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Articles 91 - 104 of 104
Full-Text Articles in Neuroscience and Neurobiology
Characterization Of Genetically Targeted Neuron Types In The Zebrafish Optic Tectum, Estuardo Robles, Stephen J. Smith, Herwig Baier
Characterization Of Genetically Targeted Neuron Types In The Zebrafish Optic Tectum, Estuardo Robles, Stephen J. Smith, Herwig Baier
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
The optically transparent larval zebrafish is ideally suited for in vivo analyses of neural circuitry controlling visually guided behaviors. However, there is a lack of information regarding specific cell types in the major retinorecipient brain region of the fish, the optic tectum. Here we report the characterization of three previously unidentified tectal cell types that are specifically labeled by dlx5/6 enhancer elements. In vivo laser-scanning microscopy in conjunction with ex vivo array tomography revealed that these neurons differ in their morphologies, synaptic connectivity, and neurotransmitter phenotypes. The first type is an excitatory bistratified periventricular interneuron that forms a dendritic arbor …
Sex Bias In Neuroscience And Biomedical Research, Annaliese K. Beery, Irving Zucker
Sex Bias In Neuroscience And Biomedical Research, Annaliese K. Beery, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Female mammals have long been neglected in biomedical research. The NIH mandated enrollment of women in human clinical trials in 1993, but no similar initiatives exist to foster research on female animals. We reviewed sex bias in research on mammals in 10 biological fields for 2009 and their historical precedents. Male bias was evident in 8 disciplines and most prominent in neuroscience, with single-sex studies of male animals outnumbering those of females 5.5 to 1. In the past half-century, male bias in non-human studies has increased while declining in human studies. Studies of both sexes frequently fail to analyze results …
Filtering Of Visual Information In The Tectum By An Identified Neural Circuit, Filippo Del Bene, Claire Wyart, Estuardo Robles, Amanda Tran, Loren Looger, Ethan K. Scott, Ehud Y. Isacoff, Herwig Baier
Filtering Of Visual Information In The Tectum By An Identified Neural Circuit, Filippo Del Bene, Claire Wyart, Estuardo Robles, Amanda Tran, Loren Looger, Ethan K. Scott, Ehud Y. Isacoff, Herwig Baier
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
The optic tectum of zebrafish is involved in behavioral responses that require the detection of small objects. The superficial layers of the tectal neuropil receive input from retinal axons, while its deeper layers convey the processed information to premotor areas. Imaging with a genetically encoded calcium indicator revealed that the deep layers, as well as the dendrites of single tectal neurons, are preferentially activated by small visual stimuli. This spatial filtering relies on GABAergic interneurons (using the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid) that are located in the superficial input layer and respond only to large visual stimuli. Photo-ablation of these cells with …
Focusing On Optic Tectum Circuitry Through The Lens Of Genetics, Linda M. Nevin, Estuardo Robles, Herwig Baier, Ethan K. Scott
Focusing On Optic Tectum Circuitry Through The Lens Of Genetics, Linda M. Nevin, Estuardo Robles, Herwig Baier, Ethan K. Scott
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
The visual pathway is tasked with processing incoming signals from the retina and converting this information into adaptive behavior. Recent studies of the larval zebrafish tectum have begun to clarify how the 'micro-circuitry' of this highly organized midbrain structure filters visual input, which arrives in the superficial layers and directs motor output through efferent projections from its deep layers. The new emphasis has been on the specific function of neuronal cell types, which can now be reproducibly labeled, imaged and manipulated using genetic and optical techniques. Here, we discuss recent advances and emerging experimental approaches for studying tectal circuits as …
Higher Education And The Society For Neuroscience: A Website Proposal That Helped Catalyze A Change In Policy, Richard F. Olivo
Higher Education And The Society For Neuroscience: A Website Proposal That Helped Catalyze A Change In Policy, Richard F. Olivo
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
In the spring of 2007, the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) did not include support for higher education as a priority in its strategic plan. By the spring of 2009, its priorities had changed. One catalyst for that change was a proposal for a website that would list, review, and rate resources for teaching neuroscience at the graduate and undergraduate level. The proposal was sent to and accepted by SfN Council in August 2008; by spring 2009, SfN had taken initial steps to implement it. Two documents are presented here that mark the change in policy: the website proposal, and SfN …
Same-Sex Social Behavior In Meadow Voles: Multiple And Rapid Formation Of Attachments, Annaliese K. Beery, David M. Routman, Irving Zucker
Same-Sex Social Behavior In Meadow Voles: Multiple And Rapid Formation Of Attachments, Annaliese K. Beery, David M. Routman, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Adult meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) are solitary in the spring–summer reproductive season, but during winter months, females and males are socially tolerant and aggregate in groups. This behavioral difference is triggered by day length: female meadow voles housed in short, winterlike day lengths form same-sex partner preferences, whereas those housed in long, summer-like day lengths are less social. The present study demonstrates that same-sex social attachments in short day lengths are not exclusive; females formed concurrent attachments with more than one individual, and with non-kin as well as siblings. Partner preferences between females were established within one day of cohousing …
Maternal Photoperiodic History Affects Offspring Development In Syrian Hamsters, Annaliese K. Beery, Matthew J. Paul, Irving Zucker
Maternal Photoperiodic History Affects Offspring Development In Syrian Hamsters, Annaliese K. Beery, Matthew J. Paul, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
During the first 7 weeks of postnatal life, short day lengths inhibit the onset of puberty in many photoperiodic rodents, but not in Syrian hamsters. In this species, timing of puberty and fecundity are independent of the early postnatal photoperiod. Gestational day length affects postnatal reproductive development in several rodents; its role in Syrian hamsters has not been assessed. We tested the hypothesis that cumulative effects of pre- and postnatal short day lengths would restrain gonadal development in male Syrian hamsters. Males with prenatal short day exposure were generated by dams transferred to short day lengths 6 weeks, 3 weeks, …
Day Length And Estradiol Affect Same-Sex Affiliative Behavior In The Female Meadow Vole, Annaliese K. Beery, Theresa J. Loo, Irving Zucker
Day Length And Estradiol Affect Same-Sex Affiliative Behavior In The Female Meadow Vole, Annaliese K. Beery, Theresa J. Loo, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Non-sexual social bonding between adult mammals remains poorly understood, despite its importance in many species. Female meadow voles are territorial and nest alone in long summer day lengths when circulating estradiol concentrations are high, but cohabit in groups in short winter photoperiods when estradiol secretion is low. The influence of day length and estradiol on same-sex huddling behavior was assessed in adult female pairs housed together in long day lengths (LDs) or short day lengths (SDs) from weaning. The behavior of intact, ovariectomized, and estradiol-treated ovariectomized females from each photoperiod was assessed during 3 hour partner preference tests. Intact SD …
Sex Differences In The Onset Of Seasonal Reproductive Quiescence In Hamsters, Annaliese K. Beery, Justin J. Trumbull, Jyeming M. Tsao, Ruth M. Costantini, Irving Zucker
Sex Differences In The Onset Of Seasonal Reproductive Quiescence In Hamsters, Annaliese K. Beery, Justin J. Trumbull, Jyeming M. Tsao, Ruth M. Costantini, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Day length is the primary cue used by many mammals to restrict reproduction to favourable spring and summer months, but it is unknown for any mammal whether the seasonal loss of fertility begins at the same time and occurs at the same rate in females and males; nor it established whether the termination of mating behaviour in males and females coincides with the loss of fertility. We speculated that females, owing to their greater energetic investment in reproduction, are the limiting sex in terminating offspring production in short days (SDs). Oestrous cycles and production of young were monitored in Syrian …
Interval Timer Control Of Puberty In Photoinhibited Siberian Hamsters, Ho Park Jin, Alexander S. Kauffman, Matthew J. Paul, Matthew P. Butler, Annaliese K. Beery, Ruth M. Costantini, Irving Zucker
Interval Timer Control Of Puberty In Photoinhibited Siberian Hamsters, Ho Park Jin, Alexander S. Kauffman, Matthew J. Paul, Matthew P. Butler, Annaliese K. Beery, Ruth M. Costantini, Irving Zucker
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Puberty, which is markedly delayed in male Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) born into short day lengths, is controlled by an interval timer regulated by the duration of nocturnal melatonin secretion. Properties of the interval timer were assessed by perturbing normal patterns of melatonin secretion in males gestated and maintained thereafter in 1 of 2 short day lengths, 10 h light/day (10L) or 12L. Melatonin secretion of short-day hamsters was suppressed by constant light treatment or modified by daily injection of propranolol to mimic nocturnal melatonin durations typical of long-day hamsters. Constant light treatment during weeks 3 to 5 induced early …
Src-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation At The Tips Of Growth Cone Filopodia Promotes Extension, Estuardo Robles, Stephanie Woo, Timothy M. Gomez
Src-Dependent Tyrosine Phosphorylation At The Tips Of Growth Cone Filopodia Promotes Extension, Estuardo Robles, Stephanie Woo, Timothy M. Gomez
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Extracellular cues guide axon outgrowth by activating intracellular signaling cascades that control the growth cone cytoskeleton. However, the spatial and temporal coordination of signaling intermediates remains essentially unknown. Live imaging of tyrosine phosphorylation in growth cones revealed dynamic phospho-tyrosine (PY) signals in filopodia that directly correlate with filopodial behavior. Local PY signals are generated at distal tips of filopodia during extension and are lost during retraction. Active Src family kinases localize to the tips of filopodia, and Src activity regulates both filopodial dynamics and local PY signaling. Positive guidance cues stimulate filopodial motility by locally increasing tyrosine phosphorylation in a …
The Great Escape: Phosphorylation Of Ena/Vasp By Pka Promotes Filopodial Formation, Timothy M. Gomez, Estuardo Robles
The Great Escape: Phosphorylation Of Ena/Vasp By Pka Promotes Filopodial Formation, Timothy M. Gomez, Estuardo Robles
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
The Ena/VASP family of proteins consists of adaptor molecules that localize to subcellular sites of actin polymerization. The role of Ena/VASP proteins in the regulation of cell motility and axon outgrowth has been controversial. Recently, these proteins have been proposed to function as "anticapping" factors, which may have differential effects on filopodial versus lammelipodial actin-based protrusions. A study by Lebrand et al. in this issue of Neuron supports this model and identifies PKA as a key regulator of Ena/VASP function downstream of the chemoattractant Netrin.
An Online Lab Manual For Neurophysiology, Richard F. Olivo
An Online Lab Manual For Neurophysiology, Richard F. Olivo
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
A combination of student interest, a grant for computers, and a suggestion from a colleague led me to convert the printed lab manual for my neurophysiology course into an online version. The web-based version incorporates videos of procedures, color photos, diagrams, links to articles, and other supplementary materials. This paper discusses designing for the web, retaining compatibility with print, layering information, making videos in digital format, and sharing self-published resources. The labs themselves (appendix) are traditional “wet” experiments with crayfish that have been used in many neurobiology courses.
Filopodial Calcium Transients Regulate Growth Cone Motility And Guidance Through Local Activation Of Calpain, Estuardo Robles, Anna Huttenlocher, Timothy M. Gomez
Filopodial Calcium Transients Regulate Growth Cone Motility And Guidance Through Local Activation Of Calpain, Estuardo Robles, Anna Huttenlocher, Timothy M. Gomez
Neuroscience: Faculty Publications
Spontaneous intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) transients in growth cone filopodia reduce filopodial motility, slow neurite outgrowth, and promote turning when generated asymmetrically; however, the downstream effectors of these Ca2+-dependent behaviors are unknown. We report that Ca2+ transients in filopodia activate the intracellular protease calpain, which slows neurite outgrowth and promotes repulsive growth cone turning upon local activation. Active calpain alters the balance between tyrosine kinase and phosphatase activities in filopodia, resulting in a net decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation, which mediates both filopodial stabilization and reduced lamellipodial protrusion. Our findings indicate that locally generated Ca2+ signals repel axon outgrowth through calpain-dependent regulation …