be found because IC is a risk factor for child abuse. In this paper, two major theories were posed to elucidate the underlying cause of IC—the gastrointestinal model and the neurological model. The gastrointestinal model suggests that IC stems from issues such as an immature gut. The neurological model suggests that infantile migraines are the causative agents of IC. Both theories supply correlational evidence but are subject …
The Riddle Of The Fetal Allograft, Rachel Tepper
The Riddle Of The Fetal Allograft, Rachel Tepper
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
The immunological paradox of nurturing a fetus with paternal antigens poses some perplexing questions. Peter Medawar, an immunologist, asked at a lecture, “How does the pregnant mother contrive to nourish within itself, for many weeks or months, a fetus that is an antigenically foreign body?” Researchers have since then struggled to answer this question. The research on this topic has led to a few general hypotheses that try to explain this phenomenon. The downregulation of T cells toward paternal alloantigens is an accepted hypothesis. Another hypothesis discusses the significance of the decidua and its ability to impair dendritic cells, which …
Rapamycin And Metformin In Treating Covid-19, Avrohom Karp
Rapamycin And Metformin In Treating Covid-19, Avrohom Karp
The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly, resulting in a global pandemic. There is a great need for an effective drug cocktail therapy to combat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), a major cause of death due to COVID-19. The two drugs examined are metformin, an antidiabetic medication, and rapamycin. Rapamycin is often prescribed for transplant patients as it has an immunosuppressive effect. The aim of the investigation was to determine the efficacy of metformin and rapamycin in treating COVID-19, and to examine what an effective protocol would look like. These two drugs both inhibit mTOR and can reduce the body’s auto-immune …