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2020

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Articles 751 - 780 of 1996

Full-Text Articles in Biology

Transcriptional And Epigenetic Regulation Of Cerebellar Development And Function, Naveen C. Reddy May 2020

Transcriptional And Epigenetic Regulation Of Cerebellar Development And Function, Naveen C. Reddy

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Precise control of gene expression is essential for neural development and function. This control is regulated by the interplay of chromatin remodelers and transcription factors (TFs). To better understand these mechanisms involved in gene regulation, we pursue two questions: 1) what are the roles of the chromatin remodeler CHD7 in cerebellar development and 2) what are the roles of the MEF2 TF family in cerebellar function. CHD7 mutations are causative for CHARGE syndrome, a heterogeneous disorder affecting many organ systems, occurring in 1:10,000 newborns. Recent MRI studies have identified cerebellar hypoplasia and foliation defects in a large portion of CHARGE …


Elucidating The Effect Of Myopathy-Causing Mutations And Second-Site Suppressors On Client Processing By J-Domain Proteins, Melanie Y. Pullen May 2020

Elucidating The Effect Of Myopathy-Causing Mutations And Second-Site Suppressors On Client Processing By J-Domain Proteins, Melanie Y. Pullen

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Defects in protein quality control may lead to protein misfolding and aggregation often associated with protein conformational disorders such as Alzheimerճ Disease and Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy, among others. Molecular chaperones protect against protein misfolding and aggregation. A chaperone of interest is the ubiquitously expressed type II Hsp40 co-chaperone DNAJB6, which assists in protein folding and disaggregation. Mutations within the DNAJB6 G/F domain have been associated with the dominantly inherited disease Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy type 1D (LGMD1D), now referred to as LGMDD1. Our collaborators recently discovered novel LGMDD1-associated mutations in the J-domain of DNAJB6. In the enclosed body of work, …


Understanding Emerging Biomarkers And Lifestyle Factors In Aging And Alzheimer Disease, Stephanie Schultz May 2020

Understanding Emerging Biomarkers And Lifestyle Factors In Aging And Alzheimer Disease, Stephanie Schultz

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Age-related cognitive decline and pathological brain changes are a widespread and growing public health issue. Several environmental factors, including engagement in physical activity and personality, have been shown to have potential protective effects in slowing cognitive decline and preserving healthy brain aging. However, the underlying mechanisms providing exercise- or personality-induced resilience to aging and disease remains largely unknown. Importantly, there has been an emergence of several novel biomarkers to study healthy brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases including in vivo assessments of tau burden and brain metabolism via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and neurofilament light chain (NfL), a marker …


Regulation And Function Of Trem2-Dependent Pathways In Neurodegeneration, Wilbur Madison Song May 2020

Regulation And Function Of Trem2-Dependent Pathways In Neurodegeneration, Wilbur Madison Song

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Carriers of the R47H allele of the microglia-specific lipid receptor TREM2 have a greatly increased risk of developing Alzheimerճ disease. The objective of this dissertation is to develop further mechanistic knowledge about how TREM2 is regulated and how TREM2 mutations affect microglia and neurodegeneration. Using an in vitro reporter assay, we find that several AD risk-associated TREM2 mutations decrease ligand-dependent activation. Using humanized TREM2 mice, we find that in vivo, the R47H mutation leads to reduced microglia activation and response to A_, as well as decreased shedding of soluble TREM2. These results suggest that TREM2 is protective during disease. We …


Fgf20 In Olfactory System And Cochlea Development, Lu Morgan Yang May 2020

Fgf20 In Olfactory System And Cochlea Development, Lu Morgan Yang

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

The olfactory epithelium (OE) is a neurosensory organ required for the sense of smell. Turbinates, bony projections from the nasal cavity wall, increase the surface area within the nasal cavity lined by the OE. We identified a population of OE progenitor cells that expand horizontally during development to populate all lineages of the mature OE and increase OE surface area. We show that these Fgf20-positive, epithelium-spanning progenitor (FEP) cells are responsive to Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Wnt signaling suppresses FEP cell differentiation into OE basal progenitors and their progeny, and positively regulates Fgf20 expression. We further show that FGF20 signals to the …


Development Of An In Vitro Culture System For Cryptosporidium Parvum, Georgia Wilke May 2020

Development Of An In Vitro Culture System For Cryptosporidium Parvum, Georgia Wilke

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan parasites that causes diarrheal disease in humans and other animals. There are two major species that cause disease in humans: C. parvum, which infects both humans and animals, and C. hominis, which primarily infects humans. A recent study investigating the etiologies of pediatric diarrheal illness in Africa and South Asia found that Cryptosporidium is the 2nd most prevalent cause of diarrhea in infants and may be a contributing factor to chronic malnutrition. This discovery has led to renewed interest in studying this parasite and a reexamination of the barriers to studying Cryptosporidium. The main …


Electrophysiology Of The Inner Retina In Health And Disease: Eaat5 In The Rod Bipolar Cell And Oscillatory Potentials In Diabetes, Gregory William Bligard May 2020

Electrophysiology Of The Inner Retina In Health And Disease: Eaat5 In The Rod Bipolar Cell And Oscillatory Potentials In Diabetes, Gregory William Bligard

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

The inner retina is a highly tractable location for the study of neural networks in the central nervous system and improving our understanding of the inner retina is important for the treatment of a number of ophthalmic diseases. This dissertation aims to improve understanding of the inner retina in two parts: first, a basic neuroscientific project concerning normal neuronal processing in the inner retina at a cellular level, and second, a translational ophthalmologic project regarding the development in the inner retina of a common disease. In mammals, modulation of the amplitude of dim visual signals primarily occurs at axon terminals …


Genetic Interactions And Maternal Genes Modulate Congenital Heart Disease Risk, Ehiole Ogboma Akhirome May 2020

Genetic Interactions And Maternal Genes Modulate Congenital Heart Disease Risk, Ehiole Ogboma Akhirome

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, which makes it a leading cause of infant mortality. Congenital heart defects are a cluster of distinct developmental malformations that affect the vasculature, musculature and organization of the heart, each with varying clinical severity. Although medical and surgical advances have reduced CHD mortality in newborns and children, these patients grow up and many experience serious morbidity and early mortality. The first step toward reducing this burden is to understand the causes of CHD. Surprisingly, environmental insults and de novo mutations are estimated to explain less than one-third of CHD cases. …


In Vivo Mechanisms Of Natural Killer Cell Tolerance, Michael Bern May 2020

In Vivo Mechanisms Of Natural Killer Cell Tolerance, Michael Bern

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate immune cells that provide protection from pathogens and tumors. To carry out these functions, NK cells must distinguish between healthy and unhealthy self-cells. Inability to recognize stressed cells would lead to a failure of NK-cell immunity whereas inability to identify healthy cells could lead to NK-cell autoimmunity. It remains unclear, however, how NK cells are able to distinguish healthy and unhealthy self-cells with a limited repertoire of germline-encoded receptors. The "missing-self" hypothesis proposes that NK cells identify stressed cells by their reduced expression of MHC class I (MHC-I) that is almost ubiquitously expressed …


Lymphatic Filariasis: Host And Parasite Factors And The Pathogenesis Of Systemic Adverse Events Following Treatment, Britt Juul Andersen May 2020

Lymphatic Filariasis: Host And Parasite Factors And The Pathogenesis Of Systemic Adverse Events Following Treatment, Britt Juul Andersen

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the nematode parasites Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori. The primary tool used by the Global Program to Eliminate LF is mass drug administration (MDA), and some 500 million people take the medications each year. Mild to moderate adverse events (AEs) are common after LF treatment, and these pose a major challenge for the LF elimination program. To better understand the pathogenesis of AEs, we studied patients from LF treatment trials in Côte d’Ivoire and Papua New Guinea, where plasma and leucocytes were collected pre and post-treatment and subjects …


Mitochondrial Morphology, Oxidative Stress Resistance, And Pathogenesis In Cryptococcus Neoformans, Andrew Lee Chang May 2020

Mitochondrial Morphology, Oxidative Stress Resistance, And Pathogenesis In Cryptococcus Neoformans, Andrew Lee Chang

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Cryptococcus neoformans is an important pathogen that annually kills 200,000 people worldwide. It survives in the environment as a yeast or spore and can also proliferate within host macrophages after being inhaled into the lungs. In conditions of immunocompromise, cryptococcal cells can escape from the lungs to the brain, where they cause a deadly meningoencephalitis that is both difficult and expensive to treat. Cryptococcal adaptation to the harsh lung environment is a critical first step in its pathogenesis, and consequently a compelling topic of study. This adaptation is mediated by a complex transcriptional program that integrates cellular responses to environmental …


Transcription Factor-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation In The Healthy Brain And Neurological Disease, Alexander J. Cammack May 2020

Transcription Factor-Mediated Epigenetic Regulation In The Healthy Brain And Neurological Disease, Alexander J. Cammack

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Proper cellular development and function is a complex process established by elaborate gene expression networks. These networks are regulated by epigenetic processes, which alter chromatin states and coordinate the binding of transcription factors (TFs) to regulatory elements (REs), such as enhancers, across the genome to facilitate gene expression. It follows then that a major experimental effort is to profile and understand the binding patterns of TFs to REs in various cellular types and contexts. Critically however, current TF profiling techniques are limited in their abilities to profile TF occupancy in targeted cellular populations and temporal windows, hindering investigations into epigenetic …


Nonsense Mediated Rna Decay Promotes Survival Of Cells With Defective Splicing, Abigael Jeruto Cheruiyot May 2020

Nonsense Mediated Rna Decay Promotes Survival Of Cells With Defective Splicing, Abigael Jeruto Cheruiyot

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Nonsense mediated RNA decay (NMD) is an RNA surveillance pathway present in all eukaryotes that detects and degrades nonsense mRNAs, which contain pre-mature translation termination codons. Nonsense mRNAs are prevalent when pre-mRNA splicing is altered or defective. Interestingly, defective pre-mRNA splicing is emerging as a major driver of cancer development, including development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), leukemia, and some solid tumors. Moreover, pre-mRNA splicing is also thought to enhance NMD in human cells, although itճ still unclear whether and how splicing or splicing factors promote NMD. The role of NMD in regulating mis-spliced mRNA and the link between NMD and …


Dendritic Cell Development And Function, Vivek Durai May 2020

Dendritic Cell Development And Function, Vivek Durai

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a group of immune cells that include both classical dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). cDCs are further comprised of two distinct subsets, cDC1s and cDC2s, which play critical roles in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding how these lineages develop and function is therefore paramount. All DCs require the receptor tyrosine kinase Flt3 and its ligand Flt3L for their development, but the loss of Flt3L in mice leads to a more severe DC deficiency than does the loss of Flt3. This has led to speculation that Flt3L can bind to …


Post-Lysosomal Cholesterol Trafficking: Novel Tools And Insights, Mckenna Rae Feltes May 2020

Post-Lysosomal Cholesterol Trafficking: Novel Tools And Insights, Mckenna Rae Feltes

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Cholesterol is an essential mammalian lipid. It is a major component of cellular membranes, a precursor molecule for the synthesis of hormones and bile acids, and a regulator of protein function. Although cholesterol is synthesized, de novo, in the endoplasmic reticulum, cells principally meet cholesterol requirements through uptake of lipoprotein particles. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is transported to the lysosome where it is transferred from the soluble lysosomal protein, NPC2, to limiting-lysosomal membrane protein NPC1. Cholesterol is then re-distributed to other cellular membranes in order to fulfill organellar cholesterol requirements; however, the cellular machineries involved in coordinating this distribution are poorly characterized. …


Multi-Omics Integration For Gene Fusion Discovery And Somatic Mutation Haplotyping In Cancer, Steven Mason Foltz May 2020

Multi-Omics Integration For Gene Fusion Discovery And Somatic Mutation Haplotyping In Cancer, Steven Mason Foltz

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Cancer is a disease caused by changes to the genome and dysregulation of gene expression. Among many types of mutations, including point mutations, small insertions and deletions, large scale structural variants, and copy number changes, gene fusions are another category of genomic and transcriptomic alteration that can lead to cancer and which can serve as therapeutic targets. We studied gene fusion events using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, including over 9,000 patients from 33 cancer types, finding patterns of gene fusion events and dysregulation of gene expression within and across cancer types. With data from the CoMMpass study (Multiple …


Cognitive Recovery In The Post-Infectious Cns, Charise Joy Garber May 2020

Cognitive Recovery In The Post-Infectious Cns, Charise Joy Garber

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in a variety of diseases of the CNS associated with cognitive impairment, including Alzheimerճ Disease, Parkinsonճ Disease with dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, and West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive disease (WNND). Despite strong evidence that infiltration of peripheral immune cells and activation of resident microglia and astrocytes occurs in these various diseases, very little is known about how this altered immune environment may influence normal cognitive function. Given that communication between the nervous and immune system is essential for normal cognitive function, the central motivation of my thesis work is to understand the mechanisms by …


Joint Estimation Of Perceptual, Cognitive, And Neural Processes, Katherine Heisey May 2020

Joint Estimation Of Perceptual, Cognitive, And Neural Processes, Katherine Heisey

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Humans are remarkable in their ability to perform highly complicated behaviors with ease and little conscious thought. Successful speech comprehension, for example, requires the collaboration of multiple sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes to focus attention on the speaker, disregard competing cues, correctly process incoming audio stimuli, and attach meaning and context to what is heard. Investigating these phenomena can help unravel crucial aspects of human behavior as well as how the brain works in health and disease. However, traditional methods typically involve isolating individual variables and evaluating their decontextualized contribution to an outcome variable of interest. While rigorous and more …


Effects Of Agonistic Anti-Cd137 Antibody On Chikungunya Virus Infection And B Cell Responses, Jun Hong May 2020

Effects Of Agonistic Anti-Cd137 Antibody On Chikungunya Virus Infection And B Cell Responses, Jun Hong

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily of cell surface proteins, acts as a costimulatory receptor on T cells, natural killer cells, B cell subsets, and some dendritic cells. Agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapy has been combined with other chemotherapeutic agents in human cancer trials. Based on its ability to promote tumor clearance, we hypothesized that anti-CD137 MAb might activate immune responses and resolve chronic viral infections. We evaluated anti-CD137 MAb therapy in a mouse infection model of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus that causes chronic polyarthritis in humans and is associated with reservoirs of CHIKV …


Identification And Characterization Of A Novel Non-Homologous End Joining Factor Mri, Putzer Joseph Hung May 2020

Identification And Characterization Of A Novel Non-Homologous End Joining Factor Mri, Putzer Joseph Hung

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the predominant DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway in G1-phase cells. In particular, developing lymphocytes utilize NHEJ to repair physiologic DSBs generated during the processes of antigen receptor gene assembly and class-switch recombination (CSR). Thus, proper regulation of NHEJ is important not only for immune repertoire diversification, but also for the prevention of chromosomal translocations or deletions that can arise from misrepaired DSBs. The XRCC4-like factor (XLF) has been strongly implicated in promoting NHEJ, presumably by tethering broken DNA ends together in a sleeve-like complex, but its necessity appears to be cell context-dependent. While XLF …


Conformational Basis And Small Molecule Antagonists Of E. Coli Adhesion To The Urinary Tract, Vasilios Kalas May 2020

Conformational Basis And Small Molecule Antagonists Of E. Coli Adhesion To The Urinary Tract, Vasilios Kalas

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most prevalent infections, afflicting 15 million women per year in the United States with annual healthcare costs exceeding $2-3 billion. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the main etiological agent of UTIs and employ numerous virulence factors for host colonization. The most common adhesive mechanism by which UPEC mediate host-pathogen interactions is the chaperone-usher pathway (CUP), which is responsible for the assembly of proteinaceous surface appendages termed pili. Generally, CUP pili function in adherence or invasion of host tissues and in biofilm formation on medical devices and body habitats. CUP pili are highly …


The Role Of Apolipoprotein E In Alzheimer Disease: From Therapy To Mechanism, Tien-Phat Vuong Huynh May 2020

The Role Of Apolipoprotein E In Alzheimer Disease: From Therapy To Mechanism, Tien-Phat Vuong Huynh

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with irreversible damage to the brain, which manifests in cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and eventual death. The pathological hallmarks of AD are amyloid plaques, which are cerebral aggregates consisting of fibrils of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and filamentous lesions of the microtubule-associated protein tau known as neurofibrillary tangles. In the early 1990s, the apolipoprotein E (apoE) was found to co-localize with amyloid plaques. The ε4 allele of the APOE gene was sequentially identified as the strongest genetic risk factor for AD, increasing the risk by 4 – 12-fold, whereas the ε2 allele …


Editorial, Your Null Hypothesis Must Be False: Test It Anyway, Frank Corotto May 2020

Editorial, Your Null Hypothesis Must Be False: Test It Anyway, Frank Corotto

Georgia Journal of Science

A historical criticism of null hypothesis testing is that a null hypothesis cannot be correct in the first place. The reason that many nulls cannot be correct is that what makes a null hypothesis a null hypothesis is its infinite precision. Only an infinitely precise hypothesis can be used to generate an infinitely precise prediction, such as t will be zero. It is around that infinitely precise prediction that we would construct a probability density function. If you are thinking, I just want to know if the difference is significant, and if you mean important, a null …


Draft Genome Sequence Of Lactobacillus Jensenii Umb0847, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Ella West-Pelak, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti May 2020

Draft Genome Sequence Of Lactobacillus Jensenii Umb0847, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Ella West-Pelak, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti

Bioinformatics Faculty Publications

Lactobacillus jensenii is a protective bacterium native to the female urinary tract. Here, we present the 1.6-Mbp draft genome for Lactobacillus jensenii UMB0847, isolated from a catheterized urine sample obtained from a pregnant female.


Draft Genome Sequence Of Proteus Mirabilis Umb1310, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Olivia Allen, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti May 2020

Draft Genome Sequence Of Proteus Mirabilis Umb1310, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Olivia Allen, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti

Bioinformatics Faculty Publications

Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is linked to common complications within the urinary tract. Here, we present the draft genome for P. mirabilis UMB1310, which was isolated from the urine of a woman with a urinary tract infection.


Draft Genome Sequence Of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Umb7765, Isolated From The Urobiome Of A Woman With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection, Lucy Kemper, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti May 2020

Draft Genome Sequence Of Staphylococcus Epidermidis Umb7765, Isolated From The Urobiome Of A Woman With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection, Lucy Kemper, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti

Bioinformatics Faculty Publications

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is resistant to many antibiotics. Here, we present the 2.5-Mb draft genome of S. epidermidis UMB7765, isolated from a voided urine sample from a female with recurrent urinary tract infections.


Draft Genome Sequence Of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus Faecalis Strain Umb0843, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Natalia Purta, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti May 2020

Draft Genome Sequence Of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus Faecalis Strain Umb0843, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Natalia Purta, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti

Bioinformatics Faculty Publications

Here, we introduce the 2.8-Mbp draft genome of Enterococcus faecalis strain UMB0843, isolated from the female urinary tract. E. faecalis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, and many strains are often resistant to multiple antibiotics. We focus our genome analysis on the multiple genes involved in antibiotic resistance in this strain.


Draft Genome Sequence Of Corynebacterium Coyleae Umb8490, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Abbas Ali Khan, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti May 2020

Draft Genome Sequence Of Corynebacterium Coyleae Umb8490, Isolated From The Female Urinary Tract, Abbas Ali Khan, Taylor Miller-Ensminger, Adelina Voukadinova, Alan J. Wolfe, Catherine Putonti

Bioinformatics Faculty Publications

Here, we present the draft genome sequence for Corynebacterium coyleae UMB8490, isolated from the catheterized urine of a female with overactive bladder symptoms. The size of the genome is 2,483,223 bp assembled in 62 contigs with an observed GC content of 61.42%.


Estimating Furbearer Density Using Trail-Cameras At The Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia, Patrick M. Powers 9761971 May 2020

Estimating Furbearer Density Using Trail-Cameras At The Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia, Patrick M. Powers 9761971

Biology Theses

Density estimation is an important indicator of the health of wildlife populations and is commonly used to establish management practices. Trail-cameras offer a unique advantage in the density estimation of elusive animals as data can be collected without the need for physical capture. The objectives of this study were to estimate and compare furbearer density between two major habitats at the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge (PNWR) and to compare computed density values from paired cameras located at off- and on-road locations. An additional goal was to assess the usefulness of trail-cameras as a viable technique to estimate population density on …


Patenting Antibodies: A Complication In Written Description Jurisprudence, Krisha Yadav-Rajan May 2020

Patenting Antibodies: A Complication In Written Description Jurisprudence, Krisha Yadav-Rajan

DePaul Journal of Health Care Law

No abstract provided.