Entomology Commons^™

The World Of Bees, Louise I. Lynch

Department of Entomology: Distance Master of Science Projects

The World of Bees is an interactive children’s museum exhibit created to convey the diversity of bees, the significant role of bees in nature and to humans and the need for their conservation. It presents aspects of bee evolution, anatomy, species diversity, life history, ecology, agricultural significance, and pollination role. The World of Bees promotes preservation of bees through beekeeping, gardening and environmental stewardship.

Virtual tour of the exhibit at: http://vimeo.com/34493111 or attached below.

Tapeworms Of Elasmobranchs, Part Iii: A Monograph On The Phyllobothriidae (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda), Timothy R. Ruhnke

Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum (1924–2023)

This monograph aims to provide information on the taxonomic status of all genera associated with the tetraphyllidean family Phyllobothriidae. Full treatments of the three valid species of the type genus, Phyllobothrium, in addition to the 47 valid species of Clistobothrium, Crossobothrium, Marsupiobothrium, Monorygma, Nandocestus, Orectolobicestus, Orygmatobothrium, Paraorygmatobothrium, Ruhnkecestus, and Scyphophyllidium are provided, as is a taxonomic history of the family. Of the valid genera historically associated with the family, only Phyllobothrium is considered to be an unambiguous member of the family. The genera Bibursibothrium, Calyptrobothrium, Cardiobothrium, Clistobothrium, Crossobothrium, Doliobothrium, Flexibothrium, Marsupiobothrium, Monorygma, Nandocestus, Orectolobicestus, Orygmatobothrium, Paraorygmatobothrium, Ruhnkecestus, Scyphophyllidium …

Nebline, January 2011

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Feature: Tightening Your Belt in Tough Times

Farm Views

Horticulture

Food & Fitness

Home & Family Living

Environmental Focus

Urban Agriculture

4-H & Youth

Community Focus

Extension Calendar

Nutrition Education Program

Family and Community Education (FCE) Clubs

and other extension news and events

Annual Report Special Pullout Section

Phenology Of Stable Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae In Round Bale Hay Feeding Sites In Eastern Nebraska, David B. Taylor, Dennis R. Berkebile

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The temporal and spatial patterns of adult stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), emergence from six sites where large round baled hay had been provided to pasture cattle as winter feed were studied using emergence traps. The substrate at these sites, consisting of waste hay mixed with bovine manure and urine, provided an excellent developmental habitat for immature stable flies. Stable flies were the most frequently collected fly emerging from these sites with a yearly average of 1,581 emerging per square meter. Stable fly emergence from these sites began in early May (235 annual accumulated Day-Degree 10°C [DD₁₀]), peaked …

Dose–Response Relationships Of Clothianidin, Imidacloprid, And Thiamethoxam To Blissus Occiduus (Hemiptera: Blissidae), M. D. Stamm, Frederick P. Baxendale, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Blair D. Siegfried, Erin E. Blankenship, Roch E. Gaussoin

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae), has emerged as a serious pest of buffalograss, Buchloë dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann. In general, neonicotinoid insecticides effectively control a variety of turfgrass insects, particularly phloem-feeding pests. However, because of well documented inconsistencies in control, these compounds are generally not recommended for chinch bugs. This study was designed to document the contact and systemic toxicity of three neonicotinoid insecticides (clothianidin, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) to B. occiduus. In contact bioassays, thiamethoxam was ~20-fold less toxic than clothianidin or imidacloprid to B. occiduus nymphs and three-fold more toxic to adults. In adult systemic …

Genetic Variation And Inheritance Of Diapause Induction In Two Distinct Voltine Ecotypes Of Ostrinia Nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Cengis Ikten, Steven R. Skoda, Thomas E. Hunt, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), displays a larval diapause in response to short photoperiods and is adapted to a variety of local conditions throughout North America. Hence, the effective photoperiod inducing larval diapause will differ among geographic ecotypes. This study considers the inheritance of photoperiodic larval diapause induction by hybridization and backcrossing two latitudinally distinct ecotypes of the European corn borer collected between 41° N, 96° W and 48° N, 96° W and under a range of photoperiods representative of their respective locations: from 14:10 to 16:8 (L:D) h. The ecotype adapted to a bivoltine habitat (southeastern …

Field Introgression Of Diabrotica Barberi And Diabrotica Longicornis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Based On Genetic And Morphological Characters, Laura A. Campbell, Thomas L. Clark, Pete L. Clark, Lance Meinke, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence and Diabrotica longicornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are considered to be sister species, and it has been proposed that the two species may hybridize under field conditions. The objective of this study was to examine genetic and morphological characters of D. barberi and D. longicornis for evidence of field introgression. Both species were collected from sympatric and allopatric areas. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms and morphological characters (color and head capsule width) were used to examine variation within and among populations of D. barberi and D. longicornis. Relatively little of the overall …

Evaluation Of Buffalograss Leaf Pubescence And Its Effect On Resistance To Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese, Frederick P. Baxendale, Terrance P. Riordan, Tiffany Heng-Moss, Lisa Baird

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Considerable progress has been made in improving the turfgrass characteristics of buffalograss, Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt) Engelm, a native North American grass species with low maintenance requirements (Riordan et al., 1993). Two mealybugs, Tridiscus sporoboli (Cockerell) and Trionymus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) have emerged as buffalograss pests (Baxendale et al., 1994). Mealybugs have been associated with buffalograss stands throughout Nebraska (Baxendale et al., 1994), as well as in Texas and Arizona. Unfortunately, the Pseudococcidae are poorly described and species identification requires extensive specimen preparation (Ferris, 1950, 1953). Buffalograss mealybugs have an oblong, pale purple-grey, membranous body, ranging in length from 0.2 …

Contact And Fumigant Toxicity Of A Botanical-Based Feeding Deterrent Of The Stable Fly, Stomoxys Calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae), Junwei J. Zhu, Andrew Y. Li, Sara Pritchard, Khanobporn Tangtrakulwanich, Frederick P. Baxendale, Gary Brewer

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), has been considered one of the most serious biting flies of confined and pastured livestock. The economic losses caused by the stable fly to the cattle industry in the United States exceed $2 billion annually. Current practices for managing stable flies using insecticides provide only marginal control. Insecticide resistance has also been recently reported in stable flies. The present study reports the use of plant-based insecticides, for example, essential oils, as alternatives for managing this fly pest. The toxicity of several plant essential oils and selected ingredient compounds was evaluated by contact and fumigant …

A Single Major Qtl Controls Expression Of Larval Cry1f Resistance Trait In Ostrinia Nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) And Is Independent Of Midgut Receptor Genes, Brad S. Coates, Douglas V. Sumerford, Miriam D. Lopez, Haichuan Wang, Lisa M. Fraser, Jeremy A. Kroemer, Terrence Spencer, Kyung S. Kim, Craig A. Abel, Richard L. Hellmich, Blair D. Siegfried

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an introduced crop pest in North America that causes major damage to corn and reduces yield of food, feed, and biofuel materials. The Cry1F toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) expressed in transgenic hybrid corn is highly toxic to O. nubilalis larvae and effective in minimizing feeding damage. A laboratory colony of O. nubilalis was selected for high levels of Cry1F resistance ([12,000-fold compared to susceptible larvae) and is capable of survival on transgenic hybrid corn. Genetic linkage maps with segregating AFLP markers show that the Cry1F resistance trait is controlled by …

Comparative Susceptibility Of Ostrinia Furnacalis, Ostrinia Nubilalis, And Diatraea Saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) To Bacillus Thuringiensis Cry1 Toxins, S. Y. Tan, B. F. Cayabyab, E. P. Alcantara, Y. B. Ibrahim, Fangneng Huang, Erin E. Blankenship, Blair D. Siegfried

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Transgenic corn hybrids that express toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are highly effective against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), and the closely related Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Since the registration of Bt corn hybrids in the U.S. in 1996, there has been a great deal of information generated on O. nubilalis. However, relatively little information exists for O. furnacalis. To help determine whether the information generated for O. nubilalis can be leveraged for decisions regarding the use of transgenic Bt corn against O. furnacalis, experiments were designed to determine whether the pattern of sensitivity …

Characterization Of Olfactory Sensilla Of Stomoxys Calcitrans And Electrophysiological Responses To Odorant Compounds Associated With Hosts And Oviposition Media, K. Tangtrakulwanich, Han Chen, Frederick P. Baxendale, Gary J. Brewer, J. J. Zhu

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), are economically important biting flies that have caused billions of dollars in losses in the livestock industry. Field monitoring studies have indicated that olfaction plays an important role in host location. To further our understanding of stable fly olfaction, we examined the antennal morphology of adults using scanning electron microscopy techniques. Four major types of sensillum were found and classified as: (a) basiconic sensilla; (b) trichoid sensilla with three subtypes; (c) clavate sensilla, and (d) coeloconic sensilla. No significant differences between male and female flies in abundances (total numbers) of these sensillum types …

Identification Of A Novel Aminopeptidase P-Like Gene (Onapp) Possibly Involved In Bt Toxicity And Resistance In A Major Corn Pest (Ostrinia Nubilalis), Chitvan Khajuria, Lawrent L. Buschman, Ming-Shun Chen, Blair D. Siegfried, Kun Yan Zhu

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Studies to understand the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance mechanism in European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis) suggest that resistance may be due to changes in the midgut-specific Bt toxin receptor. In this study, we identified 10 aminopeptidase-like genes, which have previously been identified as putative Bt toxin receptors in other insects and examined their expression in relation to Cry1Ab toxicity and resistance. Expression analysis for the 10 aminopeptidase-like genes revealed that most of these genes were expressed predominantly in the larval midgut, but there was no difference in the expression of these genes in Cry1Ab resistant and susceptible strains. …

Interactions Of Transgenic Bacillus Thuringiensis Insecticidal Crops With Spiders (Araneae), Julie A. Peterson, Jonathan Lundgren, James D. Harwood

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Genetically modified crops expressing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have dramatically increased in acreage since their introduction in the mid-1990’s. Although the insecticidal mechanisms of Bt target specific pests, concerns persist regarding direct and indirect effects on non-target organisms. In the field, spiders may be exposed to Bt toxins via multiple routes, including phytophagy and pollenivory, consumption of Bt-containing prey, and soil exudates in the detrital food web. Beyond direct toxicity, Bt crops may also have indirect impacts, including pleiotropic and preymediated effects. Here, we comprehensively review the literature and use meta-analyses to reveal that foliar spider abundance is …

Environmental Impact And Cost Benefit Analysis Of Biological Control Application, Jaime Molina-Ochoa, John E. Foster

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The implications and interactions of the application of biological control agents in the environment, as well as the risks included by the introduction of exotic natural enemies are briefly reviewed. Description of the role of resistance or quality of the host plant to insect pests, and their interaction with biocontrol agents is provided. A need to increase applications or find new alternatives and environmental impact towards non target insects, and the real cost of its use against the benefits is discussed.

Male Field Crickets Infested By Parasitoid Flies Express Phenotypes That May Benefit The Parasitoids, Oliver M. Beckers, William E. Wagner

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Parasites can cause changes in the phenotypes of their hosts that may benefit the parasite, the host, or both. To understand the evolutionary dynamics of host–parasite interactions it is necessary to first examine the effect of parasitic infestation on the host phenotype and whether the host or parasite benefits from these changes. The fly Ormia ochracea parasitizes the variable field cricket, Gryllus lineaticeps, and it uses male song to locate hosts for its lethal larvae. Adult flies preferentially orient to male songs with faster and longer chirps. We tested the effect of larval infestation on two types of host traits. …

The Role Of Peroxidase In The Defense Response Of Buffalograss To Chinch Bugs, Anh Hoang

Department of Entomology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

In recent years, buffalograss, Buchloë dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann has gained popularity as a turfgrass because of its low maintenance requirement, drought tolerance, and limited pests and diseases. Within the last decade, however, the western chinch bug Blissus occiduus Barber has emerged as important pest of buffalograss. Considerable progress has been made toward identifying buffalograsses with resistance to the western chinch bug and understanding the mechanisms of the resistance. It has been hypothesized that chinch bug-resistant buffalograsses can effectively detoxify the elevated levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) through enhanced activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes, while ROS accumulates in the susceptible plants …

Nebline, November/December 2010

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Feature: Garbology 4-H School Enrichment

Farm Views

Horticulture

Food & Fitness

Home & Family Living

Environmental Focus

Urban Agriculture

4-H & Youth

Community Focus

Extension Calendar

Nutrition Education Program

Family and Community Education (FCE) Clubs

and other extension news and events

A Taxonomic Revision Of Camptocerus Dejean (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Sarah M. Smith, Anthony I. Cognato

Insecta Mundi

The Neotropical ambrosia beetle genus Camptocerus Dejean was revised. Monophyly of the genus was tested using 66 morphological characters in a cladistic analysis. Camptocerus was recovered as monophyletic and 31 species were recognized. Six new synonyms were discovered: C. auricomus Blandford 1896 (= C. striatulus Hagedorn 1905), C. inoblitus (Schedl) 1939 (= C. morio (Schedl) 1952), C. niger (Fabricius) 1801 (= C. tectus Eggers 1943), C. opacicollis (Eggers) 1929 (= C. infidelis Wood 1969; = C. uniseriatus Schedl 1972), C. suturalis (Fabricius) 1801 (= C. cinctus Chapuis 1869). Two species were removed from synonymy: C. charpentierae Schedl and C. hirtipennis …

Biological Control Of Rubber Tree Lace Bug By Endophytic Parasitoid In Brazil, Rodrigo Souza Santos Rss

Entomology Papers from Other Sources

The rubber tree is a plant cultivated with the purpose of extraction of the natural rubber (latex), being an important segment of the Brazil economy. Among the main curses that attack the culture, he stands out the tingid, Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor (Hemiptera: Tingidae) and among their main natural enemies they stand out the lace wings, the mushroom Sporothrix insectorum and the egg parasitoid Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Soares) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). The objective of the work was to report the potential of this natural enemy use, as auxiliary in programs of integrated handling of this pest of rubber plantations. The study …

Mosquito Net With Dinotefuran And Pbo For Killing Mosquitoes, Especially Mosquitoes With Pyrethroid Resistance, Mikkel Vestergaard Frandsen, Georgina Bingham, Sebastien Gouin, Michael Stabley Pedersen, Helen Victoria Pates Jamet, Matthieu Zellweger

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Dinotefuran and PBO is used for killing mosquitoes, as PBO increases the knockdown speed of Dinotefuran.

The present invention relates to insecticidal mosquito nets containing PBO in combination with an insecticide.

One of the methods to counteract malaria is the use of commercially available long lasting insecticidal mosquito nets for protecting humans from the bite of Anopheline mosquitoes that carry malaria. Whereas the typically applied pyrethroids have been used successfully as insecticides on such nets due to their rapid knockdown effect, there is currently a critical increased resistance to pyrethroids observed among those mosquitoes. One type of resistance is metabolic, …

Three New Species Of Chrysina Kirby (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae; Rutelinae) From Guatemala And Mexico, José Monzón Sierra

Insecta Mundi

Three new species of Chrysina Kirby are described: C. baileyana from Guatemala, and C. hawksi and C. giesberti from Guatemala and Mexico. Also the females of C. centralis (Morón), C. guatemalensis (Monzón, Cano and Bailey) and C. tecunumani (Cano and Morón) are described.
Se describen tres especies nuevas de Chrysina Kirby: C. baileyana de Guatemala, y C. hawksi y C. giesberti de Guatemala y Mexico. Se describen las hembras de C. centralis (Morón), C. guatemalensis (Monzón, Cano y Bailey) y C. tecunumani (Cano y Morón).

Polistes Dominula (Christ, 1791) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Found In South Dakota, U.S.A., Louis S. Hesler

Insecta Mundi

Polistes dominula (Christ, 1791) (Fig. 1) is a Palearctic paper wasp that was discovered in eastern North America near Boston, Massachusetts in the late 1970s (Hathaway 1981). This species has spread westward into various Canadian provinces and several states within the U.S. (see Cervo et al. 2000; Hoebeke and Wheeler 2005; Liebert et al. 2006; Buck et al. 2008 and references therein). The range of P. dominula has expanded westward to at least the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in eastern Minnesota (Liebert et al. 2006). A second distinct front of P. dominula originated along the Pacific coast of North America …

Eight New State Records Of Aleyrodine Whiteflies Found In Clark County, Nevada And Three Newly Described Taxa (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, Aleyrodinae), John W. Dooley Iii, Susan Lambrecht, Jeffrey Honda

Insecta Mundi

Eight new state records and the three newly described species are the subject of this publication. Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae: Aleyrodinae) were collected from 2003 through 2009 within the Las Vegas area of Clark County, Nevada to determine the occurrence of newly established species and host range and distribution. Prior to 2003 the following ten whiteflies were known to be established in Nevada: Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar, Aleuroplatus berbericolus Quaintance and Baker, Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday), Tetraleurodes mori (Quaintance), Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman), Trialeurodes packardi (Morrill), and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood). Based on collections made …

Homophileurus Neptunus Dechambre, A New Junior Synonym Of H. Waldenfelsi Endrödi (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Phileurini), Brett Ratcliffe, Jochen-P. Saltin

Insecta Mundi

Homophileurus neptunus Dechambre was found to be conspecific with H. waldenfelsi Endrödi after examination of types, descriptions, and illustrations. Accordingly, H. neptunus is placed in junior synonymy with H. waldenfelsi, new synonymy. Homophileurus waldenfelsi is an uncommon species and occurs in Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Peru. Brazil and Peru are new country records.

A low-res version of the PDF file (approx 1 Mb) is attached (below) as a "Related file."

Weevils Of The Genus Cercopeus Schoenherr From South Carolina, Usa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), Charles W. O’Brien, Janet C. Ciegler, Jennifer C. Girón

Insecta Mundi

Six new species of the weevil genus Cercopeus Schoenherr are described from South Carolina: C. alexi, C. cornelli, C. femoratus, C. paulus, C. skelleyi, and C. tibialis. Three other species also found in South Carolina are re-described: C. chrysorrhoeus (Say), C. maspavancus Sleeper, and C. strigicollis Sleeper. Keys to known males and females of all 17 species of Cercopeus are given, along with photographs of habitus, leg features, and antennae, and line illustrations of genitalia. Nearly all specimens of the new species were collected from January-March and these species are winter active

Review Of Synapsis Bates (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Coprini), With Description Of A New Species, Jiri Zidek, Svatopluk Pokorny

Insecta Mundi

Presented are a checklist, a discussion of and keys to species groups and their constituent species, and a description of one new species: Synapsis horaki. The species Synapsis cambeforti Krikken and S. thoas Sharp are synonymized with S. ritsemae Lansberge, Balthasar’s synonymy of S. yunnana Arrow with S. tridens Sharp is revived, and the status of six recently described species is left unresolved because of insufficient data.

New Records Of Biting And Predaceous Midges From Florida, Including Species New To The Fauna Of The United States (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), William L. Grogan Jr., Lawrence J. Hribar, C. Steven Murphree, James E. Cilek

Insecta Mundi

We provide new records of biting and predaceous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Florida, including the first documented United States records of Atrichopogon (Atrichopogon) caribbeanus Ewen, Dasyhelea griseola Wirth, D. scissurae Macfie, and Brachypogon (Brachypogon) woodruffi Spinelli and Grogan. Atrichopogon (Meloehelea) downesi Wirth, Forcipomyia (Thyridomyia) monilicornis (Coquillett), F. (T.) nodosa Saunders, Ceratoculicoides blantoni Wirth and Ratanaworabhan, Mallochohelea albibasis (Malloch), Bezzia (Bezzia) imbifida Dow and Turner and B. (B.) mallochi Wirth are recorded for the first time from Florida. Forcipomyia (Thyridomyia) johannseni Thomsen, Bezzia (Bezzia) expolita (Coquillett), and B. (B.) pulverea (Coquillett) are deleted from the ceratopogonid fauna of Florida. Dasyhelea koenigi …

The Beetles Of The Island Of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles (Insecta: Coleoptera); Diversity And Distributions, Stewart B. Peck

Insecta Mundi

This paper summarizes the information published on the beetle fauna of the island of St. Vincent (excluding the Grenadine islands). The fauna contains 62 families, with 371 genera, and 536 species. The families with the largest number of species are Staphylinidae (128), Curculionidae (54), Chrysomelidae (47), Scarabaeidae (31), Tenebrionidae (30), and Cerambycidae (29). At least 17 species (3.17%) were probably accidentally introduced to the island by human activities. One hundred four species (19.40%) are endemic (restricted) to the island and likely speciated on the island. One hundred twenty species (22.39%) are shared only with other islands of the Lesser Antilles …

Areawide Suppression Of European Corn Borer With Bt Maize Reaps Savings To Non-Bt Maize Growers, W. D. Hutchinson, E. C. Burkness, P. D. Mitchell, R. D. Moon, T. W. Leslie, S. J. Fleischer, M. Abrahamson, K. L. Hamilton, K. L. Steffey, M. E. Gray, R. L. Hellmich, L. V. Kaster, Thomas E. Hunt, Robert J. Wright, K. Pecinovsky, T. L. Rabaey, B. R. Flood, E. S. Raun

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

Transgenic maize engineered to express insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become widely adopted in U.S. agriculture. In 2009, Bt maize was planted on more than 22.2 million hectares, constituting 63% of the U.S. crop. Using statistical analysis of per capita growth rate estimates, we found that areawide suppression of the primary pest Ostrinia nubilalis (European corn borer) is associated with Bt maize use. Cumulative benefits over 14 years are an estimated $3.2 billion for maize growers in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, with more than $2.4 billion of this total accruing to non-Bt maize growers. Comparable estimates …