Parasitology Commons^™

Out Of Africa: Origins Of The Taenia Tapeworms In Humans, Eric P. Hoberg, Nancy L. Alkire, Alan De Queiroz, Arlene Jones

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic and divergence date analyses indicate that the occurrence of Taenia tapeworms in humans pre-dates the development of agriculture, animal husbandry and domestication of cattle (Bos spp.) or swine (Sus scrofa) Taeniid tapeworms in Africa twice independently colonized hominids and the genus Homo prior to the origin of modern humans. Dietary and behavioural shifts, from herbivory to scavenging and carnivory, as early Homo entered the carnivore guild in the Pliocene/Pleistocene, were drivers for host switching by tapeworms to hominids from carnivores including hyaenids and felids. Parasitological data provide a unique means of elucidating the historical ecology, foraging behavior …

Synlophe In Ostertagia Cf. Kasakhstanica (Nematoda: Ostertagiinae), The Minor Morphotype Of O. Bisonis From Western North America, Eric P. Hoberg, Arthur Abrams

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica. the putative minor morphotype of the polymorphie ostertagiine O. bisonis, is reported in Bison bison from South Dakota. Descriptions of the synlophe and details of other diagnostic characters useful in identification and differentiation of this minor morphotype from other ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from western North America are presented. Laterally, the cervical synlophe is consistent with Type Ib pattern among ostertagiines and is within the range of variation previously described for O. bisonis. Among recognized minor morphotypes of ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from North America, O. kasakhstanica is distinct from …

A New Lungworm In Muskoxen: An Exploration In Arctic Parasitology, Susan J. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, Lydden Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Ruminants are vital elements of the Holarctic ecosystem. Little is known, however, of the structure or biology of their parasite fauna, particularly in North America. Global warming, coupied with increasing human activity in the Arctic, requires enhanced intemational interdisciplinary efforts to better understand the many factors, including parasites, that influence the population health of caribou, reindeer, muskoxen and wild sheep. The discovery of an unusual new genus of protostrongylid lung nematode in muskoxen from the central Canadian Arctic is described, and the intricacies of the parasite's relationship with its muskoxen definitive hosts, its gastropod intermediate hosts and the arctic environment …

New Host And Geographic Records For Two Protostrongylids In Dall's Sheep, Susan J. Kutz, A. M. Veitch, Eric P. Hoberg, B. T. Elkin, Emily J. Jenkins, L. Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Biodiversity survey and inventory have resulted in new information on the distribution of Protostrongylidae in Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Northwest Territories (Northwest Territories, Canada) and from Alaska (Alaska, USA). In 1998, Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei adults were found for the first time in the skeletal muscles of Dall’s sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains (Northwest Territories). Adult P. odocoilei were associated with petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages and localized myositis; eggs and larvae in the lungs were associated with diffuse granulomatous pneumonia. Experimental infections of the slugs Deroceras laeve and Deroceras reticulatum with dorsal-spined first-stage larvae assumed to be …

Gastrointestinal Strongyles In Wild Ruminants, Eric P. Hoberg, A. Alan Kocan, Lora G. Rickard

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Parasitologists have long studied helminth infections in wildlife species and have documented the existence of many organisms from a diversity of mammalian hosts. With this accumulation of information has come improved understanding of the significance of these organisms and the diseases they produce in their mammalian hosts. Some of the most notable examples include the metastrongyloid lungworms, Trichinella spiralis, and Elaeophora schneideri, which are covered separately in this volume. It is, however, for the group of parasites referred to as gastrointestinal nematodes that we have accumulated the most data. Only recently has progress been made in determining the …

Cyclospora, Eimeria, Isospora And Cryptosporidium Spp., Donald Duszynski, Steve J. Upton

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Coccidia are exceptionally common protist parasites of both vertebrates and, to a lesser extent, invertebrates. Every vertebrate species that ever has been examined intensively, over a broad geographic range, has been found to have at least one coccidian species unique to it and may have as many as five, ten, or more species. They also may have additional coccidia shared with close relatives (congenerics, sometimes confarnilials) and/or with sympatrics. The history of the development of our knowledge about coccidian parasites of wild mammals is long and tangled and has been reviewed by Levine, Joyner, and Long and Joyner. Suffice it …

Evaluation Of The Specificity Of Five Oligoprobes For Identification Of Cyathostomin Species From Horses, J. E. Hodgkinson, S. Love, J. Ralph Lichtenfels, S. Palfreman, Y. H. Ramsey, J. B. Matthews

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Here, we report evaluation of five oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer (IGS) region sequences for identification of cyathostomin species. Oligoprobes were designed for identification of Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicostephanus goldi and a fifth probe designed to identify all members of this tribe. PCR amplification of IGS DNA from 16 cyathostomin species allowed sequence comparison and identification of four putative species-specific probes. Southern blotting of amplified products from 16 species showed that all probes were species-specific. The fifth probe recognised all 16 cyathostomin species but did not bind to members of the genus Strongylus. Furthermore, these probes …

Onchocercosis In Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) From Spain, Mónica Santín-Durán, José M. Alunda, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Onchocercosis, caused by Onchocerca flexuosa, was observed in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Spain for the first time. Adult specimens of O. flexuosa were found in nodules in subcutaneous tissues in 42 of 125 (33%) red deer between October 1994 and September 1995; intensity of infection 6 SD was 3.93 ± 5.26 nodules per infected host. A clear seasonal pattern in the distribution of nodules was observed, with higher values of prevalence and intensity in fall and winter in contrast to spring and summer. Significant differences were found among age groups in prevalence, but not in the …

Presentation Of The Asp Distinguished Service Award To Robert L. Rausch, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Over the past 50 years Robert Rausch has been at the forefront of research on the systematics, taxonomy, biogeography, epidemiology, and pathology of helminth parasites in vertebrate hosts. Research programs and projects have continually emphasized the complex interface of parasitology, sylvatic distributions of pathogens in wild mammals, and public health, whether dealing with tapeworms such as Echinococcus or Diphyllobothrium or with nematodes such as Trichinella. Most meticulous in research, contributions by Dr. Rausch have been characterized by their innovative nature, depth and scope of detail, complete articulation and examination of hypotheses, and novel insights integrating parasites and parasitism within …

Umingmakstrongylus Pallikuukensis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) In Gastropods: Larval Morphology, Morphometrics, And Development Rates, Susan J. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, Lydden Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Morphological and morphometric aspects of larval development of Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis in Deroceras laeve and the effects of temperature on development rates in D. laeve and Deroceras reticulatum were investigated in the laboratory. Larval stages were best differentiated by separation of cuticular sheaths, tail structure, and viability following digestion. Growth in body and esophagus width was observed during the first-stage within the intermediate host, but the major increases in body length and width occurred immediately following the second molt. Larval development in D. laeve and D. reticulatum occurred more rapidly at warmer temperatures. The calculated threshold temperatures were 8.5 and 9.5 …

Worms, Nematoda, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Nematodes are the most speciose phylum of metazoa on earth. Not only do they occur in huge numbers as parasites of all known animal groups, but also they are found in the soils, as parasites of plants, and in large numbers in the most extreme environments, from the Antarctic dry valleys to the benthos of the ocean. They are extremely variable in their morphological characteristics, with each group showing morphological adapta­tions to the environment that they inhabit. Soil-dwelling forms are extremely small; many marine species have long and complex setae; and parasitic species man­ifest amazingly great reproductive potential and large …

Phylogenetic Position Of Eimeria Antrozoi, A Bat Coccidium (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) And Its Relationship To Morphologically Similar Eimeria Spp. From Bats And Rodents Based On Nuclear 18s And Plastid 23s Rdna Sequences, Xiaomin Zhao, Donald W. Duszynski, Eric S. Loker

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Partial plastid 23S and nuclear 18S rDNA genes were amplified and sequenced from 2 morphologically similar Eimeria species, E. antrozoi from a bat (Antrozous pallidus) and E. arizonensis from deer mice (Peromyscus spp.), as well as some other Eimeria species from bats and rodents. The phylogenetic trees clearly separated E. antrozoi from E. arizonensis. The phylogenies based on plastid 23S rDNA data and combined data of both plastid and nuclear genes grouped 2 bat Eimeria and 3 morphologically similar Eimeria species from rodents into 2 separate clades with high bootstrap support (100%, 3 rodent Eimeria species; …

Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) With Emphasis On The Neodermata And Relatives, David Zamparo, Daniel R. Brooks, Deborah A. Mclennan, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Phylogenetic systematic analysis of 24 taxa representing the rhabdocoel platyhelminths, based on a suite of 89 morphological characters, produced two equally parsimonious trees, 181 steps long, with a consistency index (CI) of 0.69 and a rescaled consistency index (RCI) of 0.56, differing only with respect to that portion of the tree containing Umagillidae, Acholadidae, Graffillinae, Pseudograffillinae, Pterastericolidae and Hypoblepharinidae. Our results accommodate all previously proposed sister taxa to the Neodermata in a single clade in which ((Dalyelliidae + Temnocephalida) Typhloplanidae) is the sister group of ((Fecampiidae + Urastoma) (Udonella ((Aspidogastrea + Digenea) (Monogenea (Gyrocotylidea (Amphilinidea + Eucestoda)))))). Bootstrap …

Prevalence Of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) In Reintroduced Gunnison's Prairie Dogs (Cynomys Gunnisoni), M. M. Ryan, K. H. Decker, Donald W. Duszynski

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Fecal samples from 54 Gunnison’s prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni) from Albuquerque, NM were analyzed for the presence of coccidia and all were positive. They were then relocated to an abandoned prairie dog town on the Sevilleta Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) site. Six Eimeria species, E. callospermophili, E. cynomysis, E. pseudospermophili (new host record), E. spermophili, E. ludoviciani and E. vilasi (new host record) were found in Albuquerque animals, but only two species, E. callospermophili and E. vilasi were present in relocated hosts. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction was seen in the prevalence of E. vilasi (72% vs. 13%) and in the prevalence of infections …

Phylogey Of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Cephalobina: Steinnematidae) Inferred From Ribosomal Dna Sequences And Morphological Characters, S. Patricia Stock, James F. Campbell, Steven A. Nadler

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Entomopathogenic nematodes in Steinernema, together with their symbiont bacteria Xenorhabdus, are obligate and lethal parasites of insects that can provide effective biological control of some important lepidopteran, dipteran, and coleopteran pests of commercial crops. Phylogenetic relationships among 21 Steinernema species were estimated using 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences and morphological characters. Sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers were obtained to provide additional molecular characters to resolve relationships among Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema scapterisci, Steinernema siamkayai, and Steinernema monticolum. Four equally parsimonious trees resulted from combined analysis of 28S sequences and 22 morphological characters. Clades inferred from …

Phylogenetic Relationships Among Species Of Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent And Almeida, 1937 (Trichostrongyloidea: Heligmonellidae: Nippostrongylinae), Parasites Of Myomorph Rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) In The Neotropics, Gerardo Perez-Ponce De Leon, Scott Lyell Gardner, Jorge Falcon-Ordaz

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The phylogenetic relationships of 14 species of Stilestrongylus were analyzed using the comparative morphology of 21 characters. We obtained 2 shortest trees of 50 steps, with a consistency index of 0.540 and 25 apomorphic character states. Ingroup monophyly was supported on these trees by 2 and 3 synapomorphies, respectively, and the ingroup was defined by the following characters: greater number of ventral ridges relative to the number of ridges dorsally, asymmetric bursa, and externodorsal rays differing in size. Sister-group relationships among Stilestrongylus and the other genera designated as outgroups are relatively consistent with those postulated by Durette-Desset’s in a classification …

A New Species Of Eimeria (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) From The Weedy Sea Dragon Phyllopteryx Taeniolatus (Osteichthyes: Syngnathidae), Steve J. Upton, M. Andrew Stamper, Andrea L. Osborn, Sonia L. Mumford, Laura Zwick, Michael J. Kinsel, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new species of intestinal coccidian is described from the weedy or common sea dragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus housed at the New England Aquarium in Boston and at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, USA. Live oocysts of Eimeria phyllopterycis sp. n. are spherical, 30.9 (28.0-34.4) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall. Both a micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent and a large polar granule is sometimes present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal and elongate, 24.3 × 10.4 (23.4-25.6 × 9.2-11.2) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index (length/width) 2.33 (2.14-2.70). A sporocyst residuum is present, consisting of numerous granules of various sizes. …

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 3, September 2000, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

Halipegus Eschi N. Sp. (Digenea: Hemiuridae) In Rana Vaillanti From Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, Derek A. Zelmer, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Halipegus eschi n. sp. is described from the esophagus of Rana vaillanti from Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The new species differs from other known species of Halipegus on the basis of relative testis size, lateral extent of the uterus, vitelline follicle arrangement, egg size, and polar filament length.

Emergence Of Third-Stage Larvae Of Umingmakstrongylus Pallikuukensis From Three Gastropod Intermediate Host Species, Susan K. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, Lydden Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We investigated the emergence of third-stage larvae (L3) of Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis from the slugs Deroceras laeve, Deroceras reticulatum, and the snail Catinella sp. in the laboratory and from D. laeve on the tundra. Third-stage larvae emerged from 8 of 8 D. laeve and 8 of 8 D. reticulatum housed at 20°C in darkness and from 9 of 10 D. laeve and 5 of 5 Catinella sp. housed at 21°C with 10-12 hours of light/day. Larvae emerged from D. laeve and D. reticulatum over a wide range of infection intensities (2-179 and 20-65, respectively), and the patterns of emergence …

Flea News 60 (July 2000), Robert E. Lewis

Flea News

Announcement: Printed copies of Flea News discontinuing

Obituary: Franciscus Gerardus Albertus Maria Smit (June 7, 1920-January 28, 2000)

Book review: Sifonapteros do Brasil, Pedro Marcois Linardi and Lindolpho Rocha Guimaraes. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia USP/FAPESP, 2000.

Flea species

Literature

Miscellanea: As of January 2000 the name of the Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington was changed to Comparative Parasitology.

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 2, [Summer 2000], Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

Parasite Community Structure In Pimephales Promelas (Pisces: Cyprinidae) From Two Converging Streams, M. A. Weichman, John A. Janovy Jr.

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Parasites of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from Elk Creek (40.88534°N, 96.83366°W) and West Oak Creek (40.90821°N, 96.81432°W), Lancaster County, Nebraska. These two streams are part of the Salt Valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form Oak Creek. This study examined the extent to which the two tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. The parasite community included Trichodina sp., Myxobolus sp., Dactylogyrus simplex, D. bychowskyi, and D. pectenatus (all on gills); Gyrodactylus hoffmani (gill and body surface); Posthodiplostomum sp. (neascus, body …

Host Specificity In Metamera Sillasenorum, N. Sp., A Gregarine Parasite Of The Leech Helobdella Triserialis With Notes On Transmission Dynamics, Megan R. Wise De Valdez, John J. Janovy Jr., John C. Wise

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Eugregarines of the suborder Septatorina are apicomplexan parasites that are found mainly in arthropods. Some exceptions are species in the Metameridae that contains the only 5 septate gregarines recorded from annelids. The type genus is Metamera Duke, 1910 with two species, Metamera schubergi Duke, 1910, in European Glossiphonia complanata, and Metamera reynoldsi Jones, 1943, from North American G. complanata. Over the summers of 1995-1998, in Keith County, Nebraska, septate gregarines were found in the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis. The gregarines were determined to be a new species of Metamera, herein named Metamera sillasenorum. Measurements of size …

Phylogeny Of The Species Of The Genus Litomosoides (Nematatoda: Onchocercidae): Evidence Of Rampant Host Switching, Sara V. Brant, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Filarioid nematodes of the genus Litomosoides occur in the abdominal and (or) thoracic cavities of marsupials, rodents, and bats of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among these nematodes were estimated with a parsimony analysis of morphological characters derived from species descriptions. This nonweighted analysis produced 20 shortest trees. The monophyly of the genus was not supported in that Litomosoides thomomydis and Litomosoides westi failed to group with the other members of the genus. When these 2 taxa (parasites of pocket gophers) were excluded, monophyly of Litomosoides was supported by 2 synapomorphies (structure of the …

Reassignment Of Lamanema From Nematodirinae To Molineinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) (Research Notes), Lora G. Rickard, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The monospecific Lamanema historically has been assigned to the Nematodirinae within the Molineidae. Inconsistencies in morphological characters, within a phylogenetic context for Nematodirinae, led to a re-evaluation of the putative relationships and taxonomic placement of Lamanema. Among 7 putative synapomorphies for Nematodirinae, Lamanema possesses only one, large eggs. Large eggs, sporadically present in phylogenetically disparate taxa of trichostrongyles, are equivocal with respect to placement of Lamanema; it is considered that possession of this single homoplasious character alone is insufficient justification to retain the genus in Nematodirinae. Affinities with the Trichostrongylidae (Cooperiinae or Haemonchinae) have also been proposed; however, …

Relationships Of Nematodirus Species And Nematodirus Battus Isolates (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) Based On Nuclear Ribosomal Dna Sequences, Steven A. Nadler, Eric P. Hoberg, Deborah S.S. Hudspeth, Lora G. Rickard

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Nuclear ribosomal sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2), 5.8S subunit, and regions of the 18S and 28S genes were used to investigate sequence diversity among geographic samples of Nematodirus battus, and to infer phylogenetic relationships among Nematodirus species. Phylogenetic analysis of these data yielded strong support for relationships among species, depicting Nematodirus helvetianus and Nematodirus spathiger as sister-taxa and a clade of these two species and Nematodirus filicollis. This tree is consistent with caprine bovids as ancestral hosts, with a subsequent host shift to Bovinae in N. helvetianus. Eleven of 14 N. battus …

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 1, April 1, 2000, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

Natural Transfer Of Helminths Of Marine Origin To Freshwater Fishes, With Observations On The Development Of Diphyllobothrium Alascence, Robert L. Rausch, Ann M. Adams

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Infective stages of helminths of 5 species that occur as adults in marine mammals were found in burbot, Lota lota (L.) (Gadidae), from the lower Kuskokwim River (southwestern Alaska): Diphyllobothrium alascense Rausch et Williamson, 1958; Pyramicocephalus phocarum (Fabricius, 1780); Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1801); Corynosoma semerme (Forsell, 1904); and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878). Some larval stages were obtained also from smelt, Osmerus mordax dentex Steindachner, an anadromous fish important as prey of burbot. Burbot, which are freshwater fish, could become paratenic hosts of those helminths by means of at least three interactions: by consuming marine fishes in brackish waters at river …

Arthropod And Helminth Parasites From The Plains Pocket Gopher, Geomys Bursarius Bursarius From The Hosts' Northern Boundary Range In Minnesota, Monroe H. Bartel, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

As part of a continuing and more general study of the diversity of parasites from subterranean mammals in central North America, individuals of the Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius bursarius, were collected from 7 localities in northwestern Minnesota from September 1991 through October 1996. Arthropods collected included the fleas, Opisocrostis bruneri (4 of 124, 3.20/0), Foxella ignota ignota (85 of 124, 68.50/0); the chewing louse, Geomydoecus geomydis geomydis from 98 of 124 (790/0), and larvae of the tick, Dermacentor variabilis (1 of 124, 0.8%). Nematodes found included Physaloptera limbata (2 of 118 gophers, 1.7%), Capillaria americana (4 of 118, …