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Articles 631 - 660 of 1129

Full-Text Articles in Entomology

Electrophysiological And Behavioral Characterization Of Bioactive Compounds Of The Thymus Vulgaris, Cymbopogon Winterianus, Cuminum Cyminum And Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Essential Oils Against Anopheles Gambiae And Prospects For Their Use As Bednet Treatments, Emilie Deletre, Fabrice Chandre, Livy Williams, Claire Duménil, Chantal Menut, Thibaud Martin Jun 2015

Electrophysiological And Behavioral Characterization Of Bioactive Compounds Of The Thymus Vulgaris, Cymbopogon Winterianus, Cuminum Cyminum And Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Essential Oils Against Anopheles Gambiae And Prospects For Their Use As Bednet Treatments, Emilie Deletre, Fabrice Chandre, Livy Williams, Claire Duménil, Chantal Menut, Thibaud Martin

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Background: Laboratory and field studies showed that repellent, irritant and toxic actions of common public health insecticides reduce human-vector contact and thereby interrupt disease transmission. One of the more effective strategies to reduce disease risk involves the use of long-lasting treated bednets. However, development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations makes it imperative to find alternatives to these insecticides. Our previous study identified four essential oils as alternatives to pyrethroids: Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The objectives of this study were to identify active compounds of these essential oils, to characterize their biological activity, and to examine …

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New Directions For Improving Crop Resistance To Insects By Breeding For Egg Induced Defence, Amanuel Tamiru, Zeyaur R. Khan, Toby J.A. Bruce Jun 2015

New Directions For Improving Crop Resistance To Insects By Breeding For Egg Induced Defence, Amanuel Tamiru, Zeyaur R. Khan, Toby J.A. Bruce

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Plant defence responses to insect oviposition, including tritrophic interactions with natural enemies of herbivores, have rarely been targeted in crop breeding programmes. Emission of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract natural enemies early on at the egg-laying stage of herbivore attack could provide timely biological control of pests and deter subsequent oviposition. This is needed in an agroecological context where the third trophic level often does not keep pace with the growth rate of pests. Our very recent data, using maize as an example, show that herbivore egg induced volatile emission is very rare in commercial hybrids but common …

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Analysing Chemical Attraction Of Gravid Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto With Modified Bg-Sentinel Traps, Michael N. Okal, Manuela Herrera-Varela, Paul Ouma, Baldwyn Torto, Steven W. Lindsay, Jenny M. Lindh, Ulrike Fillinger Jun 2015

Analysing Chemical Attraction Of Gravid Anopheles Gambiae Sensu Stricto With Modified Bg-Sentinel Traps, Michael N. Okal, Manuela Herrera-Varela, Paul Ouma, Baldwyn Torto, Steven W. Lindsay, Jenny M. Lindh, Ulrike Fillinger

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Background: Cues that guide gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to oviposition sites can be manipulated to create new strategies for monitoring and controlling malaria vectors. However, progress towards identifying such cues is slow in part due to the lack of appropriate tools for investigating long-range attraction to putative oviposition substrates. This study aimed to develop a relatively easy-to-use bioassay system that can effectively analyse chemical attraction of gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Methods: BG-Sentinel™ mosquito traps that use fans to dispense odourants were modified to contain aqueous substrates. Choice tests with two identical traps set in an 80 m2 screened …

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Regulating Edible Insects: The Challenge Of Addressing Food Security, Nature Conservation, And The Erosion Of Traditional Food Culture, A. Halloran, P. Vantomme, Y. Hanboonsong, S. Ekesi Jun 2015

Regulating Edible Insects: The Challenge Of Addressing Food Security, Nature Conservation, And The Erosion Of Traditional Food Culture, A. Halloran, P. Vantomme, Y. Hanboonsong, S. Ekesi

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Entomophagy is a common practice in many regions of the world but there are few examples of national regulations that govern insects for human consumption. Where entomophagy is not common, the current regulatory discourse focuses primarily on food safety and consumer protection. In countries where insects contribute to local diets, nature conservation is often an issue of high importance. This paper investigates the variation in the ways in which entomophagy and its related activities are currently regulated in Thailand, Switzerland, Kenya and Canada. Authoritative bodies who are responsible and the roles they play are discussed. Insects have only recently entered …

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Determinants Of Adoption Of Climate-Smart Push-Pull Technology For Enhanced Food Security Through Integrated Pest Management In Eastern Africa, A. W. Murage, C. A.O. Midega, J. O. Pittchar, J. A. Pickett, Z. R. Khan Jun 2015

Determinants Of Adoption Of Climate-Smart Push-Pull Technology For Enhanced Food Security Through Integrated Pest Management In Eastern Africa, A. W. Murage, C. A.O. Midega, J. O. Pittchar, J. A. Pickett, Z. R. Khan

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Food security attainment in Africa has been hindered by poor yields of cereals that serve both as staple and cash crops for the majority of smallholder farmers. Among the various constraints responsible for lower yields are the parasitic weed Striga, and Stemborer pests whose control has remained a challenge. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) with partners developed a novel conservation agricultural technology termed ‘push-pull’, based on companion cropping that effectively controls both constraints simultaneously. However, the effects of climate change threatened its expansion into drier areas where Striga is rapidly spreading. Further adaptation of the conventional …

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Repellency Of Tsetse-Refractory Waterbuck (Kobus Defassa) Body Odour To Glossina Pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae): Assessment Of Relative Contribution Of Different Classes And Individual Constituents, Mathew K. Bett, Rajinder K. Saini, Ahmed Hassanali Jun 2015

Repellency Of Tsetse-Refractory Waterbuck (Kobus Defassa) Body Odour To Glossina Pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae): Assessment Of Relative Contribution Of Different Classes And Individual Constituents, Mathew K. Bett, Rajinder K. Saini, Ahmed Hassanali

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Our earlier studies on the comparative behavioural responses of caged savanna tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina pallidipes) on a preferred host (ox) and a non-host (waterbuck) suggested the presence of allomonal constituents on the latter. Follow up comparison of the compositions of odours of waterbuck with those of ox and buffalo led to the identification of a series of compounds (15) specific to waterbuck, including straight chain carboxylic acid (C5-C10), phenols (guaiacol and carvacrol), 2-alkanone homologues (C8-C12), geranylacetone and δ-octalactone. Behavioural studies in a windtunnel in the laboratory suggested that G. m. morsitans was repelled by a synthetic blend …

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Distribution And Diversity Of The Vectors Of Rift Valley Fever Along The Livestock Movement Routes In The Northeastern And Coastal Regions Of Kenya, Samwel O. Arum, Christopher W. Weldon, Benedict Orindi, Tobias Landmann, David P. Tchouassi, Hippolyte D. Affognon, Rosemary Sang May 2015

Distribution And Diversity Of The Vectors Of Rift Valley Fever Along The Livestock Movement Routes In The Northeastern And Coastal Regions Of Kenya, Samwel O. Arum, Christopher W. Weldon, Benedict Orindi, Tobias Landmann, David P. Tchouassi, Hippolyte D. Affognon, Rosemary Sang

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Background: Knowledge of vector ecology is important in understanding the transmission dynamics of vector borne disease. In this study, we determined the distribution and diversity of mosquitoes along the major nomadic livestock movement routes (LMR) in the traditional pastoral ecozone of northeastern Kenya. We focused on the vectors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFv) with the aim of understanding their ecology and how they can potentially influence the circulation of RVFv. Methods: Mosquito surveys were conducted during the short and long rainy seasons from November 2012 to August 2014 using CO2-baited CDC light traps at seven sites selected for their …

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Potential Of The Desert Locust Schistocerca Gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) As An Unconventional Source Of Dietary And Therapeutic Sterols, Xavier Cheseto, Serge Philibert Kuate, David P. Tchouassi, Mary Ndung'u, Peter E.A. Teal, Baldwyn Torto May 2015

Potential Of The Desert Locust Schistocerca Gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) As An Unconventional Source Of Dietary And Therapeutic Sterols, Xavier Cheseto, Serge Philibert Kuate, David P. Tchouassi, Mary Ndung'u, Peter E.A. Teal, Baldwyn Torto

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Insects are increasingly being recognized not only as a source of food to feed the ever growing world population but also as potential sources of new products and therapeutic agents, among which are sterols. In this study, we sought to profile sterols and their derivatives present in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, focusing on those with potential importance as dietary and therapeutic components for humans. Using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we analyzed and compared the quantities of sterols in the different sections of the gut and tissues of the locust. In the gut, we identified 34 sterols which showed …

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Crop Residue Disappearance And Macrofauna Activity In Sub-Humid Western Kenya, J. Kihara, C. Martius, A. Bationo May 2015

Crop Residue Disappearance And Macrofauna Activity In Sub-Humid Western Kenya, J. Kihara, C. Martius, A. Bationo

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Rapid disappearance of crop residue used as soil surface cover in conservation tillage systems reduces the envisaged soil cover benefits. This study was conducted in a conservation tillage experiment, established in 2003 in Nyabeda, western Kenya, to (1) characterize crop residue disappearance during crop growth, and (2) assess termite activity and characteristics of soil (carbon concentration and aggregate stability) in termite-molded sheetings and mound soil. Loss of surface-placed residue in the presence of macrofauna (defined as >1 mm) was up to 83 % in 3.5 months, compared to 33 % in the absence of macrofauna. Overall, residue loss was up …

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Phylogenetic Molecular Species Delimitations Unravel Potential New Species In The Pest Genus Spodoptera Guenée, 1852 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), Pascaline Dumas, Jérôme Barbut, Bruno Le Ru, Jean François Silvain, Anne Laure Clamens, Emmanuelle D'Alençon, Gael J. Kergoat Apr 2015

Phylogenetic Molecular Species Delimitations Unravel Potential New Species In The Pest Genus Spodoptera Guenée, 1852 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), Pascaline Dumas, Jérôme Barbut, Bruno Le Ru, Jean François Silvain, Anne Laure Clamens, Emmanuelle D'Alençon, Gael J. Kergoat

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Nowadays molecular species delimitation methods promote the identification of species boundaries within complex taxonomic groups by adopting innovative species concepts and theories (e.g. branching patterns, coalescence). As some of them can efficiently deal with large single-locus datasets, they could speed up the process of species discovery compared to more time consuming molecular methods, and benefit from the existence of large public datasets; these methods can also particularly favour scientific research and actions dealing with threatened or economically important taxa. In this study we aim to investigate and clarify the status of economically important moths species belonging to the genus Spodoptera …

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Responses Of Parasitoids To Volatiles Induced By Chilo Partellus Oviposition On Teosinte, A Wild Ancestor Of Maize, Daniel M. Mutyambai, Toby J.A. Bruce, Charles A.O. Midega, Christine M. Woodcock, John C. Caulfield, Johnnie Van Den Berg, John A. Pickett, Zeyaur R. Khan Apr 2015

Responses Of Parasitoids To Volatiles Induced By Chilo Partellus Oviposition On Teosinte, A Wild Ancestor Of Maize, Daniel M. Mutyambai, Toby J.A. Bruce, Charles A.O. Midega, Christine M. Woodcock, John C. Caulfield, Johnnie Van Den Berg, John A. Pickett, Zeyaur R. Khan

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Maize, a genetically diverse crop, is the domesticated descendent of its wild ancestor, teosinte. Recently, we have shown that certain maize landraces possess a valuable indirect defense trait not present in commercial hybrids. Plants of these landraces release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that attract both egg [Trichogramma bournieri Pintureau & Babault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)] and larval [Cotesia sesamiae Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)] parasitoids in response to stemborer egg deposition. In this study, we tested whether this trait also exists in the germplasm of wild Zea species. Headspace samples were collected from plants exposed to egg deposition by Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) …

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Mosquito Host Preferences Affect Their Response To Synthetic And Natural Odour Blends, Annette O. Busula, Willem Takken, Dorothy E. Loy, Beatrice H. Hahn, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Niels O. Verhulst Mar 2015

Mosquito Host Preferences Affect Their Response To Synthetic And Natural Odour Blends, Annette O. Busula, Willem Takken, Dorothy E. Loy, Beatrice H. Hahn, Wolfgang R. Mukabana, Niels O. Verhulst

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Background: The anthropophilic malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (hereafter termed Anopheles gambiae) primarily takes blood meals from humans, whereas its close sibling Anopheles arabiensis is more opportunistic. Previous studies have identified several compounds that play a critical role in the odour-mediated behaviour of An. gambiae. This study determined the effect of natural and synthetic odour blends on mosquitoes with different host preferences to better understand the host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes and the potential of synthetic odour blends for standardized monitoring. Methods: Odour blends were initially tested for their attractiveness to An. gambiae and An. arabiensis in a semi-field system …

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Pathogenicity And Performance Of Two Candidate Isolates Of Metarhizium Anisopliae And Beauveria Bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) In Four Liquid Culture Media For The Management Of The Legume Pod Borer Maruca Vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), V. Tumuhaise, S. Ekesi, S. A. Mohamed, P. N. Ndegwa, L. W. Irungu, R. Srinivasan, N. K. Maniania Mar 2015

Pathogenicity And Performance Of Two Candidate Isolates Of Metarhizium Anisopliae And Beauveria Bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) In Four Liquid Culture Media For The Management Of The Legume Pod Borer Maruca Vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), V. Tumuhaise, S. Ekesi, S. A. Mohamed, P. N. Ndegwa, L. W. Irungu, R. Srinivasan, N. K. Maniania

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The aim of this study was to identify and develop entomopathogenic fungi as biopesticides for management of Maruca vitrata (Fabricius). Fourteen isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin and six of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. were screened against first instar larvae of M. vitrata. The two most virulent isolates were selected and further tested for production in four liquid media. Different formulations of one isolate were evaluated against different developmental stages. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 69 caused highest larval mortality of 91 and 81%, with lethal time to 50% mortality (LT50) values of 1.8 and 1.7 days and LC50 …

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Molecular Phylogenetics, Systematics And Host-Plant Associations Of The Bruchidius Albosparsus (Fåhraeus) Species Group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) With The Descript Ion Of Four New Species, Alex Delobel, Bruno Le Ru, Gwenaëlle Genson, Boaz K. Musyoka, Gael J. Kergoat Mar 2015

Molecular Phylogenetics, Systematics And Host-Plant Associations Of The Bruchidius Albosparsus (Fåhraeus) Species Group (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) With The Descript Ion Of Four New Species, Alex Delobel, Bruno Le Ru, Gwenaëlle Genson, Boaz K. Musyoka, Gael J. Kergoat

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Bruchidius Schilsky is a large paraphyletic genus of seed beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) which consists of multiple lineages that are usually associated with narrow sets of host-plants. In this study we focus on a group that mostly develops on wattle trees (acacias) belonging to the genus Vachellia Wight & Arn. This group originally included nine species and was designated as the Bruchidius centromaculatus (Allard) species group, but recent phylogenetic analyses revealed that these species belong to a much wider group of species with similar morphologies. For reasons of anteriority we call this enlarged group Bruchidius albosparsus (Fåhraeus). Here we review …

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Efficacy Of Neem Chippings For Mosquito Larval Control Under Field Conditions, Susan S. Imbahale, Wolfgang R. Mukabana Mar 2015

Efficacy Of Neem Chippings For Mosquito Larval Control Under Field Conditions, Susan S. Imbahale, Wolfgang R. Mukabana

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Background: An in depth understanding of mosquito breeding biology and factors regulating population sizes is fundamental for vector population control. This paper presents results from a survey of mosquito breeding habitats and the efficacy of neem chippings as a potential larvicide that can be integrated in mosquito control on Nyabondo Plateau in western Kenya.Results: Six main mosquito habitat types namely artificial ponds, abandoned fish ponds, active fish ponds, open drains, temporary pools and swamps were found in Nyabondo. Early anopheline instars were mainly recovered from temporary pools, artificial ponds and abandoned fish ponds. The mosquitoes collected wereAnopheles gambiaesensu lato (35%), …

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Optimizing Western Flower Thrips Management On French Beans By Combined Use Of Beneficials And Imidacloprid, Johnson O. Nyasani, Sevgan Subramanian, Hans Michael Poehling, Nguya K. Maniania, Sunday Ekesi, Rainer Meyhöfer Mar 2015

Optimizing Western Flower Thrips Management On French Beans By Combined Use Of Beneficials And Imidacloprid, Johnson O. Nyasani, Sevgan Subramanian, Hans Michael Poehling, Nguya K. Maniania, Sunday Ekesi, Rainer Meyhöfer

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Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an important pest of vegetable crops worldwide and has developed resistance to many insecticides. The predatory mites Neoseiulus (=Amblyseius) cucumeris (Oudemans), the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.), and an insecticide (imidacloprid) were tested for their efficacy to reduce WFT population density and damage to French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods under field conditions in two planting periods. Metarhizium anisopliae was applied as a foliar spray weekly at a rate of one litre spray volume per plot while imidacloprid was applied as a soil drench every two weeks at a rate of two …

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A Revision Of The Genus Conicofrontia Hampson (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini, Sesamiina), With Description Of A New Species: New Insights From Morphological, Ecological And Molecular Data, Bruno Le Ru, Claire Capdevielle-Dulac, Desmond Conlong, Beatrice Pallangyo, Johnnie Van Den Berg, George Ong'amo, Gael J. Kergoat Feb 2015

A Revision Of The Genus Conicofrontia Hampson (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini, Sesamiina), With Description Of A New Species: New Insights From Morphological, Ecological And Molecular Data, Bruno Le Ru, Claire Capdevielle-Dulac, Desmond Conlong, Beatrice Pallangyo, Johnnie Van Den Berg, George Ong'amo, Gael J. Kergoat

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The aim of this study was to review the species of Conicofrontia Hampson, a small genus of noctuid stem borers (Noctuidae, Apameini) that is distributed in East and Southeastern Africa. We review the morphology of species in this group and provide new diagnoses and ecological data for five species. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Hygrostola dallolmoi (Berio, 1973) (= Conicofrontia dallolmoi Berio, 1973) comb. n. and Conicofrontia bipartita (Hampson, 1910) (= Phragmatiphila bipartita Hampson, 1910) comb. n., stat. rev. One new species is also described: C. lilomwa, sp. n. from Tanzania. Wing patterns as well as male and female …

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Effects Of Fungal Infection On Feeding And Survival Of Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) On Plant Sugars, Sopher N. Ondiaka, Elizabeth W. Masinde, Constantianus Jm Koenraadt, Willem Takken, Wolfgang R. Mukabana Jan 2015

Effects Of Fungal Infection On Feeding And Survival Of Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) On Plant Sugars, Sopher N. Ondiaka, Elizabeth W. Masinde, Constantianus Jm Koenraadt, Willem Takken, Wolfgang R. Mukabana

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Background: The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae shows great promise for the control of adult malaria vectors. A promising strategy for infection of mosquitoes is supplying the fungus at plant feeding sites. Methods: We evaluated the survival of fungus-exposed Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (males and females) fed on 6% glucose and on sugars of Ricinus communis (Castor oil plant) and Parthenium hysterophorus (Santa Maria feverfew weed). Further, we determined the feeding propensity, quantity of sugar ingested and its digestion rate in the mosquitoes when fed on R. communis for 12 hours, one and three days post-exposure to fungus. The anthrone test was …

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Interactions Between Phaedrotoma Scabriventris Nixon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Diglyphus Isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Parasitoids Of Liriomyza Huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), K. S. Akutse, J. Van Den Berg, N. K. Maniania, K. K.M. Fiaboe, S. Ekesi Jan 2015

Interactions Between Phaedrotoma Scabriventris Nixon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) And Diglyphus Isaea Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Parasitoids Of Liriomyza Huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), K. S. Akutse, J. Van Den Berg, N. K. Maniania, K. K.M. Fiaboe, S. Ekesi

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Liriomyza leafminer flies represent a serious threat to horticultural production in East Africa. Total field parasitism rates recorded in Kenya are below 5%, with the indigenous ectoparasitoid Diglyphus isaea Walker being one of the key parasitoid species. The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (. icipe), in collaboration with the International Potato Centre (CIP), imported into Kenya the endoparasitoid Phaedrotoma scabriventris Nixon to improve natural control of leafminers. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions between D. isaea and P. scabriventris when used together for the biological control of Liriomyza species. These interactions were studied under …

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Comparative Analysis Of Development And Survival Of Two Natal Fruit Fly Ceratitis Rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) Populations From Kenya And South Africa, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Aruna Manrakhan, John Henry Daneel, Samira A. Mohamed, Khamis Fathiya, Sunday Ekesi Jan 2015

Comparative Analysis Of Development And Survival Of Two Natal Fruit Fly Ceratitis Rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) Populations From Kenya And South Africa, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Aruna Manrakhan, John Henry Daneel, Samira A. Mohamed, Khamis Fathiya, Sunday Ekesi

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Comparative analysis of development and survivorship of two geographically divergent populations of the Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch designated as C. rosa R1 and C. rosa R2 from Kenya and South Africa were studied at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 33, 35 °C). Temperature range for development and survival of both populations was 15-35 °C. The developmental duration was found to significantly decrease with increasing temperature for C. rosa R1 and C. rosa R2 from both countries. Survivorship of all the immature stages of C. rosa R1 and C. rosa R2 from Kenya was highest over …

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An Integrative Approach To Unravel The Ceratitis Far (Diptera, Tephritidae) Cryptic Species Complex: A Review, Marc De Meyer, Hélène Delatte, Sunday Ekesi, Kurt Jordaens, Blanka Kalinová, Aruna Manrakhan, Maulid Mwatawala, Gary Steck, Joannes Van Cann, Lucie Vaníčková, Radka Břízová, Massimiliano Virgilio Jan 2015

An Integrative Approach To Unravel The Ceratitis Far (Diptera, Tephritidae) Cryptic Species Complex: A Review, Marc De Meyer, Hélène Delatte, Sunday Ekesi, Kurt Jordaens, Blanka Kalinová, Aruna Manrakhan, Maulid Mwatawala, Gary Steck, Joannes Van Cann, Lucie Vaníčková, Radka Břízová, Massimiliano Virgilio

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This paper reviews all information gathered from different disciplines and studies to resolve the species status within the Ceratitis FAR (C. fasciventris, C. anonae, C. rosa) complex, a group of polyphagous fruit fly pest species (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Africa. It includes information on larval and adult morphology, wing morphometrics, cuticular hydrocarbons, pheromones, microsatellites, developmental physiology and geographic distribution. The general consensus is that the FAR complex comprises C. anonae, two species within C. rosa (so-called R1 and R2) and two putatitve species under C. fasciventris. The information regarding the latter is, however, too limited to draw final conclusions on specific …

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Control Of Vegetable Pests In Benin - Farmers' Preferences For Eco-Friendly Nets As An Alternative To Insecticides, Faustin Vidogbéna, Anselme Adégbidi, Rigobert Tossou, Françoise Assogba-Komlan, Mathieu Ngouajio, Thibaut Martin, Serge Simon, Laurent Parrot, Kerstin K. Zander Jan 2015

Control Of Vegetable Pests In Benin - Farmers' Preferences For Eco-Friendly Nets As An Alternative To Insecticides, Faustin Vidogbéna, Anselme Adégbidi, Rigobert Tossou, Françoise Assogba-Komlan, Mathieu Ngouajio, Thibaut Martin, Serge Simon, Laurent Parrot, Kerstin K. Zander

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We investigated if eco-friendly nets (EFNs) are a viable and acceptable alternative to extremely high levels of insecticide use in vegetable production. Using a choice experiment, we found that vegetable producing farmers in Benin preferred all of the characteristics of EFNs except the higher labor requirements. The nets had been distributed in a trial phase for free but in the long run farmers would need to purchase the EFNs. The break-even point for investing in nets was found to vary with the lifespan of EFNs, their purchase price and potential health benefits from avoiding large quantities of insecticides. To break …

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Analyses Of Volatiles Produced By The African Fruit Fly Species Complex (Diptera, Tephritidae), Radka Břízová, Lucie Vaníčková, Mária Faťarová, Sunday Ekesi, Michal Hoskovec, Blanka Kalinová Jan 2015

Analyses Of Volatiles Produced By The African Fruit Fly Species Complex (Diptera, Tephritidae), Radka Břízová, Lucie Vaníčková, Mária Faťarová, Sunday Ekesi, Michal Hoskovec, Blanka Kalinová

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Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae and Ceratitis rosa are polyphagous agricultural pests originating from the African continent. The taxonomy of this group (the so-called Ceratitis FAR complex) is unclear. To clarify the taxonomic relationships, male and female-produced volatiles presumably involved in pre-mating communication were studied using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) followed by multivariate analysis, and gas chromatography combined with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). GC×GC-TOFMS analyses revealed sex specific differences in produced volatiles. Male volatiles are complex mixtures that differ both qualitatively and quantitatively but share some common compounds. GC-EAD analyses of male volatiles revealed that the antennal …

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Description Of Third Instar Larvae Of Ceratitis Fasciventris, C. Anonae, C. Rosa (Far Complex) And C. Capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae), Gary J. Steck, Sunday Ekesi Jan 2015

Description Of Third Instar Larvae Of Ceratitis Fasciventris, C. Anonae, C. Rosa (Far Complex) And C. Capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae), Gary J. Steck, Sunday Ekesi

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Third instar larvae of members of the Ceratitis FAR complex, including Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi), Ceratitis anonae Graham, and Ceratitis rosa Karsch are described and compared with those of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Diagnostic characters, such as presence vs. absence of a secondary tooth on the mandibles, previously used to separate C. capitata from C. rosa, are shown to vary in each species. Significant variation in diagnostic morphological characters among populations of C. rosa from east and south Africa is documented; however, the differences are not simply congruent with the R1 and R2 designations based on other studies. Quantitative measures of numerous …

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Cuticular Hydrocarbons Corroborate The Distinction Between Lowland And Highland Natal Fruit Fly (Tephritidae, Ceratitis Rosa) Populations, Lucie Vaníčková, Radka Břízová, Antonio Pompeiano, Sunday Ekesi, Marc De Meyer Jan 2015

Cuticular Hydrocarbons Corroborate The Distinction Between Lowland And Highland Natal Fruit Fly (Tephritidae, Ceratitis Rosa) Populations, Lucie Vaníčková, Radka Břízová, Antonio Pompeiano, Sunday Ekesi, Marc De Meyer

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The cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) and morphology of two Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations, putatively belonging to two cryptic taxa, were analysed. The chemical profiles were characterised by two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. CHs of C. rosa that originated from the lowlands and highlands of Kenya comprised of n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes, dimethylalkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons in the range of the carbon backbone from C14 to C37. Hydrocarbons containing C29, C31, C33 and C35 carbon atoms predominated in these two populations. 2-Methyltriacontane was the predominant compound in both populations. Quantitative differences in the distribution of hydrocarbons of different chain lengths, …

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Plant Volatiles Influence The African Weaver Ant-Cashew Tree Mutualism, Caroline Wanjiku, Fathiya M. Khamis, Peter E.A. Teal, Baldwyn Torto Dec 2014

Plant Volatiles Influence The African Weaver Ant-Cashew Tree Mutualism, Caroline Wanjiku, Fathiya M. Khamis, Peter E.A. Teal, Baldwyn Torto

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Plant volatiles influence virtually all forms of ant-plant symbioses. However, little is known about their role in the mutualistic relationship between the African weaver ant and the cashew tree. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that cashew tree volatiles from plant parts most vulnerable to herbivory viz. inflorescence, leaves, and fruits, are attractive to weaver ants. Using behavioral assays, we show that these volatiles attract weaver ants but without significant difference in preference for any of the odors. These same plant parts are associated with extra floral nectaries (EFNs’) and therefore we evaluated the possibility that the ants associate …

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Effect Of Temperature On The Phenology Of Chilo Partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae); Simulation And Visualization Of The Potential Future Distribution Of C. Partellus In Africa Under Warmer Temperatures Through The Development Of Life-Table Parameters, N. Khadioli, Z. E.H. Tonnang, E. Muchugu, G. Ong'amo, T. Achia, I. Kipchirchir, J. Kroschel, B. Le Ru Dec 2014

Effect Of Temperature On The Phenology Of Chilo Partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae); Simulation And Visualization Of The Potential Future Distribution Of C. Partellus In Africa Under Warmer Temperatures Through The Development Of Life-Table Parameters, N. Khadioli, Z. E.H. Tonnang, E. Muchugu, G. Ong'amo, T. Achia, I. Kipchirchir, J. Kroschel, B. Le Ru

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Maize (Zea mays) is a major staple food in Africa. However, maize production is severely reduced by damage caused by feeding lepidopteran pests. In East and Southern Africa, Chilo partellus is one of the most damaging cereal stem borers mainly found in the warmer lowland areas. In this study, it was hypothesized that the future distribution and abundance of C. partellus may be affected greatly by the current global warming. The temperature-dependent population growth potential of C. partellus was studied on artificial diet under laboratory conditions at six constant temperatures (15, 18, 20, 25, 28, 30, 32 and 35 °C), …

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Taxonomy, Host-Plant Associations And Phylogeny Of African Crotalaria-Feeding Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): The Conicobruchus Strangulatus (Fåhraeus) Species Group, Bruno P. Le Ru, Alex Delobel, Zoltán György, Gwenaëlle Genson, Gael J. Kergoat Dec 2014

Taxonomy, Host-Plant Associations And Phylogeny Of African Crotalaria-Feeding Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae): The Conicobruchus Strangulatus (Fåhraeus) Species Group, Bruno P. Le Ru, Alex Delobel, Zoltán György, Gwenaëlle Genson, Gael J. Kergoat

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A small group of six morphologically related seed beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) belonging to the Conicobruchus genus is reviewed. Species in this group for which host-plants are known feed on various species of Crotalaria (Fabaceae, Crotalarieae). Here we provide diagnoses and a dichotomous key for all six species. The following synonymies are proposed: Conicobruchus cicatricosus (Fåhraeus, 1839) (= Bruchus cicatricosus pallidioripennis Pic, 1941) syn. nov.; Conicobruchus strangulatus (Fåhraeus, 1839) (= Bruchus hargreavesi Pic, 1933) syn. nov. The corresponding Conicobruchus strangulatus species group is hereby designated. New host-plant data are also included, which correspond to the results of recent collections of …

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Population Genetics Of Two Key Mosquito Vectors Of Rift Valley Fever Virus Reveals New Insights Into The Changing Disease Outbreak Patterns In Kenya, David P. Tchouassi, Armanda D.S. Bastos, Catherine L. Sole, Mawlouth Diallo, Joel Lutomiah, James Mutisya, Francis Mulwa, Christian Borgemeister, Rosemary Sang, Baldwyn Torto Dec 2014

Population Genetics Of Two Key Mosquito Vectors Of Rift Valley Fever Virus Reveals New Insights Into The Changing Disease Outbreak Patterns In Kenya, David P. Tchouassi, Armanda D.S. Bastos, Catherine L. Sole, Mawlouth Diallo, Joel Lutomiah, James Mutisya, Francis Mulwa, Christian Borgemeister, Rosemary Sang, Baldwyn Torto

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreaks in Kenya have increased in frequency and range to include northeastern Kenya where viruses are increasingly being isolated from known (Aedes mcintoshi) and newly-associated (Ae. ochraceus) vectors. The factors contributing to these changing outbreak patterns are unclear and the population genetic structure of key vectors and/or specific virus-vector associations, in particular, are under-studied. By conducting mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses on >220 Kenyan specimens of Ae. mcintoshi and Ae. ochraceus, we uncovered high levels of vector complexity which may partly explain the disease outbreak pattern. Results indicate that Ae. mcintoshi consists of a species complex …

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Spiroacetals In The Colonization Behaviour Of The Coffee Berry Borer: A 'Push-Pull' System, Teresiah Nyambura Njihia, Juliana Jaramillo, Lucy Murungi, Dickson Mwenda, Benedict Orindi, Hans Michael Poehling, Baldwyn Torto Nov 2014

Spiroacetals In The Colonization Behaviour Of The Coffee Berry Borer: A 'Push-Pull' System, Teresiah Nyambura Njihia, Juliana Jaramillo, Lucy Murungi, Dickson Mwenda, Benedict Orindi, Hans Michael Poehling, Baldwyn Torto

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Coffee berries are known to release several volatile organic compounds, among which is the spiroacetal, conophthorin, an attractant for the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei. Elucidating the effects of other spiroacetals released by coffee berries is critical to understanding their chemo-ecological roles in the host discrimination and colonization process of the coffee berry borer, and also for their potential use in the management of this pest. Here, we show that the coffee berry spiroacetals frontalin and 1,6-dioxaspiro [4.5] decane (referred thereafter as brocain), are also used as semiochemicals by the coffee berry borer for host colonization. Bioassays and chemical analyses …

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