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2023

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Articles 451 - 480 of 597

Full-Text Articles in Kinesiology

Developing Sustainable Snow Sports Education Programs For Adolescent Participation, Zhaofei Chen, Wei Zuo, Hongwei Guan Feb 2023

Developing Sustainable Snow Sports Education Programs For Adolescent Participation, Zhaofei Chen, Wei Zuo, Hongwei Guan

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Following Beijing’s winning bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, winter sports have ushered in a great development opportunity for adolescents in China. Beijing initiated the Ice and Snow Sports on Campus Program in 2016, however, one of the challenges is that the lack of quality snow sports instructors and access to ski resorts is limiting sustainable programs. Greek Peak Ski Resort, located in upstate NY, has a successful history of running snow sport educational programs that Beijing may be able to learn from. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the Ice and Snow Sports …

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The Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skills And Physical Fitness In Children Aged 7-12 Years, Caifang Wu, Xiaozan Wang, Qinping Xu, Lingsong Kong Feb 2023

The Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skills And Physical Fitness In Children Aged 7-12 Years, Caifang Wu, Xiaozan Wang, Qinping Xu, Lingsong Kong

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between fundamental motor skills (FMS) and physical fitness (PF) in children aged 7-12 years. The participants were 217 children (50.7% female) from a primary school in Shanghai. The FMS was assessed using Chinese version Test of Gross Motor Development–3 edition (CTGMD-3), which includes 6 locomotor skills and 7 ball skills. PF was measured following China’s national physical health standards for students, which includes BMI, vital capacity, sit and reach, 50m sprint, one-minute rope jumping, one-minute sit-ups and 50m * 8 shuttle run. The weighted score of the 7 tests was …

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Effect Of Exercise Intervention On Social Ability Of Adhd Children, Haoye Shen, Xiaozan Wang, Meiyuan Chen, Xizhe Bai, Xinyue Mao, Hao Li, Yiang Yuan Feb 2023

Effect Of Exercise Intervention On Social Ability Of Adhd Children, Haoye Shen, Xiaozan Wang, Meiyuan Chen, Xizhe Bai, Xinyue Mao, Hao Li, Yiang Yuan

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The incidence rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is 7.25% in China. The main symptoms are attention deficit laxation, behavior impulsivity, social disorder and so on. Children aged 3-6 are in the golden age of social ability development. Therefore, if ADHD children at this age do not get correct and effective interventions, it will have a far-reaching impact on their social ability. In order to explore new intervention measures for ADHD children and improve their social ability, this study will intervene ADHD children through sports intervention, so as to provide theoretical and experimental basis for improving their social ability. …

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The Effects Of Yoga On College Students' Mental Health: A Systematic Review, Jiang Yumei, Pu Yingya, Shen Bo, Ding Chen Feb 2023

The Effects Of Yoga On College Students' Mental Health: A Systematic Review, Jiang Yumei, Pu Yingya, Shen Bo, Ding Chen

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The mental health of college students is an increasingly serious public health problem. Effective and healthy interventions are needed. More and more research has been conducted on yoga, but there are few randomized controlled trials (RTC) on effects of yoga intervention on students' mental health. Therefore, this study examined effects of quality of yoga intervention on mental health in college students. We used PubMed (Medline), Cochrane, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and WanFang Database to search randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of yoga intervention in college students' mental health. After the screening, 17 articles …

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Intervention Relationship In Sleep In Fitness Yoga, Xue Liying Feb 2023

Intervention Relationship In Sleep In Fitness Yoga, Xue Liying

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

With the acceleration of the development of modern science and technology, material production and spiritual production and their products have become alien forces and gradually the ruling tools, People have gradually become the products of science and technology. In this case, pressure and anxiety lead to increased insomnia among people year by year. This paper aims to study the role of fitness yoga in improving sleep disorders and sleep quality in contemporary people. Using fitness yoga and sleep as the keywords, we searched CNKI, Weibo, Wanfang, and other databases. Relevant master's theses and doctoral dissertations, journal articles, conference abstracts and …

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Effects Of Personalized Aerobic-Exercise And Resistance-Training Prescriptions On College Students With Anxiety During The Covid-19, Yuanhui Zhao, Wenxing Wang, Fang Gao, Bowen Cui, Chun Hu, Wenlang Yu, Mengdie Wang, Hong Ren Feb 2023

Effects Of Personalized Aerobic-Exercise And Resistance-Training Prescriptions On College Students With Anxiety During The Covid-19, Yuanhui Zhao, Wenxing Wang, Fang Gao, Bowen Cui, Chun Hu, Wenlang Yu, Mengdie Wang, Hong Ren

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The COVID-19 pandemic has seriously increased anxiety prevalence among the public, including Chinese college students. However, many exercises cannot be performed as usual under the stay-at-home order. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of personalized individual aerobic-exercise and resistance-training prescriptions on anxiety in college students during the COVID-19. This was a 12-week three-arm randomized control trial using the intention-to-treat principle. Sixty-six college students with anxiety were recruited and randomized into aerobic-exercise (AE), resistance-training (RT), and health-education group (HE). AE and RT groups also received health education. Measures on anxiety and physical activity included Zung …

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Effects Of Dragon Boating Intervention On Physical Function And Psychological Health Of Breast Cancer Survivors, Bang Wang, Hongying Wang Feb 2023

Effects Of Dragon Boating Intervention On Physical Function And Psychological Health Of Breast Cancer Survivors, Bang Wang, Hongying Wang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Exercise is important to counteract negative physical and emotional effects of breast cancer treatments. Dragon boating, a traditional sports event in China, has become a popular rehabilitation methods of breast cancer. This study examines effects of a dragon boating intervention on physical functioning and psychological health in breast cancer survivors. Breast cancer survivors (N = 40) were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). The intervention group participated in a dragon boating intervention twice a week over a period of 14 weeks, with each lasted for 75 minutes and at a rate of …

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Influence Of Intergenerational Parenting On Gross Motor Skills Among Children Aged 3-6 Years Old, Jiachen Lu, Xue Zhang, Yaohui He Feb 2023

Influence Of Intergenerational Parenting On Gross Motor Skills Among Children Aged 3-6 Years Old, Jiachen Lu, Xue Zhang, Yaohui He

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The stage of 3-6 years old is a critical period for the development of children's gross motor skills, influencing their growth and development. Intergenerational parenting is a common way of family education in China. Studies have shown that the rough intergenerational parenting concept and limited energy of the elderly reduce the quality of life of the children under care (Qimeng Jiang, Nan Zhou, 2020). However, no research focused on the influence of intergenerational parenting on gross motor skills. This study aimed to explore the influence of different intergenerational parenting style on gross motor skills among children aged 3-6 years old. …

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Study On The Influencing Factors Of College Students' Physical Health, Yuan Shang, Zhendong Zhang, Ying Zhang, Yonghuan Chen, Hangqi Zhang Feb 2023

Study On The Influencing Factors Of College Students' Physical Health, Yuan Shang, Zhendong Zhang, Ying Zhang, Yonghuan Chen, Hangqi Zhang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the changes of college students' physical health and the relevant influencing factors, and provide the basis for the school to formulate reasonable measures to improve students' physical health. A total of 13052 undergraduate students (including 6852 male and 6173 female) from the city of Zhengzhou in Henan province were recruited for the purpose of the study. Mathematical statistics, literature review, questionnaire investigation, and logic analysis were adopted. In terms of body shape, BMI index of both male and female undergraduates increased, and the T test of BMI index showed significant difference (P …

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The Development Of College Ice Hockey In China: Leveraging The Success For Beijing 2022, Hongxin Li, Yunchao Bai Feb 2023

The Development Of College Ice Hockey In China: Leveraging The Success For Beijing 2022, Hongxin Li, Yunchao Bai

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

After winning the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, ice hockey has become more popular in colleges in China. However, the challenges to college hockey’s development in China are not surprising as new markets tend to experience struggles due to the fluidity of logics (Thornton & Ocasio, 2008) and issues of establishing legitimacy (Deephouse & Suchman, 2008). Considering this, those hoping to establish new sport institutions within untapped contexts are burdened with the arduous task of simultaneously creating and maintaining institutional structures while working to establish legitimacy (Washington, 2004). In this study, we draw from the concept of institutional …

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An Analysis Of The Construction And Development Of ‘Starry Star’ Training Camp In Zhengzhou City, Zhaoxin Ma, Ling Niu, Xinyue Kong, Yongqiang Chang, Zhiying Guo Feb 2023

An Analysis Of The Construction And Development Of ‘Starry Star’ Training Camp In Zhengzhou City, Zhaoxin Ma, Ling Niu, Xinyue Kong, Yongqiang Chang, Zhiying Guo

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Since 2017, the Ministry of Education has taken the lead in establishing the 'Starry Star' pilot training camp. As a leading city of school football campaign/activity, Zhengzhou City takes up heavy responsibility of continuously promoting the rapid development of school football in Henan Province. This paper adopts such methodologies such as literature, fieldwork, mathematical statistics and logical analysis to identify the weaknesses in the current phase of construction and to make reasonable recommendations according to policies and the actual situation for pointing out the direction for the future development. In terms of organizational leadership, all relevant policies and documents are …

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Effects Of Soft Golf On Physical Fitness Of Children Aged 4 To 5 Years, Qingyue Lin, Wangyang Yu, Hongying Wang Feb 2023

Effects Of Soft Golf On Physical Fitness Of Children Aged 4 To 5 Years, Qingyue Lin, Wangyang Yu, Hongying Wang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Playing golf is good for health. Previous studies found that golf training can improve performance such as muscle strength, endurance, balance, and agility. Constitution is the important foundation of national and social development, and children are the key period of constitution development. At present, there are few studies on the influence of golf on children's physical fitness. This study explored the influence of 16-week soft golf exercise intervention on the physical health of 4–5-year-old children. Sixty children aged 4-5 years old were recruited from a kindergarten school in Shanghai, China with means of age at 4.56±0.54 and height at 112.72±3.96. …

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Research Progress And Trend Of School Sport Psychology, Bingbing Zhong, Haichun Sun, Jun Yan Feb 2023

Research Progress And Trend Of School Sport Psychology, Bingbing Zhong, Haichun Sun, Jun Yan

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The Outline of Healthy China 2030 Plan clearly proposed to develop youth and adolescent physical health intervention plan. School physical education/sports not only plays a major role in promoting a physically active lifestyle among school students, it can also make a significant contribution to the Healthy China 2030 Plan. Previous research has indicated school sport psychology as an important area to provide quality physical education programs. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the research progress and trend of school sport psychology to inform future research practice and identify effective strategies for physical activity participation. All relevant literature …

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Research On Postgraduates’ Physical Exercise Behavior And Motivation, Liting Pang, Qinghua Guo, Zhanchen Ye, Jilong Yang Feb 2023

Research On Postgraduates’ Physical Exercise Behavior And Motivation, Liting Pang, Qinghua Guo, Zhanchen Ye, Jilong Yang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

In China, graduate students are facing heavy pressure from study, work and life. In order to change this situation, many colleges and universities have set up PE elective courses, but the proportion of elective courses is generally low, and the health status of students has not been fundamentally improved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current situation and motivation of Postgraduates' physical exercise, and explore ways to attract more postgraduates to participate in physical exercise and promote their health. The study mainly adopts the methods of experiment and questionnaire. Two classes of students who chose PE elective …

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The Present Situation And Future Prospect Of Online Fitness In The Post-Epidemic Era, Tang Xiao, Lu Yongkang Feb 2023

The Present Situation And Future Prospect Of Online Fitness In The Post-Epidemic Era, Tang Xiao, Lu Yongkang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

After the COVID-19 epidemic broke out around the world, large-scale home isolations have restricted the activities of ordinary residents. Therefore, online activities have become more frequent and online fitness have ushered in a new round of large-scale rise. The concept of national fitness has gradually rooted in the hearts of the people. The 14th five-year Plan of the people's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the outline of long-term goals for 2035 further make it clear that it is necessary to create new advantages in the digital economy and promote the digital transformation of the industry. …

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A Review Of Research On The Potential Value And Realistic Dilemma For Homework In Physical Education, Yue Xu, Chenyu Jia, Zhihua Yin Feb 2023

A Review Of Research On The Potential Value And Realistic Dilemma For Homework In Physical Education, Yue Xu, Chenyu Jia, Zhihua Yin

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Homework in physical education (PE) has become a central strategy of educational reform movements (Novak & Lynott, 2015). A Chinese policy called “the Double Reduction” provides an opportunity for the implementation of PE homework. There are abundant studies about homework in subjects like English, Math, Science, etc., but relatively few studies have been devoted specifically to PE homework. The primary purpose of this study was to analyze the value and dilemma of PE homework, with the goal of identifying the major contributions to the research knowledge base. We followed three parts to conduct the review: a) literature was searched using …

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Characteristics And International Enlightenment Of Adolescent Physical Literacy Cultivation In Wales, Han Meng, Zhihua Yin Feb 2023

Characteristics And International Enlightenment Of Adolescent Physical Literacy Cultivation In Wales, Han Meng, Zhihua Yin

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

School education has focused on the fields of students’ literacy instead of specific subjects. The cultivation of physical literacy (PL) is gaining more and more attention in western countries, but few studies on this topic were found in China. The purpose of this research was to unfold the experience of Welsh adolescent PL and to provide enlightenment to China. This study analyzed the cultivation of Welsh adolescents’ PL through literature, logical analysis, and semi-structured interviews with eleven experts. The constant comparative method was used to analyze interview transcripts for common themes. During analysis, triangulation, negative case checks, member checks, and …

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Effects Of High Intensity Interval Training On Children’S Health And Physical Fitness, Jinlong Xie, Yilan Li Feb 2023

Effects Of High Intensity Interval Training On Children’S Health And Physical Fitness, Jinlong Xie, Yilan Li

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The effect of high intensity interval training on children’s health is the focus of experts and scholars worldwide. After the outline of “Building a Strong Country in Sports” was issued in 2019, China’s attention to sports has reached a peak. However, the proportion of obese or myopic children in schools at all levels is still high, and the problem of low physical fitness of Chinese students is still serious. The purpose of this study was to review previous studies to explore the effects of high intensity interval training on children’s health and physical fitness. We reviewed relevant literature both in …

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Measuring Invariance Of Theory Of Planned Behavior Model On Online Fitness Program Participation During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Ran Wei, Yuanlong Liu, Brooks Applegate, Colin Cork Feb 2023

Measuring Invariance Of Theory Of Planned Behavior Model On Online Fitness Program Participation During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Ran Wei, Yuanlong Liu, Brooks Applegate, Colin Cork

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most frequently cited and most influential models to explain and predict human intentions and behaviors (Ajzen, 1991, 2011; Kim & James, 2016), which include physical activity and exercise. However, the dimensionality of TPB has not been examined in the context of online fitness program (OFP) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the TPB measurement parameters of the factorial models and determine the generalizability of the psychological constructs of the TPB model on gender groups and whether COVID-19 affected annual income groups. The participants were …

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Research On Evaluation Index System Of Sports Events Over Urban Development Based On Symbiosis Theory, Hanzhi Dai Feb 2023

Research On Evaluation Index System Of Sports Events Over Urban Development Based On Symbiosis Theory, Hanzhi Dai

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

With the development of economic globalization, sports events have become a strategic tool that is used for enhancing the competitiveness of the city and achieving the government’s goal. Nowadays, a myriad of cities takes organizing sports events as the goal of urban development. However, what is the relationship between sporting events and urban development? How to build an evaluation index system to measure the relationship between urban development and sports events? How are sports events coordinated with urban development? These issues have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This study attempts to analyze the relationship and mechanism between urban development and …

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History, Development, And Enlightenment Of Adapted Physical Education National Standards, Yuting Song, Cuixiang Dong, Liu Ji Feb 2023

History, Development, And Enlightenment Of Adapted Physical Education National Standards, Yuting Song, Cuixiang Dong, Liu Ji

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

As the total number and proportion of individuals with disabilities worldwide are increasing, the international community is paying more and more attention to the equal education rights of individuals with disabilities. Since the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act issued in 1975, physical education (PE) played a significant part in special education. According to the requirements of the United States federal legislation, a national certification examination system has been established and developed subsequently to better promote the development of physical education for children with disabilities. The National Consortium for Physical Education for Individuals with Disabilities (NCPEID) has formulated the Adapted Physical …

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Relationship Between Physical Activity And Mental Health In Chinese Engineering College Students During Covid-19, Zongyu Liu, Xiuhan Zhao Feb 2023

Relationship Between Physical Activity And Mental Health In Chinese Engineering College Students During Covid-19, Zongyu Liu, Xiuhan Zhao

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The issue of mental health among college students is concerning during COVID-19 outbreak. Since engineering college students are vulnerable to mental health issues, the objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the relationship between physical activity, parental psychological control, basic psychological needs, anxiety, and mental health in Chinese engineering college students during COVID-19 pandemic; and (2) to examine the mediation effect of anxiety between the relationship of basic psychological needs and mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted among several universities in Shandong Province, China. We randomly selected 254 Chinese engineering college students. Participants completed the Physical Activity Rating …

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The Restrictive Factors And Practical Path Of Sports-Medical Integration Under The Background Of Covid-19 Pandemic, Yonghuan Chen, Yanan Jiang, Xiangning Yan Feb 2023

The Restrictive Factors And Practical Path Of Sports-Medical Integration Under The Background Of Covid-19 Pandemic, Yonghuan Chen, Yanan Jiang, Xiangning Yan

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

This paper explored the restrictive factors of realizing the integration of sports and medicine in China under the background of “COVID-19 pandemic” and analyzed the path of realizing the integration of sports and medicine by combining it with “Healthy China” strategy and “National Fitness Program”. We used document and expert interview method. In the new era, people’s desire for a better life has become the most extensive demand, and the sudden outbreak of epidemic makes people’s demand for health become the first demand. The importance of people’s health raises “Healthy China” as the national development strategy, which has become the …

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Experimental Research On The Teaching Mode Of Cooperation And Competition In Physical Education, Xuelin Pang, Zhengze Zhang Feb 2023

Experimental Research On The Teaching Mode Of Cooperation And Competition In Physical Education, Xuelin Pang, Zhengze Zhang

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

There are great differences in skill levels among students in the class. It should be the focus of our work to improve students to the greatest extent through teaching, gradually narrow the gap between individuals, and improve the overall teaching quality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the teaching mode of cooperation and competition. The research group conducted two rounds of teaching experiments in Harbin Engineering University. The first round of experiments adopted an equal group pre-test and post-test experimental design. Solomon’s four group design was used in the second round of experiment. The …

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Effects Of Peer Support On Body Composition And Circumference In Chinese University Students, Chuhao Li, Lin Chen, Yi Xiang, Yongshen Lu, Shiwei Mo Feb 2023

Effects Of Peer Support On Body Composition And Circumference In Chinese University Students, Chuhao Li, Lin Chen, Yi Xiang, Yongshen Lu, Shiwei Mo

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

This study aimed to understand the effects of adopting peer support in physical education (PE) class on university students’ body composition and circumference. Two university PE classes were recruited and assigned randomly to class with peer support (CWP; n=41; 8 underweight, 23 normal weight, 5 overweight, and 5 obesity; mean age=19.6±1.3yrs; height=169.5±8.0 cm) or class without peer support (CWOP; n=41; 9 underweight, 23 normal weight, 4 overweight, 5 obesity; mean age=19.3±1.1yrs; height=169.1±6.7 cm). Both classes adopted 16 weeks the same bodyweight management program for fitness promotion for 90 min/session/week (15 min warm-up, 60 min main training, 15 min cool-down). Students …

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Difficulties And Solutions Of Intelligent Fitness Assistance Device To Help Students With Weak Physical Fitness, Yucai Liu Feb 2023

Difficulties And Solutions Of Intelligent Fitness Assistance Device To Help Students With Weak Physical Fitness, Yucai Liu

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Intelligent fitness assistance device is an intelligent (electromechanical or other power) assistance device. According to the actual situation of students with weak physical fitness, the device gives intelligent help. In order to reduce the difficulty of fitness and improve the fitness efficiency, this study introduced the relevant theories and technologies in the field of intelligent electromechanical into students' fitness. We collected and sorted out corresponding theories and technologies from the field of physical fitness and the field of intelligent electromechanical assistance, sought the integration point of the two interdisciplinary disciplines, took electromechanical assistance as the main technical support, take students …

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Theoretical Discussions And Pathways Of Including Physical Education In The College Entrance Examination, Xiaoqiang Qian Feb 2023

Theoretical Discussions And Pathways Of Including Physical Education In The College Entrance Examination, Xiaoqiang Qian

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Under the background of the integration of sports and education, the study explored the feasibility and path of including physical education in the College Entrance Examination. Comprehensive literature and expert interviews and other methods were used to analyze the needs of including physical education in the College Entrance Examination. The specific theories are as follows: (a) “including physical education in the College Entrance Examination” can be an important entry point to promote the integration of sports and education and plays a key role of the test baton; (b) Policies that satisfy most stakeholders and conform to public interests at the …

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Analysis And Prospect Of Research Progress Of Health Education Curriculum In China, Xue Wan, Haohui Liu, Zhihua Yin Feb 2023

Analysis And Prospect Of Research Progress Of Health Education Curriculum In China, Xue Wan, Haohui Liu, Zhihua Yin

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) review research results of health education in China and help readers gain a better understanding of the current profiles of research in health education curriculum and 2) provide a theoretical basis for future research in health education curriculum. Using key words such as health education curriculum on Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), we searched and finally obtained 7287 articles. By using the visual analysis function of CNKI, we also analyzed the overall trend of research in Health Education Curriculum. Review of the articles found that the overall trend of research in health …

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Exercise Prescription In Patient With Different Complications Of Leukemia: Recommendations For Clinical Practice, Yanzhong Chen Feb 2023

Exercise Prescription In Patient With Different Complications Of Leukemia: Recommendations For Clinical Practice, Yanzhong Chen

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

Common treatment of leukemia will have side effects on nerve function, affecting the patient's physical function, which makes patients often accompanied by infection, bone and joint pain, fatigue and other symptoms. Exercise can improve the level of body function, enable patients to tolerate stronger chemotherapy during treatment, help improve the survival rate and recovery chances of patients, and has been used as an effective means to promote recovery. Recommendations for leukemia and exercise have been primarily based on the results of existing relevant studies. To provide more targeted recommendations for the leukemia, we gathered evidence for the efficacy of exercise …

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Construction Of Evaluation System Of Effectiveness Of Supply Based On Spatial Perspective, Tienan Song, Haikuo Yu Feb 2023

Construction Of Evaluation System Of Effectiveness Of Supply Based On Spatial Perspective, Tienan Song, Haikuo Yu

International Journal of Physical Activity and Health

The requirement of "building a higher-level National Fitness Public Service system centering on meeting the needs of the people" by the Chinese State Council is to guarantee and satisfy the demand of public through effective supply. However, despite of the clear purpose of the task, there is still a gap between the actual and the expected status of National Fitness Public Service supply. Based on the characteristics of the perspective of space, the purpose of this study is to examine how to measure and achieve the effectiveness of National Fitness Public Service’s supply. By reviewing the literature, relevant results of …

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