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Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

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Effect Of Container On The Physicochemical Stability Of Propofol Injectable Emulsion After Being Diluted With 0.9% Nacl For Intravenous Infusion, L.-J. Wei, H.-Y. Yu, W.-B. Chang, C.-H. Lin, Y.-C. Chen, J.-B. Wu Jul 2020

Effect Of Container On The Physicochemical Stability Of Propofol Injectable Emulsion After Being Diluted With 0.9% Nacl For Intravenous Infusion, L.-J. Wei, H.-Y. Yu, W.-B. Chang, C.-H. Lin, Y.-C. Chen, J.-B. Wu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Effects of glass and plastic containers on the physicochemical properties of propofol injectable emulsion consisting of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) after being diluted with 0.9% NaCl were evaluated. Propofol MCT/LCT reconstituted with normal saline to 2.0 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 3.0 mg/mL, 4.0 mg/mL, and 5.0 mg/mL were packaged into glass (type II soda-lime-silica), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) soft bag, and non-PVC soft bag (Cryovac®polyolefin soft bag container), and then stored at ambient temperature/humidity (25 ± 2 °C/50 ± 5% RH) for 3 days to test its stability. We found that the pH and osmolarity of propofol injectable emulsions …

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Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequence-Based Identification And Phylogenic Relationship Of I-Tiao-Gung Originating From Flemingia And Glycine (Leguminosae) In Taiwan, C.-T. Wu, C.-C. Hsieh, W.-C. Lin, C.-Y. Tang, C.-H. Yang, Y.-C. Huang, Y.-J. Ko Jul 2020

Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequence-Based Identification And Phylogenic Relationship Of I-Tiao-Gung Originating From Flemingia And Glycine (Leguminosae) In Taiwan, C.-T. Wu, C.-C. Hsieh, W.-C. Lin, C.-Y. Tang, C.-H. Yang, Y.-C. Huang, Y.-J. Ko

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Botanical root of Flemingia and Glycine of Leguminosae is used as a traditional Chinese medicine material "I-Tiao-Gung" in Taiwan. It is widely used in both traditional Chinese medicine and folk remedies for the treatment of rheumatism, arthropathy, leukorrhea, menalgia, menopausal syndrome, and chronic nephritis, and the improvement of bone mineral density. The quasi root of Glycine tomentella and Glycine tabacina is substituted and used by some off-shore island users, and it is also known as I-Tiao-Gung. Thus, the establishment of an effective method to distinguish the herb from alternative species is a critical issue. In this study, internal transcribed spacer …

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Determination Of Ketoprofen Based On Its Quenching Effect In The Fluorescence Of Quantum Dots, L. Molina-García, J.L.M. Santos, A. Ruiz-Medina, E.J. Llorent-Martínez Jul 2020

Determination Of Ketoprofen Based On Its Quenching Effect In The Fluorescence Of Quantum Dots, L. Molina-García, J.L.M. Santos, A. Ruiz-Medina, E.J. Llorent-Martínez

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Ketoprofen is a potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and musculoskeletal injuries. Taking into account the increasing consumption of this drug, it is important to develop a rapid, easy, and reliable analytical strategy for its quality control. In this work, we present a novel method for ketoprofen determination, based on its quenching effect produced in the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots modified by mercaptopropionic acid. Under optimized conditions, the method was linear in the range of 7.5-100 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 2.3 μg/mL and relative standard deviations lower than 2%. It was applied …

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Determination Of Fluorides In Pharmaceutical Products For Oral Hygiene, J. Švarc-Gajić, Z. Stojanović, I. Vasiljević, I. Kecojević Jul 2020

Determination Of Fluorides In Pharmaceutical Products For Oral Hygiene, J. Švarc-Gajić, Z. Stojanović, I. Vasiljević, I. Kecojević

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Fluorides are common ingredients in pharmaceutical products for oral hygiene due to their recognized effect in the prevention of tooth decay. In dental products, fluorides can be added in several different forms, such as sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, tin fluoride, or in the form of different amines. This work describes potentiometric determination of fluorides in the samples of toothpastes and mouthwash. The method was optimized for the particular analytical purpose; namely, for the analysis of toothpastes and mouthwash by applying different sample preparation protocols depending on the fluoride source. Good recovery (93-103%) confirmed the correctness of the sample preparation procedures. …

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Direct Quantitative Analysis Of Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, And Analogs In Diluted Human Urine By Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, R.-Y. Hsu, S.-A. Chan, S.-L. Lin, T.-Y. Lin, W.-L. Chu, M.-R. Fuh Jul 2020

Direct Quantitative Analysis Of Benzodiazepines, Metabolites, And Analogs In Diluted Human Urine By Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, R.-Y. Hsu, S.-A. Chan, S.-L. Lin, T.-Y. Lin, W.-L. Chu, M.-R. Fuh

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Rapid resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS) was developed for direct quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines (BDZs) and their metabolites, as well as BDZ analogs (zopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) in diluted human urine. A perfluorophenyl column packed with sub-2-mm particles and a C8 precolumn were applied to accomplish RRLC analysis with symmetric peak shapes. Urine samples were diluted 10-fold with Milli-Q water prior to autoinjection for direct quantification of 34 target analytes with negligible matrix effect. Gradient elution and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring were used for simultaneous quantitation of 34 BDZs, metabolites, and BDZ analogs. Good …

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Simultaneous Quantification Of Antibiotic Dyes In Aquatic Products And Feeds By Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, R.-C. Chen, K.-J. Wei, T.-M. Wang, Y.-M. Yu, J.-Y. Li, S.-H. Lee, W.-H. Wang, T.-J. Ren, C.-W. Tsai Jul 2020

Simultaneous Quantification Of Antibiotic Dyes In Aquatic Products And Feeds By Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, R.-C. Chen, K.-J. Wei, T.-M. Wang, Y.-M. Yu, J.-Y. Li, S.-H. Lee, W.-H. Wang, T.-J. Ren, C.-W. Tsai

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

A confirmatory and quantitative method based on liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of low-level residues of three antibiotic dyes and two metabolites in fish muscle and feed. The target compounds include methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), leucocrystal violet (LCV), malachite green (MG), and leucomalachite green (LMG). The procedures involve solvent extraction by 50% McIlvaine's buffer with acetonitrile, followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) with an MCX cartridge. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) MS with multiple reaction monitoring of two transition reactions was applied for each compound. The …

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Harm Reduction History, Response, And Current Trends In Asia, N. Thomson Jul 2020

Harm Reduction History, Response, And Current Trends In Asia, N. Thomson

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics in Asia have been initially driven through injection drug use and the use of shared needles and syringes. Molecular epidemiological work has shown that where there is heroin trafficking and use, there is also HIV. Given the often strict enforcement of national antinarcotic laws, harm reduction responses to HIV infections driven by injection drug use have been historically slow. As it became clear that preventing HIV meant embracing harm reduction, many countries in the region have adopted harm reduction as part of their national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) strategy and increasingly as part of their …

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Genetics And Pharmacogenetics Of Substance Use Disorders, P.-L. Tao, L.-S. Chen, C.-K. Chen, Y.-L. Liu Jul 2020

Genetics And Pharmacogenetics Of Substance Use Disorders, P.-L. Tao, L.-S. Chen, C.-K. Chen, Y.-L. Liu

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The "Genetics and pharmacogenetics of substance use disorder" session was chaired by Dr Pao-Luh Tao and had three speakers. The speakers and topics were as follows. Dr Li-Shiun Chen discussed "Genomics and personalized medicine for smoking cessation treatments". Dr Chih-Ken Chen presented a talk on the "Genetics of methamphetamine abuse and methamphetamine psychosis". Dr Yu-Li Liu described a "Pharmacogenomics study in a Taiwan methadone maintenance cohort". Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Current Status Of Drug Use And Hiv/Aids Prevention In Drug Users In China, J. Li, X. Li Jul 2020

Current Status Of Drug Use And Hiv/Aids Prevention In Drug Users In China, J. Li, X. Li

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The objective of this paper is to review the current status of drug use and HIV/AIDS prevention for drug users in China and to provide scientific evidence for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in drug users. This paper reviews literature and articles related to drug abuse in China, and reviews the results of prevention efforts and successful cases regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS prevention in drug users. Lessons learned are discussed for the future improvement of work and the sustainable development of treatment programs. The number of drug users in China is increasing. Even though the number of opioid-type drug users …

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Prevention, Family, And Community, S.-L. Yang, L.A. Rohrbach, D. Daley Jul 2020

Prevention, Family, And Community, S.-L. Yang, L.A. Rohrbach, D. Daley

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The "Prevention, family, and community" session was chaired by Dr Joseph Jror-Serk Cheng, who is an expert in community psychiatry and mental health policy and is Superintendent of the Bali Psychiatric Center in Taipei. Dr Shu-Lung Yang, Dean of Student Affairs and Professor/Director of the Crime Research Center, National Chung Cheng University in Chiayi, Taiwan, served as the discussant. The two presenters were Dr Louise Ann Rohrbach, who presented on "Prevention of alcohol and other drug abuse: Science, practice, critical issues, and future direction," and Dr Dennis Daley, who spoke on "Family and social aspects of drug abuse: Implications for …

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Current Status Of Substance Abuse And Hiv Infection In Japan, K. Wada, M. Funada, T. Matsumoto, T. Shimane Jul 2020

Current Status Of Substance Abuse And Hiv Infection In Japan, K. Wada, M. Funada, T. Matsumoto, T. Shimane

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Japan has experienced an epidemic of methamphetamine (MAP) abuse three times: the first epidemic was from 1951 to 1957, the second epidemic was from 1970 to 1994, and the third epidemic started in 1995 and continues today. Fortunately, HIV infection is not as serious a problem in Japan as it is in other countries. The major route of HIV infection in Japan has been through male homosexual transmission. In cumulative numbers, homosexual transmission accounted for 63% of the 11,146 HIV-positive patients and 40% of 5158 AIDS patients as of December 30, 2011. Intravenous drug use accounted for 0.3% and 0.4% …

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Systematic Review Research On Needle/Syringe Programs And Opiate Substitution Programs In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, D.C.D. Jarlais Jul 2020

Systematic Review Research On Needle/Syringe Programs And Opiate Substitution Programs In Low- And Middle-Income Countries, D.C.D. Jarlais

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

People who inject drugs (PWID) are at an elevated risk of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV). In many high-income countries, needle and syringe exchange programs (NSPs) have been associated with reductions in bloodborne infections. However, there is not a good understanding of the effectiveness of NSP in low- and middle-income countries and transitional-economy countries. A systematic literature review, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was utilized to collect primary study data on the coverage of NSP programs and the changes in HIV and HCV infection over …

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Treatment Of Methamphetamine Abuse: An Antibody-Based Immunotherapy Approach, Y.-H. Chen, K.-L. Wu, H.-M. Tsai, C.-H. Chen Jul 2020

Treatment Of Methamphetamine Abuse: An Antibody-Based Immunotherapy Approach, Y.-H. Chen, K.-L. Wu, H.-M. Tsai, C.-H. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant with tens of millions of abusers around the world. There is no effective or approved medication for treating an addiction to it. Monoclonal antibodies with a high affinity for methamphetamine have the potential to sequester the drug in the vascular compartment and reduce entry into the brain, thereby acting as peripheral pharmacokinetic antagonists without inducing adverse effects on neurons. However, to maintain the antibodies at an effective level, repeated administration is required, which would be expensive and problematic for patient compliance. In this study, we intended to investigate whether using a recombinant adeno-associated virusmediated …

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Current Status Of Substance Abuse And Hiv In Taiwan, W.-J. Yu, W.-I. Tsay, J.-H. Li Jul 2020

Current Status Of Substance Abuse And Hiv In Taiwan, W.-J. Yu, W.-I. Tsay, J.-H. Li

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Methamphetamine abuse, which surged in the early 1990s, remains a major social and health issue in recent years in Taiwan. The danger of the spread of HIV among heroin injecting drug users (IDUs) gradually increased because of needle/syringe sharing in the early 2000s. The percentage of IDUs among all addiction treatment admissions increased from 34.7% in 2000 to 63.9% in 2004, and the percentage of IDUs sharing needles increased from 4.0% in 2000 to 15% in 2004. Alerted by the escalating IDU-associated HIV situation, the Department of Health launched the national pilot harm reduction program (PHRP) in four of 25 …

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Ketamine Use Among Regular Tobacco And Alcohol Users As Revealed By Respondent-Driven Sampling In Taipei: Prevalence, Expectancy, And Users' Risky Decision Making, W.J. Chen, T.-T. Ting, C.-M. Chang, Y.-C. Liu, C.-Y. Chen Jul 2020

Ketamine Use Among Regular Tobacco And Alcohol Users As Revealed By Respondent-Driven Sampling In Taipei: Prevalence, Expectancy, And Users' Risky Decision Making, W.J. Chen, T.-T. Ting, C.-M. Chang, Y.-C. Liu, C.-Y. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The popularity of ketamine for recreational use among young people began to increase, particularly in Asia, in 2000. To gain more knowledge about the use of ketamine among high-risk individuals, a respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was implemented among regular alcohol and tobacco users in the Taipei metropolitan area from 2007 to 2010. The sampling was initiated in three different settings (i.e., 2 in the community and 1 in a clinic) to recruit seed individuals. Each participant was asked to refer one to five friends known to be regular tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers to participate in the present study. Incentives were …

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A Comprehensive Approach To Addiction Medicine As An Appropriate Response To The Hiv Epidemic Among Drug Users, G. Gerra, L. Somaini Jul 2020

A Comprehensive Approach To Addiction Medicine As An Appropriate Response To The Hiv Epidemic Among Drug Users, G. Gerra, L. Somaini

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The services for drug-dependence treatment and care, particularly in low-income countries, should not be fragmented and uncoordinated. A basic package of interventions should be provided in the same place and managed by the same team, with a one-stopshop approach. The services for substance use disorders should be appealing, accessible, voluntary-based, and science-based. They should also, like efforts to fight other diseases, be included in the community and the public health systems; that is, those who are affected by drug use and those who serve them should not face discrimination. The firstline assistance and the second-line essential elements of the comprehensive …

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Brain Abnormalities In Hiv And Stimulant Users: Interventions And Prevention, L. Chang, S. Shoptaw, J. Normand Jul 2020

Brain Abnormalities In Hiv And Stimulant Users: Interventions And Prevention, L. Chang, S. Shoptaw, J. Normand

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The session, "HIV and other Infectious Diseases," was chaired by Dr. Jacques Normand, Director of the AIDS Research Program of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse. The two presenters (and their presentation topics) were: Dr. Linda Chang ("Neural Correlates of Cognitive Deficits and Training Effects on Brain Function in HIV-infected Individuals") and Dr. Steven Shoptaw ("HIV Prevention in Substance Users"). Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Potential Therapeutic Strategy To Treat Substance Abuse Related Disorders, S.L. Chang Jul 2020

Potential Therapeutic Strategy To Treat Substance Abuse Related Disorders, S.L. Chang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The "Potential therapeutic strategy to treat substance-abuse-related disorders" session was chaired by Dr. Sulie L. Chang, director of NeuroImmune Phamacology at Seton Hall University. The four presenters were: Dr Wenzhe Ho (Miniway to stop HIV/HCV), Dr Ru-Band Lu (Low dose of memantine in the treatment of opioid dependence in human), Dr Ping Zhang (Treatment of alcohol-related disorders: Learning from stem/progenitor cells), and Dr Yun-Hsiang Chen (Treatment of methamphetamine abuse: An antibody-based immunotherapy approach). Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Genomics And Personalized Medicine: Chrna5- Chrna3-Chrnb4 And Smoking Cessation Treatment, L.-S. Chen, L.J. Bierut Jul 2020

Genomics And Personalized Medicine: Chrna5- Chrna3-Chrnb4 And Smoking Cessation Treatment, L.-S. Chen, L.J. Bierut

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Cigarette smoking is highly addictive, and modern genetic research has identified robust genetic influences on nicotine dependence. An important step in translating these genetic findings is to identify the genetic factors affecting smoking cessation in order to enhance current smoking cessation treatments. We review the significance of variants in the nicotinic receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5eCHRNA3eCHRNB4) in the prediction of smoking quantity, smoking cessation, and response to cessation medication in multiple studies of smoking cessation. Three common haplotypes (low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk) in the CHRNA5eCHRNA3eCHRNB4 region are defined by rs16969968 and rs680244. The genetic variants in the CHRNA5eCHRNA3eCHRNB4 region that predict …

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Collaborative Work Between The West And Asia, Y.-I. Hser, G. Bart, L. Li, L.M. Giang Jul 2020

Collaborative Work Between The West And Asia, Y.-I. Hser, G. Bart, L. Li, L.M. Giang

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The "Collaborative work between the West and Asia" session was chaired by Dr Yih-Ing Hser and had three speakers. The speakers (and their topics) were: Dr Gavin Bart (Collaborative addiction research in the United States and Asia), Dr Li Li (Implementing intervention research projects in Asia), and Dr Le Minh Giang (Building research infrastructure for international collaborative studies on substance use disorder and HIV: The case of Hanoi Medical University/Vietnam). Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Substance Use Disorders And Hiv In Vietnam Since Doi Moi (Renovation): An Overview, L.M. Giang, L.B. Ngoc, V.H. Hoang, K. Mulvey, R.A. Rawson Jul 2020

Substance Use Disorders And Hiv In Vietnam Since Doi Moi (Renovation): An Overview, L.M. Giang, L.B. Ngoc, V.H. Hoang, K. Mulvey, R.A. Rawson

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Drawing frompublished and gray literature, this manuscript focuses on the following topics: (1) changing patterns of substance use and abuse in Vietnamsince the early 1990s; (2) the roles of substance use in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic; (3) the responses of theVietnamese government and other entities (both domestic and international) to substance use disorders (SUDs) and HIV; and (4) the current research capacity in Vietnam and ways in which furthering research in Vietnam could enrich our knowledge of the linkages between SUDsandHIVand of effectivemeasures to reduce theirpublichealth consequences.Agrowing number of studies during the past 2 decades show dynamic and …

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Introduction To The Special Issue: Promoting Global Healthetreatment And Prevention Of Substance Abuse And Hiv In Asia, Y.-I. Hser, W.-I. Tsay, Y. Wang, B. Tai Jul 2020

Introduction To The Special Issue: Promoting Global Healthetreatment And Prevention Of Substance Abuse And Hiv In Asia, Y.-I. Hser, W.-I. Tsay, Y. Wang, B. Tai

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

[No abstract available]

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Capacity Building And Collaborative Research On Cross-National Studies In The Asian Region, Y.-I. Hser, L. Chang, G.-J. Wang, M.D. Li, R. Rawson, S. Shoptaw, J. Normand, B. Tai Jul 2020

Capacity Building And Collaborative Research On Cross-National Studies In The Asian Region, Y.-I. Hser, L. Chang, G.-J. Wang, M.D. Li, R. Rawson, S. Shoptaw, J. Normand, B. Tai

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

To build capacity and collaborative research for future cross-national studies in the Asian and Pacific Islander (API) region, priority research topics were identified and discussed at the April 2013 Conference to Promote Global Health in Taipei. These topics included: (1) neuroscience on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS), led by Drs Linda Chang, Gene-Jack Wang, and Betty Tai; (2) ATS and mental health disorders, led by Drs Richard Rawson and Wilson Compton; and (3) HIV/HCV transmission and social networks, led by Drs Steven Shoptaw and Jacques Normand. Potential genetic studies spanning these topical areas as …

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Collaborative Addiction Research In The United States And Asia, G. Bart Jul 2020

Collaborative Addiction Research In The United States And Asia, G. Bart

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Comparisons between Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) and, when possible, similar populations from their ancestral land of origin may allow for unique insights into the development of substance use disorders. Drawn from research conducted within the Hmong residing in the United States of America (USA) and from ongoing collaborative work between the USA and Vietnam, this paper presents a few examples of the types of addiction research that may be possible in Asian populations, both in the USA and in Asia, with a focus on developing South East Asian countries and their AAPI counterparts in the USA. Approaches to …

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Harm Reduction, J. Normand, J.-H. Li, N. Thomson, D.D. Jarlais Jul 2020

Harm Reduction, J. Normand, J.-H. Li, N. Thomson, D.D. Jarlais

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

The "Harm Reduction" session was chaired by Dr Jacques Normand, Director of the AIDS Research Program of the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse. The three presenters (and their presentation topics) were: Dr Don Des Jarlais (High coverage needle/ syringe programs for people who inject drugs in low and middle income countries: a systematic review), Dr Nicholas Thomson (Harm reduction history, response, and current trends in Asia), and Dr Jih-Heng Li (Harm reduction strategies in Taiwan). Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Current Research On The Epidemiology, Medical And Psychiatric Effects, And Treatment Of Methamphetamine Use, R.A. Rawson Jul 2020

Current Research On The Epidemiology, Medical And Psychiatric Effects, And Treatment Of Methamphetamine Use, R.A. Rawson

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Methamphetamine (MA) is a drug that is widely used in many parts of the world. It has multiple neurobiological impacts on the nervous system; some of which are transitory and some longer lasting. MA activates the reward system of the brain and produces effects that are highly reinforcing, which can lead to abuse and dependence. Routes of administration that produce rapid onset of the drug effects (i.e., smoking and injection) are likely to lead to more rapid addiction and more medical and psychiatric effects. The medical effects of MA use are extensive, and chronic use of MA can produce significant …

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Emerging Drug Problems In Asia, G. Bart Jul 2020

Emerging Drug Problems In Asia, G. Bart

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

This session, "Emerging Drug Problems in Asia," focused on emerging drug problems in Asia. Dr Juana Tomás-Rosselló discussed "East and Southeast Asia: Emerging drug problems and response" and Dr Wei J. Chen discussed Ketamine use among regular tobacco and alcohol users as revealed by respondent driven sampling in Taipei: Prevalence, expectancy, and users' risky decision making. Copyright © 2013, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan.

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Substance Abuse And The Hiv Situation In Malaysia, D. Singh, M.C. Chawarski, R. Schottenfeld, B. Vicknasingam Jul 2020

Substance Abuse And The Hiv Situation In Malaysia, D. Singh, M.C. Chawarski, R. Schottenfeld, B. Vicknasingam

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Heroin continues to be the main drug used in Malaysia, whereas amphetamine-type stimulants (ATSs, such as ecstasy, syabu, and yaba) have been recently identified as a growing problem. A cumulative total of 300,241 drug users were detected between 1988 and 2006. It is also estimated that Malaysia has 170,000 injecting drug users. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among drug users in the country ranges from 25% to 45%. Currently, there are approximately 380 general medical practice offices that offer agonist maintenance treatments for approximately 10,000 patients. There are 27,756 active patients in 333 general medical practice offices and government-run methadone …

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Hiv Prevention For People Who Use Substances: Evidence-Based Strategies, S. Shoptaw Jul 2020

Hiv Prevention For People Who Use Substances: Evidence-Based Strategies, S. Shoptaw

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

Evidence-based strategies to guide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention for people who use substances can be grouped into approaches that lower infectiousness among substance users living with HIV and those that prevent HIV acquisition among those who are uninfected. Dramatic successes in HIV prevention involving access to antiretroviral therapy, opioid substitution therapies, and needle and syringe exchange programs have reduced both prevalence and incidence in the United States for people who use injection drugs, and modeling studies suggest that scale-up of these approaches will have a parallel impact worldwide. Medical HIV-prevention strategies that reduce infectiousness ("treatment as prevention" or early …

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Foreword, N.D. Volkow Jul 2020

Foreword, N.D. Volkow

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

[No abstract available]

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