Kinesiology Commons^™

Positive Youth Development And Observed Athlete Behavior In Recreational Sport, Matthew Vierimaa, Mark W. Bruner, Jean Côté

Kinesiology and Health Science Faculty Publications

Objectives

Competence, confidence, connection, and character are regarded as outcomes of positive youth development (PYD) in sport. However, the specific athlete behaviors associated with different PYD profiles are not well understood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between athletes' observed behavior during sport competitions and their perceptions of PYD outcomes.

Design

Cross-sectional study with systematic behavioral observation.

Method

Sixty-seven youth athletes were observed during basketball games near the end of their season, and the content of their behavior was systematically coded. Athletes also completed measures of the 4 Cs (competence, confidence connection, and character). A …

Weekly Salivary Biomarkers Across A Season For Elite Men Collegiate Basketball Players, Matthew J. Andre, Andrew C. Fry, Paul E. Luebbers, Andrea Hudy, Patricia R. Dietz, Glenn J. Cain

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 439-451, 2018. The purpose of this study was to monitor weekly the salivary free testosterone (FT), cortisol (C), and the FT/C ratio in elite men NCAA Division I basketball athletes across an entire season. Twelve athletes gave salivary samples for 30 consecutive weeks, beginning in the pre-season and ending one week after the end of post-season competition. Samples were assayed for FT and C. Additionally, a composite value (CBD) composed of Z-scores for weekly practice minutes, game minutes, resistance training repetitions, academic demands, and travel schedules was determined. One-way RM ANOVAs were used to …

Comparison Of Techniques For Tracking Body Composition Changes Across A Basketball Season, Ashley Ploudre, Jerry Mayhew

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 425-438, 2018. Body composition assessment has become an integral part of athletes’ training schedules. Questions remain concerning the accuracy of various methods to track body composition changes over a competitive year cycle. The purpose of this study was to compare various methods of tracking body composition across a college women’s basketball season. Fourteen Division II women (age = 20.1 ± 1.2 y) were measured prior to the season (T1), after pre-season conditioning (T2), at mid-season (T3), and at the end of the season (T4) using skinfolds (SKF), two bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) devices, and …

External Feedback Does Not Affect Running Pace In Recreational Runners, Nicholas A. Puleo, Kirk A. Abraham

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 384-390, 2018. Many runners receive external feedback, such as running pace, during training; however, it is unknown if this feedback increases the intensity of a given exercise session. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the provision of pace feedback on self-selected submaximal running pace, heart rate, and perceived exertion in recreational runners. Ten runners (6 female, 4 male) completed four 30-min treadmill running bouts in random order, each on a separate day. In each session, participants adjusted their pace as desired; however, all treadmill display information was concealed …

Comparison Of Body Composition Measurements In Lean Female Athletes, Carly L. Houska, Jessica D. Kemp, Jamal S. Niles, Amy Morgan, Robin M. Tucker, Mary-Jon Ludy

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 417-424, 2018. This study compared body composition measurements in lean female athletes. The primary objective was to compare the accuracy of percent body fat (%BF) determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), air-displacement plethysmography (ADP), and underwater weighing (UWW) in female Division I cheerleaders (n = 10 bases, 6 back-spots, and 12 flyers) from two universities. The secondary objective was to compare health risk predicted by %BF to body mass index (BMI) categorizations. UWW was considered the gold standard for assessing %BF. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between methods. Repeated measures …

Association Between Different Non-Invasively Derived Thresholds With Lactate Threshold During Graded Incremental Exercise., Conor J. Raleigh, Bernard Donne, Neil Fleming

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 391-403, 2018. We compared lactate threshold (T_Lac)with non-invasive markers of an aerobic-anaerobic transition; namely, ventilatory (VT) and tissue saturation index (TSI_T) thresholds. While identification of a breakpoint in blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) is common for determination of an aerobic-anaerobic transition, non-invasive measures, VT and NIRS, have also received attention as a means of determining this critical exercise intensity. We hypothesised that one or other of these non-invasive measures would have a strong association with T_Lac. Thirty-one (n=31) competitive male athletes (mean ± SD, age 29±9 yr, height 1.81±0.1 …

Comparison Of A Pneumatic Compression Device To A Compression Garment During Recovery From Doms, Molly Winke, Shelby Williamson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 375-383, 2018. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a pneumatic compression device (PCD) compared to a continuously-worn compression sleeve (CS) during a five-day recovery period from delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) of the elbow flexors. Eight college-aged students participated in this crossover design study. The muscle-damage protocol consisted of four sets of 25 repetitions of isokinetic concentric elbow flexion followed by eccentric elbow extension at 60 ^o/second. Immediately following the muscle-damage protocol, subjects either wore a CS continually for five days or completed daily, 20-minute PCD treatments for five …

The Effect Of Acute L-Carnitine And Carbohydrate Intake On Cycling Performance, Boe M. Burrus, Brian M. Moscicki, Tracey D. Matthews, Vincent J. Paolone

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 404-416, 2018. Chronic supplementation of L-carnitine and carbohydrate has been reported to increase L-carnitine content in skeletal muscle and have positive influences on exercise variables and performance. This study investigated the acute intake of L-carnitine and carbohydrate on the exercise parameters of cycling. A total of 10 males (27.0 ± 4 years) completed two exercise sessions consisting of 40 min of cycling at 65% of VO_2peak, followed by cycling to exhaustion at 85% of VO_2peak. L-carnitine or a placebo was consumed 3 hours prior to exercise, and beverages consisting of …

Global Active Stretching (Sga®) Practice For Judo Practitioners’ Strength Enhancement, Heleno Almeida Jr., Raphael F. De Souza, Felipe J. Aidar, Alisson G. Da Silva, Ricardo P. Regi, Afranio A. Bastos

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 364-374, 2018. In order to analyze the Global Active Stretching (SGA®) practice on the physical performance enhancement in judo-practitioner competitors, 12 male athletes from Judo Federation of Sergipe (Federação Sergipana de Judô), were divided into two groups: Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG). For 10 weeks, the EG practiced SGA® self-postures and the CG practiced assorted calisthenic exercises. All of them were submitted to a variety of tests (before and after): handgrip strength, flexibility, upper limbs’ muscle power, isometric pull-up force, lower limbs’ muscle power (squat-jump – SJ and countermovement jump – CMJ) …

Reliability Of Pulse Waveform Separation Analysis Responses To An Orthostatic Challenge, Lee Stoner, Keeron Stone, Erik D. Hanson, James Faulkner, Simon Fryer, Daniel Credeur

Faculty Publications

Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system function can be assessed using an orthostatic challenge to induce arterial wave reflection. While arterial reflection is typically estimated using a central augmentation index, a superior estimation can be obtained using pulse wave separation analysis to estimate the aortic backward pressure wave (Pb). However, to be of value in a clinical or research setting, an assessment tool must be precise (reliable). Therefore, this study sought to determine the measurement precision of Pb responses to a modified tilt-table test. Twenty healthy adults (26.4 year (SD 5.2), 24.7kg/m² (SD 3.8), 55% female) were tested in a fasted …

No Observable Relative Age Effects In Professional Surfers: A Constraints-Based Evaluation, Michael Redd, David Fukuda, Kyle Beyer, Leonardo Oliveira

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 355-363, 2018. With the recent inclusion of surfing in the 2020 Olympic Games in Japan, there will be a number of surfing athletes vying for one of the twenty total available spots for their respective gender. The purpose was to evaluate relative age effects (RAEs) in surfing with consideration for specific developmental constraints. Elite competitive male surfers (n = 1590) were examined by birth month and subcategorized by competitive level, age groups, and geographical regions. The observed quarterly distribution was not significantly different (using c²; p>0.05) from expected for the overall …

Central Hemodynamics Measured During 5 Repetition Maximum Free Weight Resistance Exercise, Jonathan S. Howard, Cherilyn N. Mclester, Thomas W. Evans, John R. Mclester, Jimmy P. Calloway

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(2): 342-354, 2018. The PhysioFlow™ is a piece of equipment that uses bioimpedance cardiography to measure central hemodynamics. The purpose of this research was to explore the novel approach of monitoring central hemodynamics during free weight resistance exercise using bioimpedance cardiography throughout a 5 repetition maximum (5RM). Thirty participants ranging from beginner to advanced lifters (16 males and 14 females) completed a 5RM for back squat, seated push press, and bicep curl while connected to the PhysioFlow™ to assess the response of heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Q), and ejection fraction (EF). …

Impact Of Occupational Footwear And Workload On Lower Extremity Muscular Exertion, Alana J. Turner, Jonathan C. Swain, Katherine L. Mcwhirter, Adam C. Knight, Daniel W. Carruth, Harish Chander

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 331-341, 2018. Footwear worn and workload performed can influence muscular exertion, which is critical in occupational environments. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of two occupational footwear, steel-toed (SWB) and tactical (TWB) work boots, on muscular exertion when exposed to a physical workload. Eighteen healthy male participants (age: 21.27 ± 1.7 years; height: 177.67 ± 6.0 cm; mass: 87.95 ± 13.8 kg) were tested for maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) using electromyography (EMG) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) using an algometer for four lower extremity muscles prior to (pre-test) and …

Does Body Mass Index Influence The Physiological And Perceptual Demands Associated With Defensive Tactics Training In State Patrol Officers?, J. Jay Dawes, Charles Kornhauser, Diana Crespo, Craig L. Elder, Keston Lindsay, Ryan J. Holmes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 319-330, 2018. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the physiological and perceptual demands associated with defensive tactics (DEFTAC) training among state patrol officers of different BMI (body mass index) categories. Twenty-four male state patrol officers (n = 24, age 36.00 + 7.86 yrs) voluntarily agreed to participate in data collection during a DEFTAC gauntlet. Anthropometric information (height (HT) 182.19 + 7.43 cm and weight (WT) 96.31 + 17.45 kg), body mass index (BMI), peak and average heart rates, duty weight, BLa, and RPE, were recorded. Officers were then divided into two-groups (Healthy …

Rate Of Performance Change In American Female Weightlifters Over Ten Years Of Competition, Jason Miller, Heidi Ventresca, Lindsay Bracken

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 290-307, 2018. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rates of performance change for American female weightlifters over 10 years of competition. Athlete performance results were gathered from the United States Weightlifting open access, results archive, database. Data was delimited to athletes (N ≥ 750) that competed in Youth or Junior Nationals to ensure athletes were <21yrs old at the first recorded competition. Competition results were converted to strength to mass (SM) ratios to control for the effect of bodyweight on performance. Starting with the first competition date, the highest SM for the snatch (SNT), clean and jerk (CJ) and combined total (T), in three month segments for three years, and six month segments over 10 years, were recorded. Observed percentage change in SM and Cohen’s d effect size (ES) between each 3- and 6-month segment and the first competition (baseline), for the SNT, CJ and T, was determined. Positive change in rate of …

Sex And Age Differences In Trail Half Marathon Running, James W. Navalta, Jeffrey Montes, Elizabeth A. Tanner, Nathaniel Bodell, John C. Young

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 281-289, 2018. Female participation is growing in trail running races. The purpose was to evaluate sex and age differences in top finishers of a trail running half marathon. Velocity differences between males (M) and females (F) were determined for the top 10 finishers of the Moab Trail Half Marathon from 2012 - 2015 across age, and by finishing place. Differences between age category and between sexes were determined through ANOVA with significance accepted at P < 0.05. A significant difference for running velocity was present between sexes at each age category (20-29 yr F = 2.9±0.3, M = 3.4±0.4 m·sec^-1; 30-39 yr F = 2.8±0.3, M = 3.3±0.3; 40-49 yr F = 2.7±0.3, M = 3.0±0.5; 50-59 …

Simulated Altitude Via Re-Breathing Creates Arterial Hypoxemia But Fails To Improve Elements Of Running Performance, Matthew J. Garver, Cory M. Scheadler, Logan M. Smith, Sarah J. Taylor, Chase M. Harbach

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 187-197, 2018. Acclimatization to altitude has been shown to improve elements of performance. Use of simulated altitude is popular among athletes across the sports spectrum. This work was on a handheld, re-breathing device touted to enhance performance. Seven recreationally-trained athletes used the device for 18 hours over the course of the 37-day intervention trial. The elevations simulated were progressively increased from 1,524m to 6,096m. To ascertain potential efficacy, four performance trials were included (familiarization, baseline, and 2 follow-ups). Hematological (hematocrit, hemoglobin, and lactate), physiological (respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and oxygen consumption), and perceptual …

Effects Of Starting Stance On Base Running Sprint Speed In Softball Players, Amy Marquardt, Megan A. Wong, Casey M. Watkins, Saldiam R. Barillas, Andrew J. Galpin, Jared W. Coburn, Lee E. Brown

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 179-186, 2018. Speed is a crucial aspect in softball, and can be the difference between winning and losing. Base stealing is a method used to produce runs. There has been debate over which starting position is the most advantageous to maximize acceleration and speed to reach the next base the fastest. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different starting stances on acceleration and speed phases in collegiate softball players. Seventeen healthy NCAA Division I women’s softball players (age = 19.9 ± 1.3yrs, height = 167.0 ± 5.4cm, mass = …

A Cross-Training Program Does Not Alter Self-Reported Physical Activity Levels In Elementary School Children, Melody L. White, Matthew S. Renfrow, Richard S. Farley, Dana K. Fuller, Brandi M. Eveland-Sayers, Jennifer L. Caputo

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 308-318, 2018. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a school-based cross-training program on body mass index (BMI), attitudes toward physical activity (ATPA), and physical activity (PA) levels of children in the 4^th and 5^th grades. Children (N = 118) were divided into control (n = 60) and experimental (n = 58) groups based on class availability. While the control group continued academic classes as usual, the experimental group participated in cross-training involving resistance training (RT), calisthenics, and stretching twice a week for 10 weeks. …

An Analysis Of Collegiate Club-Sport Female Lacrosse Players: Sport-Specific Field Test Performance And The Influence Of Lacrosse Stick Carrying, Robert G. Lockie, Samantha A. Birmingham-Babauta, John J. Stokes, Tricia M. Liu, Fabrice G. Risso, Adrina Lazar, Dominic V. Giuliano, Ashley J. Orjalo, Matthew R. Moreno, Alyssa A. Stage, Deshaun L. Davis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 269-280, 2018. Lacrosse is a field-based, intermittent sport that requires players to use a stick with a shaft and mesh pocket to manipulate the ball. However, there has been limited analysis of the characteristics of collegiate club-sport players, and whether stick carry influences the sprinting speed of lacrosse players. As a result, this study investigated the field test characteristics of collegiate club-sport female lacrosse players, and the effects of stick carry on linear and change-of-direction speed. Nine players (seven field players, two goalkeepers) volunteered for this study and completed: vertical jump and standing broad …

Acute Specific Effects Of Caffeine-Containing Energy Drink On Different Physical Performances In Resistance-Trained Men, Camilla Astley, Diego Souza, Marcos Polito

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 260-268, 2018. Caffeine containing energy drink (ED) is frequently used as ergogenic aid, but its effect on performance need more investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of acute ingestion of an ED on the physical performance of resistance-trained men subjected to successive tests in the same experimental protocol. Fifteen resistance-trained males (21.0 ± 0.3 yrs; 177.4 ± 1.8 cm; 79.6 ± 1.8 kg) ingested 2.5 mg caffeine per kg of body weight (619.5 ± 14.6 mL of ED) or a placebo in a double-blind randomized cross-over design. Physical …

Thirty-Year Trends Of Study Design And Statistics In Applied Sports And Exercise Biomechanics Research, George Vagenas, Dimitria Palaiothodorou, Duane Knudson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(1): 239-259, 2018. This study documented the change in study design and statistics employed in applied sports and exercise biomechanics research from 1985 to 2014. The sample comprised 676 data based original research reports published in the Journal of Applied Biomechanics (JAB) from 1985 to 2014. Eight design and 10 statistical criteria were extracted from each study. Descriptive statistics were calculated and change in study criteria over time were documented. Design criteria that did not change over time, remaining at relatively low levels of rigor, were widespread (71%) use of small (2-20) sample sizes and …

Practices, Perceived Benefits, And Barriers To Strength Training Among Women Enrolled In College, Kimberly S. Hurley, Kaleigh J. Flippin, Lindsey C. Blom, Jocelyn E. Bolin, Donald L. Hoover, Lawrence W. Judge

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 226-238, 2018. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) has recommended that resistance training be performed at least twice per week, with 8-12 repetitions of 8-10 exercises targeting all major muscle groups (1). However, Kruger, Carlson, and Kohl (18) reported that women were participating less than the U.S. population on the whole, as only 20% of women were engaging in resistance training two or more times per week. In order to better understand why only 1 in 5 women participate regularly in this form of physical activity, this study investigated current resistance training practices, …

Effects Of Single-Dose Dietary Nitrate On Oxygen Consumption During And After Maximal And Submaximal Exercise In Healthy Humans, Genevieve M. Kocoloski, Anne R. Crecelius

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(3): 214-225, 2018. Dietary nitrate (NO₃^-) has been shown to reduce oxygen consumption (VO₂) during moderate to high-intensity (e.g. time to fatigue, time trials) exercise and often in trained athletes. However, less is known regarding prolonged exercise and the potential impact of NO₃^- on post-exercise excess oxygen consumption (EPOC), particularly in untrained individuals, who may have different metabolic goals during exercise than trained individuals. We tested the hypothesis that acute nitrate supplementation in the form of beet root juice will significantly decrease both VO₂ during maximal exercise …

Physical Therapy Considerations For Chronic Kidney Disease And Secondary Sarcopenia, Michael O. Harris-Love, Haniel J. Hernandez, Gideon Obamwonyi

Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Faculty Publications

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that may negatively affect musculoskeletal health. These comorbidities may include malnutrition, osteoporosis, and decreased lean body mass. Secondary sarcopenia due to CKD may be associated with mobility limitations and elevated fall risk. Physical therapists are well-positioned among the health care team to screen for secondary sarcopenia in those with CKD and for the treatment of musculoskeletal comorbid conditions that may affect functional performance. Given the consequences of both low muscle mass and low bone mineral density, appropriate and timely physical therapy is important for fall risk assessment and intervention to minimize the …

The Application Of An Implementation Science Framework To Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs: Be A Champion!, Justin B. Moore, Russell L. Carson, Collin A. Webster, Camelia Renee Singletary, Darla M. Castelli, Russell R. Pate, Michael W. Beets, Aaron Beighle

Faculty Publications

Comprehensive school physical activity programs (CSPAPs) have been endorsed as a promising strategy to increase youth physical activity (PA) in school settings. A CSPAP is a five-component approach, which includes opportunities before, during, and after school for PA. Extensive resources are available to public health practitioners and school officials regarding what should be implemented, but little guidance and few resources are available regarding how to effectively implement a CSPAP. Implementation science provides a number of conceptual frameworks that can guide implementation of a CSPAP, but few published studies have employed an implementation science framework to a CSPAP. Therefore, we developed …

Influence Of Baseline Muscle Strength And Size Measures On Training Adaptations In Resistance-Trained Men, Gerald T. Mangine, Adam M. Gonzalez, Jeremy R. Townsend, Adam J. Wells, Kyle S. Beyer, Amelia A. Miramonti, Nicholas A. Ratamess, Jeffrey R. Stout, Jay R. Hoffman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(4): 198-213, 2018. The influence of baseline strength or muscle size on adaptations to training is not well-understood. Comparisons between novice and advanced lifters, and between stronger and weaker experienced-lifters, have produced conflicting results. This study examined the effect of baseline muscle strength and size on subsequent adaptations in resistance-trained individuals following a traditional high-volume, short-rest resistance training protocol. Fourteen resistance-trained men (24.0±2.7 y; 90.1±11.7 kg; 169.9±29.0 cm) completed pre-training (PRE) ultrasound measurements of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) in the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), pectoralis major, and triceps brachii (TRI) prior to strength …

Effect Of A School-Based Physical Activity Intervention On Number And Letter Recognition In Preschoolers, Christine W. St. Laurent, Sarah Burkart, Sofiya Alhassan

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 168-178, 2018. The aims of this study were to determine if physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors were correlated to components of school readiness skills (i.e., symbol recognition – numbers and letters) in preschoolers and to evaluate the efficacy of a 12-week, academically connected PA intervention on letter and number recognition in preschoolers. Two preschool centers were randomized to a 12-week preschool-based PA intervention (INT) that incorporated short-bout PA lessons embedded into the Massachusetts Early Learning Standards or a health-tracking control group (CON). INT preschoolers completed two 10-minute (as part of morning circle time) …

Brief, High-Intensity Interval Exercise Improves Selective Attention In University Students, Jeremy J. Walsh, Charlotte Dunlap, Jonathan Miranda, David B. Thorp, Derek S. Kimmerly, Michael Tschakovsky, B J. Gurd

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 152-167, 2018. This study aimed to investigate the effect of very brief, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on selective attention in university students. As a follow-up, we investigated whether HIIE performed prior to a university lecture improves retention of lecture material. A single-group counterbalanced post-test only design was used for this study. 22 university students (19 females; age = 20.0 ±1.0 years) performed a HIIE and control visit on separate days. During the HIIE session, participants performed 4 separate body-weight exercises for 1 set each, consisting of eight 20 s intervals interspersed with 10 s …

Determinants Of Attendance At A Physical Activity Focused Afterschool Program In Elementary School Children, Anthony E. Crimarco, Carlene Mayfield, Nathanael G. Mitchell, Michael W. Beets, Zenong Yin, Justin B. Moore

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 11(5): 137-151, 2018. Afterschool youth physical activity (PA) programs provide opportunities for increasing children’s time engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, low program attendance reduces the benefits of participating in these programs. The purpose of this study was to determine if enjoyment, athletic competence and motivation for PA predict youth attendance at a free afterschool PA program from 3rd to 5th grade. Data were collected from a larger randomized community trial examining the effectiveness of an afterschool program for increasing opportunities to engage in MVPA. Data were collected twice annually (fall/spring) over 3 school …