Parasitology Commons^™

The Roles Of Ecological And Evolutionary Influences In Providing Structure To Parasite Species Assemblages, John J. Janovy Jr., Richard E. Clopton, Tamara J. Percival Cook

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Parasite species assemblages currently are thought to range from isolationist to interactive, their dynamic properties being related to the number of species and types of hosts involved. The literature contains few experimental tests of this concept, however, and many of the host/parasite systems studied to date are not amenable to experimental manipulation. In this review, the presence of a parasite species, in a sample of host individuals, is considered to be an evolutionary phenomenon, but the parasite's population structure is considered to be an ecological one. Studies that allow evaluation of these two influences are comparative in nature and include …

Parasites As Probes For Biodiversity, Scott Lyell Gardner, Mariel L. Campbell

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cestodes of the genus Linstowia, parasitic in marsupials, show patterns of coevolution and ancient historical-ecological connections. Correlated with the breakup of the austral landmasses (Gondwanaland) of the Neotropical and Australian regions from the Antarctic continent, the age of this host-parasite community is estimated to be between 60 and 70 million years old. Based on the data from the survey of parasites of mammals from throughout Bolivia and from the phylogenetic analysis of the cestodes, we urge the planners of biodiversity preserves in the neotropics to consider the Yungas of Bolivia as a region that supports an ancient ecological community …

Origins, Diversification, And Historical Structure Of The Helminth Fauna Inhabiting Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays (Potamotrygonidae), Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Members of the freshwater stingray family Potamotrygonidae occur throughout the major river systems of eastern South America that empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Ichthyologists have tended to assume that the ancestor of the potamotrygonids was an Atlantic marine or euryhaline stingray that dispersed into freshwater, presumably during the last marine ingression 3-5 million years ago. The helminth parasites that inhabit potamotrygonids suggest an alternative perspective on their origin. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the helminths inhabiting potamotrygonids suggest that the hosts are derived from an ancestral Pacific urolophid stingray that was trapped in freshwater by the uplifting of the Andes …

Introduction To The Von Ihering Centenary Symposium, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Introduction to the von Ihering Centenary Symposium, on parasite biogeography and coevolution, presented at the 1991 annual meeting of the American Society of Parasitologists.

Parasiticidal Effect Of Chemotherapy In Alveolar Hydatid Disease: Review Of Experience With Mebendazole And Albendazole In Alaskan Eskimos, J. F. Wilson, Robert L. Rausch, B. J. Mcmahon, P. M. Schantz

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Evidence that the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis in humans is killed by chemotherapy is presented in a review of our 17-year experience with treatment of alveolar hydatid disease in Alaska. The efficacy of chemotherapy was assessed with use of an in vivo assay of parasite viability by means of inoculation of voles, immunohistochemical tests, and histopathologic findings. Of 14 tests performed for nine patients, 12 in vivo assays (86%) were negative after chemotherapy, while only two (17%) of 12 vole tests for seven untreated patients were negative. Regression or arrest of growth of metastatic and primary hepatic lesions, together …

Congruent And Synchronic Patterns In Biogeography And Speciation Among Seabirds, Pinnipeds, And Cestodes, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Congruence in biogeographic patterns among diverse assemblages of taxa indicates uniformity in the historical determinants of biotic distributions. Comparisons of host and parasite phylogenies and the elucidation of distributional area relationships are requisite components of analyses in historical biogeography. Host-parasite associations with broad geographic ranges are often archaic and have been structured largely by coevolutionary processes. In contrast, the origins and radiation of the primary cestode faunas of some seabirds (Alcataenia spp./Alcidae) and pinnipeds (Anophryocephalus spp./Phocidae and Otariidae) are associated with colonization. These young colonizing faunas, in the Holarctic Region, were influenced by a common history during the …

Biological Collections At The University Of California, Davis: Scope, Status, And Needs, Scott Lyell Gardner, Lynn S. Kimsey, Marilyn S. Warburton, Patrick E. Mcguire

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The rich heritage of agricultural and biological research and teaching on the Davis campus of the University of California is reflected in its vast holdings of scientific collections of living and nonliving preserved biological materials. More recently, as the campus expanded, important collections were developed to support research and educational programs in human and veterinary medicine, anthropology, and geology. A task force reviewed the results of campus-wide surveys and its findings are reported here. Recommendations for future activities are put forth.

Cross-Transmission Studies With Eimeria Arizonensis-Like Oocysts (Apicomplexa) In New World Rodents Of The Genera Baiomys, Neotoma, Onychomys, Peromyscus, And Reithrodontomys (Muridae), Steve J. Upton, Chris T. Mcallister, Dianne B. Brillhart, Donald W. Duszynski, Constance D. Wash

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cross-transmission experiments were performed using oocysts of an Eimeria arizonensis-like coccidian from Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus truei, an E. arizonensis-like coccidian from Reithrodontomys fulvescens, Eimeria baiomysis and Eimeria taylori from Baiomys taylori, Eimeria albigulae from Neotoma albigula, and Eimeria onychomysis from Onychomys spp., between representatives of the above host genera. The E. arizonensis-like coccidian from R. fulvescens infected Reithrodontomys megalotis, Reithrodontomys montanus, and Peromyscus leucopus. Oocysts of E. arizonensis from P. leucopus could be transmitted to both P. leucopus and R. megalotus. Oocysts of E. baiomysis and E. taylori …

Cestode Parasites In Potamotrygon Motoro (Natterer) (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) From Southwestern Brazil, Including Rhinebothroides Mclennanae N. Sp. (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae), And A Revised Host-Parasite Checklist For Helminths Inhabiting Neotropical Freshwater Stingrays, Daniel R. Brooks, Jose F.R. Amato

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Specimens of five species of cestodes were collected in 6 specimens of the freshwater stingray species Potamotrygon motoro (Natterer), collected in the vicinity of Corumba, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Acanthobothrium regoi, Potamotrygonocestus orinocoensis, Rhinebothroides venezuelensis, and Rhinebothrium paratrygoni are reported from P. motoro and from southwestern Brazil for the first time. Rhinebothroides mclennanae n. sp. appears to be the sister species of Rhinebothroides glandularis, the only other member of the genus exhibiting darkly staining glandular cells lying free in the parenchyma surrounding the terminal genitalia. The new species resembles Rhinebothroides glandularis, Rhinebothroides freitasi, …

The Evolutionary Origin Of Plasmodium Falciparum, Daniel R. Brooks, Deborah A. Mclennan

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Among species of Plasmodium, P. falciparum is an enigma. It is unusually pathogenic and is not characterized by the relapsing episodes characteristic of other species. Its primary vector is a species of mosquito that is highly anthropophilic (Anopheles gambiae), and which shows evidence of rapid genetic change apparently coincident with the rise of human agriculture. Plasmodium falciparum has no alternative vertebrate reservoir hosts, and if the number of human infections drops below a threshold level, the species is unable to maintain itself. All of these observations suggested a novel hypothesis to Boyd (1949, cited in Waters et …

Host Stadium Specificity In The Gregarine Assemblage Parasitizing Tenebrio Molitor, Richard E. Clopton, John J. Janovy Jr., Tamara J. Percival Cook

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Reciprocal cross-stadia experimental infections were used to demonstrate stadium specificity within the gregarine assemblage parasitizing Tenebrio molitor, the yellow mealworm. Gregarina cuneata, Gregarina polymorpha, and Gregarina steini are characteristic parasites of larval T. molitor. Gregarina niphandrodes is a characteristic parasite of adult T. molitor. Experimental infections were produced in all homologous host-parasite combinations. No infection was produced in heterologous or cross-stadia combinations. This study introduces the concept of separate, distinct parasite niches corresponding to separate life cycle stages and established by known, predictable life cycle events within a single host species.

Review Of Phylogeny, Ecology, And Behavior By Daniel R. Brooks And Deborah A. Mclennan, University Of Chicago Press, 1991, John J. Janovy Jr.

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Review of Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior by Daniel R. Brooks and Deborah A. McLennan, University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Parasitology As An Interpretive Tool In Archaeology, Karl J. Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Parasitological studies of archaeological sites can be used to interpret past behavior and living conditions. During the 1980s problem-oriented research into prehistoric- and historical-period parasitism developed and resulted in thefield of archaeoparasitology. Archaeoparasitology attempts to integrate parasite data into archaeological theory and interpretation. Within the last decade, four major archaeoparasitological laboratories emerged. They developed interpretive frameworks that apply parasitological data to a remarkable variety of prehistoric behaviors. Parasite remains can be used to reconstruct aspects of diet, health, and other behaviors such as transhumance and trade. Finally. analysis of the distribution of parasite remains can be used to interpret aspects …

Morphology Of The Synlophe And Genital Cone Of Parostertagia Heterospiculum (Trichostrongylidae) With Comments On The Subfamilial Placement Of The Genus, Eric P. Hoberg, J. Ralph Lichtenfels

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The genus Parostertagia is referred to the Cooperiinae with reference to a suite of shared characters of the synlophe and genital cone postulated as derived homologies for the subfamily. The genus has traditionally been relegated to the Graphidiinae or Ostertagiinae, but unique structural attributes of the synlophe and genital cone indicate close affinities with the Cooperiinae. The synlophe of Parostertagia heterospiculum is characterized by a relatively low number of ridges in the cervical zone (16-20 at the excretory pore), a frontal axis of orientation, sequential increase in ridges posteriorly, lateral addition of ridges, minuscule lateral-most ridges and hypertrophy of specific …

Historical Ecology As A Research Program, Daniel R. Brooks, Deborah A. Mclennan

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Modern evolutionary biology is the descendant of two theories proposed by Darwin. First, all organisms are connected by common genealogy, and second, the form and function of organisms is closely tied to the environments in which they live. Of these two theories, the role of the first (phylogeny) in evolutionary explanations has been diminishing in some fields, most notably in ecology and ethology. However, the last ten years have witnessed the beginning of a reversal in this trend. With increasing frequency, ecologists (Wanntorp et aI., 1990; Maurer and Brooks, submitted), ethologists (Dobson, 1985; Huey and Bennett, 1987; Mclennan et aI., …

Coprolite Analysis: A Biological Perspective On Archaeology, Karl J. Reinhard, Baughn M. Bryant Jr

Karl Reinhard Publications

The most remarkable dietary remains recoverable from archaeological contexts are coprolites. Coprolites are desiccated or mineralized feces that are preserved in sheltered and open sites in arid regions, primarily in the New World. These dietary remains are remarkable from several perspectives. They typically contain a variety of macroscopic and microscopic remains that form interrelated data sets for the reconstruction of diets. Because contexts containing coprolites are typified by excellent preservation, the remains coprolites contain tend to be in better states of preservation than dietary remains recovered from nonfecal deposits. Coprolites also contain the well-preserved remains of intestinal parasites and pathogens …

Vertebral Pathology In Prehistoric And Historic Skeletons From Northeastern Nebraska, Karin L. Sandness, Karl J. Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

Vertebral pathology has long been a useful criterion for anthropologists in the assessment of activity patterns, stress, and general health of extinct peoples. This method of analysis, however, has never been applied to the peoples of the Nebraska Great Plains. This study is the first to concentrate on the indigenous Native Americans of this region, examining the spinal pathology present in the prehistoric and historic skeletal remains. Pathology present in the form of spondylolysis, Schmorl's nodes, osteophytosis (degenerative disc disease), and osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease), provides evidence to suggest differing activity patterns and levels of stress in Plains groups before …

Dan Canyon Burial: A Piii Burial In Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Steve Dominguez, Karl Reinhard, Kari L. Sandness, Cherie A. Edwards, Dennis Danielson, F. A. Calabrese, Chris Kincaid

Karl Reinhard Publications

The Dan Canyon burial was discovered at a time when the philosophy, ethics, and legislation concerning the study of human remains are in a state of flux. A number of important sensitive issues germane to managers, archeologists, and American Indians are discussed in the introduction. The subsequent analysis provides a detailed scientific account of these remains and a glimpse of a segment of a people's past lifeway while remaining sensitive to the wishes of the American Indians.

The burial and associated grave goods of site 42SA21339 were exposed by wave action in a location frequented by boaters at the Glen …

Report Of Round Table On Genetics And Systematics Of Trichinella (Icopa Vii, Paris), Robert L. Rausch, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, K. D. Murrell

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Report of the Round Table on Genetics and Systematics of Trichinella from the International Congress of Parasitology (ICOPA) VII, 1990, Paris.

New Species Of Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Nemata: Rhabdochonidae) From Rainbow Trout In California Streams, Armand R. Maggenti, Fawzia Abdel-Rahman, I. Cid Del Prado Vera

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Three new species of Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 are described and illustrated from Salmo gairdneri Richardson (rainbow trout) in freshwater streams in California: Rhabdochona californiensis n. sp., R. paxmani n. sp., and R. satmonis n. sp. Rhabdochona californiensis n. sp. is characterized by 14 anteriorly directed teeth in the prostome, egg devoid of filaments or floats, male and female tail terminus with a single mucro, left (long) spicule slender with a moderate distended podoid terminal end, spicular ratio 1:3.8. Rhabdochona paxmani n. sp. is characterized by 10 teeth in the prostome, eggs with polar floats, left (long) spicule slender with podoid …

Microphallus Fonti Sp. N. (Digenea: Microphallidae) From The Red Swamp Crawfish In Southern United States, Robin M. Overstreet, Richard W. Heard, Jeffrey M. Lotz

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new species of digenean, Microphallus fonti, is described from the red swamp crawfish in Louisiana, USA. It has a small pharynx and a rudimentary gut like M. opacus and possibly related species from crayfishes, but it differs from them by its relatively large male copulatory papilla and a conspicuous metraterm.

Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, And Ecology Of Anophryocephalus Spp. (Eucestoda: Tetrabothriidae) Among Pinnipeds Of The Holarctic During The Late Tertiary And Pleistocene, Eric P. Hoberg, Ann M. Adams

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic systematic analyses of Anophryocephalus spp. resulted in a single most-parsimonious cladogram (consistency index: 80%). Cladograms for pinniped hosts (phocids and otariids) and Anophryocephalus spp. were highly incongruent, corroborating a hypothesis for colonization as a dominant determinant of parasite diversification. Phoca (Pusa) spp. in the Atlantic basin are postulated as the initial hosts; range expansion for hosts and parasites into the Pacific basin through the Arctic (ca. 3.0-2.5 million years ago) was followed by radiation of Anophryocephalus spp. among Phoca spp. and subsequent colonization of otariids (Eumetopias jubatus as typical hosts; ca. 2.0 million years ago). Host …

Phylogenetic Analysis Of Alloglossidium Simer, 1929 (Digenea: Plagiorchiiformes: Macroderoididae) With Discussion Of The Origin Of Truncated Life Cycle Patterns In The Genus, Joseph P. Carney, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Alloglossidium comprises 9 species of North American plagiorchiiform digeneans using ictalurid catfish, freshwater crustacea, and hirudinid leeches as definitive hosts. Two hypotheses about the evolution of this array of definitive hosts were examined using phylogenetic systematic analysis. Two most parsimonious trees, based on 15 homologous series derived from morphological data, each indicated the two species utilizing ictalurid catfish definitive hosts are basal members of the group, whereas the two species using freshwater crayfish definitive hosts and the five utilizing leech definitive hosts each comprise relatively derived monophyletic sister groups. The results suggest that species using crustaceans as definitive hosts are …

Introduction Of Marilyn E. Scott As The Henry Baldwin Ward Medalist For 1991, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Transcript of the introduction of Marilyn E. Scott as the American Society of Parasitologists Henry Baldwin Ward Medalist for 1991, by Daniel R. Brooks.

The Niche Of Salsuginus Thalkeni, A Gill Parasite Of Fundulus Zebrinus, John J. Janovy Jr., Mary Ann Mcdowell, Michael T. Ferdig

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Distribution of a monogenean parasitic helminth Salsuginus thalkeni on the gills of the fish Fundulus zebrinus is described by calculation of mean positions and niche breadths on the linear spatial resource gradients gill filament length, gill arch length and arch number. All distributions are given for parasites in the presence and absence of various combinations of potential competitors, namely the 6 other parasite species that occupy the same host species. Filament niche breadth was narrowest in the absence of potential competitors; breadth on arch was widest in the presence of potential competitors. Breadth on both resources was correlated positively with …

Parasites And Sexual Selection: A Macroevolutionary Perspective, Deborah A. Mclennan, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis postulates a causal link between parasitism and the evolution of epigamic traits by intersexual selection. Oversimplified assumptions about basic parasite biology, ambiguous formulation of the hypothesis, and poor communication between ethologists and parasitologists have hampered its testing. The hypothesis is supported at the microevolutionary level if females show significant preference for lightly or uninfected males, if intensity of infection reflects host resistance to parasites that depress host fitness by causing disease, and if intensity of infectionis related to the degree of epigamic development. It must be shown that particular parasites cause disease, that the host population is …

Syndisyrinx Evelinae (Marcus, 1968) N. Comb., From The Rock-Boring Urchin, Echinometra Lucunter, From St. Barthélemy, Lynn Ann Hertel, Donald W. Duszynski

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The umagillid turbellarian Syndesmis evelinae, originally described from unnamed Caribbean sea urchins, is redescribed and placed in the genus Syndisyrinx. Syndisyrinx evelinae n. comb. was found in 8 of 32 (25%) Echinometra lucunter from the Bay of St. Jean, St. Barthélemy; 6 of the 8 (75%) urchins with S. evelinae also had Syndisyrinx collongistyla. The major difference between the original description and the worms described here is the structure of the bursal valve. The valve was originally described as having a thickness between the seminal receptacle and the seminal bursa; in fact, the bursal valve has 2 …

Use Of Pollen Concentration In Paleopharmacology: Coprolite Evidence Of Medicinal Plants, Karl Reinhard, Donny L. Hamilton, Richard H. Hevly

Karl Reinhard Publications

Nearly 2,400 plant species have been documented ethnographically as having medicinal value among Native Americans. Therefore, it is not surprising that evidence of medicinal plants appears in some of the over 1,000 coprolites analyzed from the southwestern U.S. Three medicinal species identified in pollen analysis of coprolites are discussed. Willow (Salix) is the most common analgesic in the Native American pharmacopoeia. Prehistoric use of this plant is documented in coprolites from Bighorn Cave in the Black Mountains of Arizona and also in a burial from the Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Historically, Mormon tea (Ephedra) served as …

Phyletic Coevolution Between Subterranean Rodents Of The Genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) And Nematodes Of The Genus Paraspidodera (Heterakoidea: Aspidoderidae) In The Neotropics: Temporal And Evolutionary Implications, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Coevolution was studied in six species of rodents of the genus Ctenomys and their parasitic nematodes of the genus Paraspidodera, collected in Bolivia. Representatives of the families Octodontidae and Caviidae were used as outgroups for the mammals, and nematodes from caviids were used as outgroups of the nematodes from ctenomyids. For the nematodes, quantitative and qualitative morphological characteristics of both males and females and electrophoretic characters of both sexes were used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses of evolutionary relationships of the OTUs occurring in hosts of different species. Concordance estimates of cladograms generated from biochemical-genetic and morphological data of the …

Review Of Les Nématodes Syphaciinae, Parasites De Rongeurs Et De Lagomorphes. Taxonomie, Zoogéographie, Évolution By Jean-Pierre Hugot. Zoologie, Tome 141, Mémoires Du Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 1988. E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, Robert L. Rausch

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Review of Les Nématodes Syphaciinae, Parasites de Rongeurs et de Lagomorphes. Taxonomie, Zoogéographie, Évolution by Jean-Pierre Hugot. Zoologie, Tome 141, Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 1988. 148 p. + Appendix. Available from E. J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.