Microbiology Commons^™

Lipid Metabolism During Bacterial Growth, Sporulation, And Germination: An Obligate Nutritional Requirement In Bacillus Thuringiensis For Compounds That Stimulate Fatty Acid Synthesis, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Lee A. Bulla Jr.

Papers in Microbiology

The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis by compounds that are required for growth of Bacillus thuringiensis was investigated using an in vivo assay developed to measure fatty acid synthesis in germinating spores. A minimal glucoseammonium- salts medium does not support growth even though previous radiorespirometric studies have shown B. thuringiensis to possess intact tricarboxylic acid and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathways. Abundant growth does occur, however, when this medium is supplemented with either glutamate, aspartate, citrate, thiosulfate, cystine, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Cells held under non-growing conditions incorporate acetate into fatty acids; fatty acid synthesis is stimulated by the compounds that permit growth. These …

Lipid Metabolism During Bacterial Growth, Sporulation, And Germination: Kinetics Of Fatty Acid And Macromolecular Synthesis During Spore Germination And Outgrowth Of Bacillus Thuringiensis, Kenneth W. Nickerson, John De Pinto, Lee A. Bulla Jr.

Papers in Microbiology

The timing and kinetics of fatty acid synthesis are delineated for Bacillus thuringiensis spore germination and outgrowth by analyzing [U-¹⁴C ]acetate and [2-³H ]glycerol incorporation into chloroform-methanol-extractable and trichloroacetic acid-precipitable lipids. In addition to measurement of pulsed and continuous labeling of fatty acids, monitoring the incorporation of radioactive phenylalanine, thymidine, and uridine from the onset of germination through first cell division provides a profile of biochemical activities related to membrane differentiation and cellular development. Upon germination, ribonucleic acid synthesis is initiated, immediately followed by rapid and extensive fatty acid synthesis that in turn precedes protein, deoxyribonucleic …

Karyotype Of Geomys Pinetis (Mammalia: Geomyidae), With A Discussion Of The Chromosomal Relationships Within The Genus, S. L. Williams, Hugh H. Genoways

University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers

Summary. Four of the five subspecies of Geomys pinetis were karyotyped. All specimens examined had a diploid number of 42 and a fundamental number of 80. This karyotype was compared with the described karyotypes of other species of Geomys and was considered to be derived from an ancestoral form having a karyotype of about 70 acrocentric elements.

Physiology Of Sporeforming Bacteria Associated With Insects: Minimal Nutritional Requirements For Growth, Sporulation, And Parasporal Crystal Formation Of Bacillus Thuringiensis., Kenneth W. Nickerson, Lee A. Bulla Jr.

Papers in Microbiology

A defined medium is described in which 18 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis representing the 12 established serotypes grow, sporulate, and produce a parasporal crystal. This minimal medium contains glucose and salts supplemented with either aspartate, glutamate, or citrate. These organic acids are required and cannot be replaced by vitamin mixtures or succinate even though succinate is taken up at a rate similar to that of aspartate, glutamate, and citrate.

Physiology Of Sporeforming Bacteria Associated With Insects: Radiorespirometric Survey Of Carbohydrate Metabolism In The 12 Serotypes Of Bacillus Thuringiensis, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Grant St. Julian, Lee A. Bulla Jr.

Papers in Microbiology

Radiorespirometry was used to compare the primary pathways of glucose catabolism in 18 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis representing the 12 established serotypes. Every strain utilizes the Embden-Meyerhof-Pamas pathway almost exclusively; pentose-phosphate pathway participation is minor. The Embden- Meyerhof-Parnas pathway predominates regardless of whether the cells were grown in a minimal medium or one containing yeast extract. The results indicate that the absolute requirement for citrate and related compounds is not a result of defective citrate or glucose transport and metabolism.

Sporulation Of Bacillus Thuringiensis Without Concurrent Derepression Of The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Kenneth W. Nickerson, John De Pinto, Lee A. Bulla Jr.

Papers in Microbiology

Bacillus thuringiensis sporulates in a glucose-glutamate medium without concurrent derepression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Glutamate appears to regulate tricarboxylic acid cycle activity as well as to influence spore heat resistance and production of dipicolinic acid.

A Circular Dichroic Study Of Cu (Ii) -Ribonuclease Complexes, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Kensal E. Van Holde

Papers in Microbiology

The visible and ultraviolet circular dichroic (CD) spectra resulting from the interaction of ribonuclease with successive Cu(I1) ions have been recorded under a variety of conditions. At pH 7 in the presence of 0.16 M KC1 a broad, negative band was found in the visible region. This band increased in intensity and changed in shape as successive coppers were added. The circular dichroic spectra could be analyzed in terms of two kinds of binding sites: a single strong site with CD minimum at about 710 nm, and four weaker sites with CD minimum at about 600 nm. The binding constants …

Comparison Of The Direct Agglutination And Indirect Hemagglutination Tests In The Determination Of Blood Serum Titers To Escherichia Coli Organisms, I. A. Schipper, Clayton L. Kelling, H. Ebeltoft, D. Graves

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

A comparison of the direct agglutination test and the indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of blood serum antibodies to Escherichia coli organisms indicated that these serological tests were comparable. In some instances the indirect hemagglutination test provided higher endpoint readings. Preparation of the antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test was more time consuming than for the direct agglutination test. Crude extract and purified polysaccharides were comparable as red blood cell sensitizing agents.

Control Of Pantothenate Accumulation In Agrobacterium Tumefaciens, Tsuneo Kaneshiro, Larry O. Arthur, Kenneth W. Nickerson

Papers in Microbiology

Two pantothenate-requiring mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens have been isolated. One of them (strain WMP-1) is unusual in that growth levels equivalent to the parent strain are achieved only when the medium is additionally supplemented with aspartate or another compound related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Extracts of cells grown on limiting aspartate were found to contain four times more ¹⁴IC-pantothenate than th6se grown at optimal aspartate concentrations. This difference was found in both the perchloric acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions, presumably the coenzyme A pool and acyl carrier protein, respectively. These findings are discussed in terms of membrane integrity and …

Peptidoglycan Differences In Strains Of Bacillus Cereus Constitutive And Inducible For Penicillinase Production, Kenneth W. Nickerson, Richard A. Day

Papers in Microbiology

Strains of Bacillus cereus differing in penicillinase production were shown to possess cell walls of differing muramic acid contents.

Antigenic Relationships In Seven Strains Of Tetrahymena, W.E. Engelhard, B.W. Mccashland

Papers in Microbiology

Tetrahymena, along with other genera of the family Frontoniidae, have been the subject of many scientific investigations concerning problems in protozoan physiology. Unfortunately in many instances, difficulty arises when attempting to identify properly the form that was used in the particular study. Until rather recently, relatively little had been accomplished by way of a comprehensive study of the interrelated genera, and of these very few have dealt with taxonomic problems serologically.

Transferable Drug Resistance Among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Human Urinary Tract Infections, Donna G. Sieckmann, Norman D. Reed, Carl E. Georgi

Papers in Microbiology

Fifteen sulfonamide-resistant cultures isolated from urinary tract infections in eastern Nebraska were screened for transferable drug resistance by three methods. Seven of the 15 resistant cultures could transfer resistance of varying levels to two or more chemotherapeutic agents. Transfer of drug resistance occurred without accompanying transfer of chromosomal traits and required cell to cell contact. In mixed culture, the number of drug-resistant recipients increased exponentially, reaching a plateau 2 hr after mixing. Spontaneous or artificial elimination of resistance was found to be a rare event. In addition, several drug-sensitive isolates from urinary tract infections were shown to be competent recipients …

Relationship Between Protein And Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis During Outgrowth Of Spores Of Bacillus Cereus, S. Rodenberg, W. Steinberg, J. Piper, Kenneth W. Nickerson, J. Vary, R. Epstein, H.O. Halvorson

Papers in Microbiology

The rate of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis was examined during the outgrowth of spores of Bacillus cereus T in a chemically defined medium. RNA synthesis started 2.5 min after the initiation of germination, and protein synthesis after 4 min. Addition of a complete amino acid supplement and uracil supported high rates of RNA and protein synthesis throughout outgrowth. To determine the relationship between the rate of protein (k) and RNA synthesis, the kinetics of formation of various classes of RNA were followed during outgrowth. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) comprised a relatively constant fraction of the total RNA …

Lethal Action Of Ribonuclease For Thermophilic Bacilli, T.L. Thompson, J.M. Shively

Papers in Microbiology

THOMPSON, T. L. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln), AND J. M. SHIVELY. Lethal action of ribonuclease for thermophilic bacilli. J. Bacteriol 91:673-676. 1966.-Exposure of a thermophilic bacillus, NU 47, to 0.2 μg/ml of pancreatic ribonuclease resulted in a drastic reduction of viable cells. The observed lethality is thought to be associated specifically with the ribonuclease, since heat treatment did not diminish activity and the addition of ribonucleic acid to the cells completely eliminated the action of the enzyme. Cells from 2-hr cultures, buffered between pH 6.0 and 7.0, were most sensitive. The lethal action was most pronounced when cells were …

Calcium Ion Requirement For Proliferation Of Bacteriophage Φμ-4, Fred Shafia, T.L. Thompson

Papers in Microbiology

SHAFIA, FRED (University of Nebraska, Lincoln), AND T. L. THOMPSON. Calcium ion requirement for proliferation of bacteriophage Φμ-4. J. Bacteriol. 88:293-296. 1964.-Divalent ions are essential for proliferation of phage Φμ-4. Small amounts of citrate interfere with efficient adsorption of phage to the host cells. Penetration of phage material into the cell is strictly dependent on divalent ions and is inhibited by low levels of citrate. Inhibition of infection can be partially reversed, in early latent period, by calcium ions. Synthesis of new phage particles is also dependent on divalent ions. Addition of citrate to infected cell suspensions significantly reduced the …

Isolation And Preliminary Characterization Of Bacteriophage Φμ-4, Fred Shafia, T.L. Thompson

Papers in Microbiology

Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriophage Φμ-4. J. Bacteriol. 87:999-1002. 1964.-Bacteriophage Φμ-4 was isolated from lysogenic Bacillus stearothermophilus NU strain 4, and was propagated in strain 10 of the same species. The phage was extremely host-specific. One of the 23 strains of thermophiles screened for susceptibility supported phage replication. Plaque-forming efficiency of Φμ-4 depended on the agar medium employed and the temperature of incubation. Generally, media which resulted in restricted growth of the host cells on agar plates were most satisfactory for plaque formation. A latent period of 35 min was terminated in cell lysis and release of about 175 …

Some Characteristics Of A Purified Heat-Stable Aldolase, P.J. Thompson, T.L. Thompson

Papers in Microbiology

THOMPSON, P. J. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln) AND T. L. THOMPSON. Some characteristics of a purified heat-stable aldolase. J. Bacteriol. 84:694-700. 1962-Aldolase from a thermophilic strain of bacteria was obtained in a state of high purity. Heat studies of purified aldolases from cells cultivated at 45 and 65 C showed them equally stable at 70 C for 1 hr. Metal-ion and chelate studies indicated that thermal aldolase is metal ion-independent. Carboxypeptidase did not alter activity or specificity. The enzyme was specific for fructose- 1, 6-diphosphate. Hydrazine was found inhibitory in the assay procedure. The inhibition was independent of pH over …

Malic Dehydrogenase Activity At 101 C Under Hydrostatic Pressure, Richard Y. Morita, Roger D. Haight

Papers in Microbiology

MORITA, RICHARD Y. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln) AND ROGER D. HAIGHT. Malic dehydrogenase activitv at 101 C under hydrostatic pressure. J. Bacteriol. 83:1341-1346. 1962.-No malic dehydrogenase activity was found to occur at 101 C at various hydrostatic pressures from 1 to 700 atm. However, activity was demonstrated with hydrostatic pressures above 700 atm, with optimal activity at 1,300 atm at the same temperature. Explanation of the data is based upon thermal denaturation of the enzyme, which involves a molecular volume increase of the enzyme. The molecular volume increase is counteracted by hydrostatic pressure. Pressures above 700 atm to 1,500 atm …

Interaction Between The Parameters Of Hydrostatic Pressure And Temperature On Aspartase Of Escherichia Coli, Roger D. Haight, Richard Y. Morita

Papers in Microbiology

HAIGHT, ROGER D. (University of Nebraska, Lincoln) AND RICHARD Y. MORITA. Interaction between the parameters of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on aspartase of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 83:112-120. 1962.-The data obtained from studies of an aspartase preparation and aspartase in cells of Escherichia coli indicate that there is an interaction between the parameters of hydrostatic pressure and temperature. Pressure was found to decrease aspartase activity at 45 C and lower in vitro and below 53 C in vivo, thereby indicating that when the enzymesubstrate complex is formed there is an increase in molecular volume which is counteracted by pressure. Above …

The Coexistence Of Pathogens And Pseudomonads In Soluble Oil Emulsions, R. Samuel-Maharajah, Hilliard Pivnik, W.E. Engelhard, Sheila Templeton

Papers in Microbiology

This investigation is concerned primarily with the growth and virulence of pathogenic bacteria introduced into soluble oil emulsions. The soluble oils are petroleum or fatty oils emulsified with soaps of petroleum sulfonic acids, naphthenic acids, fatty acids, rosin, or tall oil. When mixed with water, the soluble oils form stable oil-in-water emulsions and, as such, are used in machine shops as coolants and lubricants in the cutting and grinding of metals. Unfortunately, they serve as excellent substrates for the growth of bacteria.

Pustule Formation By Lactobacilli On Fermented Vegetables, T.L. Thompson, W.E. Engelhard, Hilliard Pivnik

Papers in Microbiology

Genuine dill pickles are the product resulting from the fermentation, predominantly lactic, of cucumbers immersed in a brine containing 3 to 4 per cent salt. The brine also contains dill weed and may contain spices and garlic or extracts of their essential oils. Genuine dill tomatoes are manufactured from green tomatoes by a fermentation similar to that used for pickles (Fabian and Wadsworth, 1944).
Lactobacillus plantarum is commonly associated with the fermentation of pickles (Pederson, 1936), although other lactobacilli and some yeasts undoubtedly play a role. A survery of the literature failed to uncover any reports concerning the microbial flora …

The Production Of 2, 3-Butanediol By Fermentation Of Sugar Beet Molasses, Keith B. Mccall, Carl E. Georgi

Papers in Microbiology

The production of 2,3-butanediol from natural materials by fermentation offers a practical and economical method for obtaining appreciable quantities of this important chemical. A variety of substrates have been used satisfactorily such as wood hydrolyzates (Perlman,1944), wheat (Katznelson, 1944.; Ledingham et al., 1945; Ward et al., 1945) and corn (Ward et al., 1945). The use of several grades of beet molasses prepared from home-grown beets has been reported by British (Freeman and Morrison, 1947) and Canadian workers (Anastassiadis and Wheat, 1953). Excellent yields were obtained which compared favorably with those resulting from the use of pure sucrose.

Although the characteristics …

The Growth Of Pathogenic Bacteria In Soluble Oil Emulsions, Hilliard Pivnik, W.E. Engelhard, T.L. Thompson

Papers in Microbiology

Mineral oils, when emulsified with materials such as soaps of petroleum sulfonates, fatty acids, abietic acid or resin, are referred to as soluble oils. These oils, mixed with water, form stable emulsions which are universally employed as coolants and lubricants for drilling, cutting, and grinding of metals. In addition to the emulsifying agent, soluble oils may also contain fatty oils, disinfectants and emulsion stabilizers.
The oils supplied by the manufacturer are sterile, but when mixed with water in the machine shop they support microbial growth (Duffet et al., 1943; Fabian and Pivnick, 1953; Lee and Chandler, 1941; Page and Bushnell, …

Microorganisms And Soil Structure, T. M. Mccalla

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

SUMMARY

Laboratory tests were made to determine the effectiveness of different compounds and microbial groups in increasing the stability of Peorian loess lumps against the action of falling water drops. The influence of these on percolation tests in the laboratory was also determined.

Many organic substances-dextrose, sucrose, starch, peptone, cullulose, and gum arabic-did not themselves contribute directly to soil-structure stability, though these substances do furnish energy material for soil microorganisms, which can convert them readily into either microbial tissue or decomposition products that increase soil-structure stability. Lignin, proteins, oils, fats, waxes, resin, and paraffin increased the stability of lumps of …

Distribution Of Microorganisms In The Soil As Affected By Plowing And Subtilling Crop Residues, Roy C. Dawson, Virginia T. Dawson, T. M. Mccalla

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

The purpose of this investigation was primarily to determine what effects rate and method of application of residues have on the distribution of microorganisms within the plow-depth layer of soil.

Riboflavin Production By Molds, George L. Peltier, Raymond Borchers

Papers in Microbiology

Very little information is at hand regarding the ability of molds to synthesize riboflavin. Few citations pertaining directly to riboflavin production by true molds are available.2 Pontovich (1943) found as much as 2 mg riboflavin per g of Aspergillus flavus mycelium. Tanner et at. (1945) determined the quantity of riboflavin in the submerged fermentation media of Penicillium chrysogenum. The highest value found was 1. 36 mg per ml. The primary purpose of this study was to screen several hundred isolates, recently obtained from soil, crop residues, and composts, for their ability to produce riboflavin on a wheat bran substrate.

Studies On The Validity Of Swine Erysipelas Culture-Vaccines, L. Van Es, J. F. Olney, I. C. Blore

Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station: Historical Research Bulletins

In countries where vaccination against swine erysipelas has been practiced during the last half century, there is a consensus among veterinarians that the best results are obtained when the live culture-vaccine is not only fresh and highly virulent but is endowed also with a good capacity for growth on artificial culture media. Apparently avirulent culture-vaccines are apt to engender only a transitory immunity or fail altogether. The problem presented by undesirable culture-vaccines was deemed to be of such importance to the swine industry that this Station undertook a series of experiments, to determine what influences might be accountable for the …

The Relation Between Metabolism And Potassium Cyanide Inhibition In Pelomyxa Carolinensis, Tatsuru Eugene Kimura

Open Access Master's Theses (through 2010)

1. Introductlon ( Respiratory System)

2. Introduction ( Protozoan Experiments)

3. Materials and Method

a . Experimental Organism

b. Barcroft-Warburg Micro-respirometer

c. Manometric Calibration

4 . Results

a . The Effect ot Temperature

b. The Effect of Potassium Cyanlde

5 . Discussion

6. Summary

7. Bibliography

The thesis investigates the following problems: (1) whether or not there is any correlation between temperature change and respiratory quotient, (2) whether or not respiratory inhibition by cyanides is influenced by temperature, and (3) whether or not the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase type of respiratory system is concerned chiefly with carbohydrate metabolism in Pelomyxa carolinensis.

Sources Of Amylase-Producing Bacteria, George L. Peltier, L.D. Beckord

Papers in Microbiology

In the search for bacteria possessing high amylolytic activity, some thousand or more isolates were screened on soluble starch agar and the extent of their activities determined qualitatively by the loss of medium response to Lugol's iodine solution. The selected isolates were then grown on a liquid wheat bran medium and the resulting starch-dextrinizing activity measured quantitatively. No attempt was made to determine the properties of the various amylases. The primary purpose of this report is to point out the original sources from which the isolates were made and to correlate the nature of the substrates with the extent of …

The Effects Of Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, And Pressure On Growth In Chilomonas Paramecium And Tetrahymena Geleii Furgason, D.M. Pace, R.L. Ireland

Papers in Microbiology

The effects of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pressure on animal organisms have been widely studied, but most of the investigations in this field concern chiefly the effects of extreme, especially high, atmospheric pressures on blood changes, respiration, length of life, etc., in Vertebrates.

Very few detailed observations have been made on the relation between oxygen tension or carbon dioxide tension and growth in Protozoa. The few investigations that have been carried out are concerned primarily with the effect of these gases on respiration although some observations have been made on the relation of aerobic and anaerobic conditions and growth in …