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2016

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Articles 1501 - 1530 of 1869

Full-Text Articles in Biology

The Search For Modifiers Of The Maze Gametophyte Factor Ga1-S And Quantitative Trait Polymorphisms Emerging From Doubled-Haploid Maize Lines, Vivek Shrestha Jan 2016

The Search For Modifiers Of The Maze Gametophyte Factor Ga1-S And Quantitative Trait Polymorphisms Emerging From Doubled-Haploid Maize Lines, Vivek Shrestha

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The project was designed to conduct two independent projects. The first project was to identify the genomic localization of the modifiers of the maize gametophyte factor (Ga1-s) and the second project was to establish and identify heritable polymorphic lines that have descended from a single doubled-haploid B73 plant. The objectives were (1) to search for modifier genes and loci on the maize chromosomes for the trait and determine genetic effects of them using QTL mapping; (2) to demonstrate the heritable polymorphism of the quantitative traits emerged from the descendants of a single doubled-haploid maize plant. Regarding the QTL …

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An Evaluation Of Feeding A Blend Of Essential Oils And Cobalt Lactate To Lactating Dairy Cows, Olivia Jayne Kuester Jan 2016

An Evaluation Of Feeding A Blend Of Essential Oils And Cobalt Lactate To Lactating Dairy Cows, Olivia Jayne Kuester

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this study was to determine if the inclusion of a blend of essential oils and cobalt lactate (EOC) in the diet of lactating dairy cows could result in improved nutrient utilization and lactational performance in addition to assessing the application of EOC to control feed mycotoxins and spoilage. The trial was conducted in two experimental periods (Phase 1 (P1) and Phase 2 (P2)) on a commercial dairy in southwest Minnesota equipped with two robotic milking units. Phases 1 and 2 were cross over design trials with two pens. Cows were housed in two freestall pens (57 ± …

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Enhancing The Industrial Potential Of Filamentous Cyanobacteria, Tylor J. Johnson Jan 2016

Enhancing The Industrial Potential Of Filamentous Cyanobacteria, Tylor J. Johnson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objectives of this project were to improve the industrial potential of filamentous N2-fixing cyanobacteria by increasing its biofuel tolerance, and to evaluate the economic feasibility and environmental impacts of a theoretical, cyanobacteria-based biofuel production facility. To develop a method to quantify filamentous cyanobacteria in dilute culture media, a dual-stained fluorescence assay was evaluated. While the viable cell stain (SYTO® 9) was accurate, the non-viable cell stain (propidium iodide) also bound to viable cells. Additional non-viable cell stains were evaluated, but none were accurate at quantifying viability. Thus we concluded that the viable cell stain SYTO® 9 is a reliable …

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Electrosensitization Assists Cell Ablation By Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field In 3d Cultures, Claudia Muratori, Andrei G. Pakhomov, Shu Xiao, Olga N. Pakhomova Jan 2016

Electrosensitization Assists Cell Ablation By Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field In 3d Cultures, Claudia Muratori, Andrei G. Pakhomov, Shu Xiao, Olga N. Pakhomova

Bioelectrics Publications

Previous studies reported a delayed increase of sensitivity to electroporation (termed "electrosensitization") in mammalian cells that had been subjected to electroporation. Electrosensitization facilitated membrane permeabilization and reduced survival in cell suspensions when the electric pulse treatments were split in fractions. The present study was aimed to visualize the effect of sensitization and establish its utility for cell ablation. We used KLN 205 squamous carcinoma cells embedded in an agarose gel and cell spheroids in Matrigel. A local ablation was created by a train of 200 to 600 of 300-ns pulses (50 Hz, 300-600 V) delivered by a two-needle probe with …

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Target Dose Conversion Modeling From Pencil Beam (Pb) To Monte Carlo (Mc) For Lung Sbrt, Dandan Zheng, Xiaofeng Zhu, Qinghui Zhang, Xiaoying Liang, Weining Zhen, Chi Lin, Vivek Verma, Shuo Wang, Andrew Wahl, Yu Lei, Sumin Zhou, Chi Zhang Jan 2016

Target Dose Conversion Modeling From Pencil Beam (Pb) To Monte Carlo (Mc) For Lung Sbrt, Dandan Zheng, Xiaofeng Zhu, Qinghui Zhang, Xiaoying Liang, Weining Zhen, Chi Lin, Vivek Verma, Shuo Wang, Andrew Wahl, Yu Lei, Sumin Zhou, Chi Zhang

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Background: A challenge preventing routine clinical implementation of Monte Carlo (MC)-based lung SBRT is the difficulty of reinterpreting historical outcome data calculated with inaccurate dose algorithms, because the target dose was found to decrease to varying degrees when recalculated with MC. The large variability was previously found to be affected by factors such as tumour size, location, and lung density, usually through sub-group comparisons. We hereby conducted a pilot study to systematically and quantitatively analyze these patient factors and explore accurate target dose conversion models, so that large-scale historical outcome data can be correlated with more accurate MC dose without …

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Modulatory Action By The Serotonergic System: Behavior And Neurophysiology In Drosophila Melanogaster, Zana R Majeed, Esraa Abdeljaber, Robin Soveland, Kristin Cornwell, Aubrey Bankemper, Felicitas Koch, Robin L. Cooper Jan 2016

Modulatory Action By The Serotonergic System: Behavior And Neurophysiology In Drosophila Melanogaster, Zana R Majeed, Esraa Abdeljaber, Robin Soveland, Kristin Cornwell, Aubrey Bankemper, Felicitas Koch, Robin L. Cooper

Biology Faculty Publications

Serotonin modulates various physiological processes and behaviors. This study investigates the role of 5-HT in locomotion and feeding behaviors as well as in modulation of sensory-motor circuits. The 5-HT biosynthesis was dysregulated by feeding Drosophila larvae 5-HT, a 5-HT precursor, or an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase during early stages of development. The effects of feeding fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, during early second instars were also examined. 5-HT receptor subtypes were manipulated using RNA interference mediated knockdown and 5-HT receptor insertional mutations. Moreover, synaptic transmission at 5-HT neurons was blocked or enhanced in both larvae and adult flies. The …

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Evolution Of The Vertebrate Claudin Gene Family: Insights From A Basal Vertebrate, The Sea Lamprey, Christian Mukendi, Nicholas Dean, Rushil Lala, Jeramiah J. Smith, Marianne E Bronner, Natalya V. Nikitina Jan 2016

Evolution Of The Vertebrate Claudin Gene Family: Insights From A Basal Vertebrate, The Sea Lamprey, Christian Mukendi, Nicholas Dean, Rushil Lala, Jeramiah J. Smith, Marianne E Bronner, Natalya V. Nikitina

Biology Faculty Publications

Claudins are major constituents of tight junctions, contributing both to their intercellular sealing and selective permeability properties. While claudins and claudin-like molecules are present in some invertebrates, the association of claudins with tight junctions has been conclusively documented only in vertebrates. Here we report the sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and comprehensive spatiotemporal expression analysis of the entire claudin gene family in the basal extant vertebrate, the sea lamprey. Our results demonstrate that clear orthologues to about half of all mammalian claudins are present in the lamprey, suggesting that at least one round of whole genome duplication contributed to the diversification of …

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Comparison Of Pea Seed Germination Due To Manipulation Of Soil Conditions, Ariel M. Kershner Jan 2016

Comparison Of Pea Seed Germination Due To Manipulation Of Soil Conditions, Ariel M. Kershner

Faculty Curated Undergraduate Works

This experiment was done with the intent to understand optimal soil conditions for pea seed germination. We investigated this using three soil conditions – 100% potting soil, 50% potting soil/50% sand, and 100% sand. Seemingly healthy pea seeds were planted and observed over five weeks. We measured both the total number of sprouts per week and the combined weight of the plants and seeds per condition before planting and after uprooting. We expected to find that the 100% potting soil condition would germinate the best, resulting in the most sprouts and heaviest weight of the condition’s seeds and plants. This …

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Role Of Silencing Rna Fgsir34 In Fusarium Graminearum's Pathogenicity To Wheat, Subha Dahal Jan 2016

Role Of Silencing Rna Fgsir34 In Fusarium Graminearum's Pathogenicity To Wheat, Subha Dahal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Fusarium graminearum is an ascomycetous fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease in wheat and other cereal grains. Mycotoxin produced by the fungus, predominantly deoxynivalenol (DON), is considered as an important virulence factor for the spread of disease. Our previous study of a Dicer-like 2 knockdown mutant has led to our hypothesis that a silencing RNA, fgsiR34, might play a key role in regulating DON biosynthesis and some other virulent factors. To test this hypothesis, we generated an fgsiR34 over-expressing mutant (ΔfgsiR34+) using Inverse Repeat Transgene method and studied the pathogenicity of the mutant in …

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Investigation Of The Localization And Expression Of The G-Protein Coupled Receptor Fshr-1 In C. Elegans Neurons, Kyle Cherry Jan 2016

Investigation Of The Localization And Expression Of The G-Protein Coupled Receptor Fshr-1 In C. Elegans Neurons, Kyle Cherry

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses. Synaptic transmission occurs when presynaptically released neurotransmitters bind to receptors either continuing (excitatory) or stopping (inhibitory) the signal in the postsynaptic cell. Excitatory to inhibitory (E:I) balance is critical for proper neurological function. This balance is achieved through the function of various proteins such as the ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase promoting complex (APC). My thesis project focuses on one potential APC substrate, a G protein-coupled receptor called FSHR-1, and its role in synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Previous data from our lab and others showed that worms lacking …

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Effect Of Endophytes In Physcomitrella Patens On Cellular Respiration During Abiotic Stress, Michael Danh Jan 2016

Effect Of Endophytes In Physcomitrella Patens On Cellular Respiration During Abiotic Stress, Michael Danh

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Endophytes are bacteria or fungi that ubiquitously reside in plant tissue and do not cause apparent disease. With the mutually symbiotic relationships between plant and endophyte being scientifically evident, it is supported that endophytes provide an augmentative method to absorb nutrients and additional tolerance under abiotic stress for the plant while benefiting from the host plant’s reduced carbon sources. The moss Physcomitrella patens is expected to share the same type of mutualism with endophytes, being able to treat endophytes as endosymbionts and having a reduced carbon reservoir. However, it is unclear if these endophytic relationships alter under abiotic stress. In …

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The Role Of Calcium In Pathogen Defense Responses In The Moss Mnium Cuspidatum, Morgan Blake Jan 2016

The Role Of Calcium In Pathogen Defense Responses In The Moss Mnium Cuspidatum, Morgan Blake

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

When exposed to stress, whether that be by pathogen, thermal or weather changes, or other components of the environment, plants employ a variety of defense mechanisms depending on the severity of the stress. When attacked by a pathogen, the moss Mnium cuspidatum utilizes an innate, basal response followed by hypersensitive response (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Calcium is known to be involved in signaling cascades that mediate defense responses in other organisms. In the present study, lanthanum nitrate (LaNO3), methoxyerapamil (D600), and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) were used to inhibit the presence of calcium in M. cuspidatum in …

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The Role Of Arp2/3 In Ring Canal Development In Drosophila Melanogaster, Marina Tipold Jan 2016

The Role Of Arp2/3 In Ring Canal Development In Drosophila Melanogaster, Marina Tipold

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Infertility and impaired fecundity affect 8.2 million women in the United States. Intercellular bridges are essential to the proper formation of germ cells in many organisms; therefore, learning more about how they are formed and regulated during the formation of sperm and eggs could provide insight into how defects in their structure can impact fertility. Intercellular bridges are actin-rich structures that connect developing germ cells to each other and allow the transfer of materials. I used the development of the fruit fly egg as a model system to study formation and regulation of intercellular bridges. Specifically, I investigated the role …

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Analyzing Sumo-2/3 Modification In Regulation Of Breast Cancer Progression And Mitotic Chromosome Segregation, Divya Subramonian Jan 2016

Analyzing Sumo-2/3 Modification In Regulation Of Breast Cancer Progression And Mitotic Chromosome Segregation, Divya Subramonian

Wayne State University Dissertations

Roles of SUMOylation in cancer metastasis and mitotic progression has been elucidated in this thesis. This vital and dynamic post-translational modification has been known to be dysregulated in several kinds of cancer. Global SUMO-2/3 conjugation is upregulated in a mouse metastatic breast cancer cell line, 66cl4, compared to a non-metastatic cell line 168FARN from the same genetic background. In order to identify the SUMO-2/3 substrates, SILAC labeled lysates from the two cell lines were immunopurified using SUMO-2/3 monoclonal antibodies. By using SUMO-2/3 epitope peptide elution (SUMO-2/3-ePIPE) and quantitative mass spectrometry, 66 SUMO-2/3 targets were identified, of which 15 targets are …

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Seedling Survival Responses To Conspecific Density, Soil Nutrients, And Irradiance Vary With Age In A Tropical Forest, Sydne Record, Richard K. Kobe, Corine F. Vriesendorp, Andrew O. Finley Jan 2016

Seedling Survival Responses To Conspecific Density, Soil Nutrients, And Irradiance Vary With Age In A Tropical Forest, Sydne Record, Richard K. Kobe, Corine F. Vriesendorp, Andrew O. Finley

Biology Faculty Research and Scholarship

Predicting long-term trends in forest growth requires accurate characterisation of how the relationship between forest productivity and climatic stress varies across climatic regimes. Using a network of over two million tree-ring observations spanning North America and a space-for-time substitution methodology, we forecast climate impacts on future forest growth. We explored differing scenarios of increased water-use efficiency (WUE) due to CO2-fertilisation, which we simulated as increased effective precipitation. In our forecasts: (1) climate change negatively impacted forest growth rates in the interior west and positively impacted forest growth along the western, southeastern and northeastern coasts; (2) shifting climate sensitivities offset positive …

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Serotonergic Modulation Differentially Targets Distinct Network Elements Within The Antennal Lobe Of Drosophila Melanogaster, Tyler R. Sizemore, Andrew M. Dacks Jan 2016

Serotonergic Modulation Differentially Targets Distinct Network Elements Within The Antennal Lobe Of Drosophila Melanogaster, Tyler R. Sizemore, Andrew M. Dacks

Faculty & Staff Scholarship

Neuromodulation confers flexibility to anatomically-restricted neural networks so that animals are able to properly respond to complex internal and external demands. However, determining the mechanisms underlying neuromodulation is challenging without knowledge of the functional class and spatial organization of neurons that express individual neuromodulatory receptors. Here, we describe the number and functional identities of neurons in the antennal lobe of Drosophila melanogaster that express each of the receptors for one such neuromodulator, serotonin (5-HT). Although 5-HT enhances odor-evoked responses of antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) and local interneurons (LNs), the receptor basis for this enhancement is unknown. We used endogenous …

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The Influence Of Balanced And Imbalanced Resource Supply On Biodiversity–Functioning Relationship Across Ecosystems, Aleksandra M. Lewandowska, Antje Biermann, Elizabeth T. Borer, Miguel A. Cebrián-Piqueras, Steven A.J. Declerck, Luc De Meester, Ellen Van Donk, Lars Ganfeldt, Daniel S. Gruner, Nicole Hagenah, W. Stanley Harpole, Kevin P. Kirkman, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Michael Kleyer, Johannes M. H. Knops, Pieter Lemmens, Eric M. Lind, Elena Litchman, Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras, Koen Martens, Sandra Meier, Vanessa Minden, Joslin L. Moore, Harry Olde Venterink, Eric W. Seabloom, Ulrich Sommer, Maren Striebel, Anastasia Trenkamp, Juliane Trinogga, Jotaro Urabe, Wim Vyverman, Dedmer B. Van De Waal, Claire E. Widdicombe, Helmut Hillebrand Jan 2016

The Influence Of Balanced And Imbalanced Resource Supply On Biodiversity–Functioning Relationship Across Ecosystems, Aleksandra M. Lewandowska, Antje Biermann, Elizabeth T. Borer, Miguel A. Cebrián-Piqueras, Steven A.J. Declerck, Luc De Meester, Ellen Van Donk, Lars Ganfeldt, Daniel S. Gruner, Nicole Hagenah, W. Stanley Harpole, Kevin P. Kirkman, Christopher A. Klausmeier, Michael Kleyer, Johannes M. H. Knops, Pieter Lemmens, Eric M. Lind, Elena Litchman, Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras, Koen Martens, Sandra Meier, Vanessa Minden, Joslin L. Moore, Harry Olde Venterink, Eric W. Seabloom, Ulrich Sommer, Maren Striebel, Anastasia Trenkamp, Juliane Trinogga, Jotaro Urabe, Wim Vyverman, Dedmer B. Van De Waal, Claire E. Widdicombe, Helmut Hillebrand

School of Biological Sciences: Faculty Publications

Numerous studies show that increasing species richness leads to higher ecosystem productivity. This effect is often attributed to more efficient portioning of multiple resources in communities with higher numbers of competing species, indicating the role of resource supply and stoichiometry for biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships. Here, we merged theory on ecological stoichiometry with a framework of biodiversity–ecosystem functioning to understand how resource use transfers into primary production. We applied a structural equation model to define patterns of diversity– productivity relationships with respect to available resources. Meta-analysis was used to summarize the findings across ecosystem types ranging from aquatic ecosystems to grasslands …

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Effects Of Altitude On Monarch Butterfly Aerodynamics, Brittany Greene Jan 2016

Effects Of Altitude On Monarch Butterfly Aerodynamics, Brittany Greene

Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)

No abstract provided.

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Impaired Social Behavior In Mice With Tyrosinemia Type 1 Is Associated With Hypermyelination Of The Cerebral Cortex, Marissa E. Moore Jan 2016

Impaired Social Behavior In Mice With Tyrosinemia Type 1 Is Associated With Hypermyelination Of The Cerebral Cortex, Marissa E. Moore

Summer Community of Scholars Posters (RCEU and HCR Combined Programs)

No abstract provided.

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Seasonal Dimorphism In Gastropod Hatchling Size: What Can We Learn From Egg Mass Morphology And Deposition Site Conditions?, Lily A. Harrison Jan 2016

Seasonal Dimorphism In Gastropod Hatchling Size: What Can We Learn From Egg Mass Morphology And Deposition Site Conditions?, Lily A. Harrison

Undergraduate Theses, Professional Papers, and Capstone Artifacts

Egg size is one of the most important features of marine invertebrate reproduction because it provides insight into developmental patterns, offspring size, and adult investment per offspring. Intraspecific variation in egg size and the resulting hatchling size may depend on many factors including environmental and maternal conditions and geographic location. Therefore, both the season in which eggs are laid and the spatial heterogeneity of deposition sites may influence egg size and hatchling size. Natica chemnitzii deposits egg masses on sandy beaches along the coast of the Bay of Panama. During the wet (non-upwelling) season hatchling size is unimodal. However, monthly …

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Enhancing The Stem Ecosystem Through Teacher-Researcher Partnerships, William E. Tapprich, Neal Grandgenett, Heather Leas, Steven N. Rodie, Robert Duncan Shuster, Chris Schaben, Christine E. Cutucache Jan 2016

Enhancing The Stem Ecosystem Through Teacher-Researcher Partnerships, William E. Tapprich, Neal Grandgenett, Heather Leas, Steven N. Rodie, Robert Duncan Shuster, Chris Schaben, Christine E. Cutucache

Biology Faculty Publications

STEM faculty at the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) have partnered with teachers and administrators in the Omaha Public Schools (OPS) to implement a Teacher-Researcher Partnership Program. This program establishes resources and infrastructure that engage K-12 science teachers in scientific research experiences. In the first implementation of this program, eleven UNO faculty mentors, drawn from several STEM disciplines, were matched with eleven OPS teachers to conduct genuine research projects in support of their teaching.

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Epigenetic Response To Environmental Change: Dna Methylation Varies With Invasion Status, Aaron W. Schrey, Travis R. Robbins, Jacob Lee, David W. Dukes Jr., Alexandria K. Ragsdale, Christopher J. Thawley Jan 2016

Epigenetic Response To Environmental Change: Dna Methylation Varies With Invasion Status, Aaron W. Schrey, Travis R. Robbins, Jacob Lee, David W. Dukes Jr., Alexandria K. Ragsdale, Christopher J. Thawley

Biology Faculty Publications

Epigenetic mechanisms may be important for a native species’ response to rapid environmental change. Red Imported Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta Santschi, 1916) were recently introduced to areas occupied by the Eastern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus Bosc & Daudin, 1801). Behavioral, morphological and physiological phenotypes of the Eastern Fence Lizard have changed following invasion, creating a natural biological system to investigate environmentally induced epigenetic changes.We tested for variation in DNA methylation patterns in Eastern Fence Lizard populations associated with different histories of invasion by Red Imported Fire Ants. At methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism loci, we detected a higher diversity …

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Convergence Of Detrital Stoichiometry Predicts Thresholds Of Nutrient-Stimulated Breakdown In Streams, David W. P. Manning, Amy D. Rosemond, Vladislav Gulis, Jonathan P. Benstead, John S. Kominoski, John C. Maerz Jan 2016

Convergence Of Detrital Stoichiometry Predicts Thresholds Of Nutrient-Stimulated Breakdown In Streams, David W. P. Manning, Amy D. Rosemond, Vladislav Gulis, Jonathan P. Benstead, John S. Kominoski, John C. Maerz

Biology Faculty Publications

Nutrient enrichment of detritus‐based streams increases detrital resource quality for consumers and stimulates breakdown rates of particulate organic carbon (C). The relative importance of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) vs. phosphorus (P) for detrital quality and their effects on microbial‐ vs. detritivore‐mediated detrital breakdown are poorly understood. We tested effects of experimental N and P additions on detrital stoichiometry (C:N, C:P) and total and microbial breakdown (i.e., with and without detritivorous shredders, respectively) of five detritus types (four leaf litter species and wood) with different initial C : nutrient content. We enriched five headwater streams continuously for two years at different …

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De Novo Assembly And Analysis Of The Chilean Pencil Catfish Trichomycterus Areolatus Transcriptome, Thomas T. Schulze, Jonathan Ali, Maggie Bartlett, Madalyn Mcfarland, Emalie Clement, Harim Won, Austin G. Sanford, Elyssa Monzingo, Matthew C. Martens, Ryan M. Hemsley, Sidharta Kumar, Nicolas Gouin, Alan Kolok, Paul H. Davis Jan 2016

De Novo Assembly And Analysis Of The Chilean Pencil Catfish Trichomycterus Areolatus Transcriptome, Thomas T. Schulze, Jonathan Ali, Maggie Bartlett, Madalyn Mcfarland, Emalie Clement, Harim Won, Austin G. Sanford, Elyssa Monzingo, Matthew C. Martens, Ryan M. Hemsley, Sidharta Kumar, Nicolas Gouin, Alan Kolok, Paul H. Davis

Biology Faculty Publications

Trichomycterus areolatus is an endemic species of pencil catfish that inhabits the riffles and rapids of many freshwater ecosystems of Chile. Despite its unique adaptation to Chile’s high gradient watersheds and therefore potential application in the investigation of ecosystem integrity and environmental contamination, relatively little is known regarding the molecular biology of this environmental sentinel. Here, we detail the assembly of the Trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome, a molecular resource for the study of this organism and its molecular response to the environment. RNA-Seq reads were obtained by next-generation sequencing with an Illumina® platform and processed using PRINSEQ. The transcriptome assembly was …

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Broad Activation Of Latent Hiv-1 In Vivo, Kirston Barton, Bonnie Hiener, Anni Winckelmann, Thomas Aagaard Rasmussen, Wei Shao, Karen Byth, Robert Lanfear, Ajantha Solomon, James Mcmahon, Sean Harrington, Maria Buzon, Mathias Lichterfeld, Paul W. Denton, Rikke Olesen, Lars Østergaard, Martin Tolstrup, Sharon R. Lewin, Ole Schmeltz Søgaard, Sarah Palmer Jan 2016

Broad Activation Of Latent Hiv-1 In Vivo, Kirston Barton, Bonnie Hiener, Anni Winckelmann, Thomas Aagaard Rasmussen, Wei Shao, Karen Byth, Robert Lanfear, Ajantha Solomon, James Mcmahon, Sean Harrington, Maria Buzon, Mathias Lichterfeld, Paul W. Denton, Rikke Olesen, Lars Østergaard, Martin Tolstrup, Sharon R. Lewin, Ole Schmeltz Søgaard, Sarah Palmer

Biology Faculty Publications

The ‘shock and kill’ approach to cure human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) includes transcriptional induction of latent HIV-1 proviruses using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) with targeted immunotherapy to purge infected cells. The administration of LRAs (panobinostat or vorinostat) to HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy induces a significant increase in cell-associated unspliced (CA-US) HIV-1 RNA from CD4+ T cells. However, it is important to discern whether the increases in CA-US HIV-1 RNA are due to limited or broad activation of HIV-1 proviruses. Here we use single-genome sequencing to find that the RNA transcripts observed following LRA administration are genetically diverse, indicating activation of …

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Using Animal Models To Overcome Temporal, Spatial And Combinatorial Challenges In Hiv Persistence Research, Paul W. Denton, Ole S. Søgaard, Martin Tolstrup Jan 2016

Using Animal Models To Overcome Temporal, Spatial And Combinatorial Challenges In Hiv Persistence Research, Paul W. Denton, Ole S. Søgaard, Martin Tolstrup

Biology Faculty Publications

Research challenges associated with understanding HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy can be categorized as temporal, spatial and combinatorial. Temporal research challenges relate to the timing of events during establishment and maintenance of HIV persistence. Spatial research challenges regard the anatomical locations and cell subsets that harbor persistent HIV. Combinatorial research challenges pertain to the order of administration, timing of administration and specific combinations of compounds to be administered during HIV eradication therapy. Overcoming these challenges will improve our understanding of HIV persistence and move the field closer to achieving eradication of persistent HIV. Given that humanized mice and non-human primate …

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Lack Of Host Specialization On Winter Annual Grasses In The Fungal Seed Bank Pathogen Pyrenophora Semeniperda, Julie Beckstead, Susan E. Meyer, Tony S. Ishizuka, Kelsey M. Mcevoy, Craig E. Coleman Jan 2016

Lack Of Host Specialization On Winter Annual Grasses In The Fungal Seed Bank Pathogen Pyrenophora Semeniperda, Julie Beckstead, Susan E. Meyer, Tony S. Ishizuka, Kelsey M. Mcevoy, Craig E. Coleman

Biology Faculty Scholarship

Generalist plant pathogens may have wide host ranges, but many exhibit varying degrees of host specialization, with multiple pathogen races that have narrower host ranges. These races are often genetically distinct, with each race causing highest disease incidence on its host of origin. We examined host specialization in the seed pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda by reciprocally inoculating pathogen strains from Bromus tectorum and from four other winter annual grass weeds (Bromus diandrus, Bromus rubens, Bromus arvensis and Taeniatherum caput-medusae) onto dormant seeds of B. tectorum and each alternate host. We found that host species varied in …

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Induction And Development Of Anther-Derived Gametic Embryos In Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) By Optimizing The Macronutrient And Agar Concentrations In Culture Medium, Mohammad Reza Abdollahi, Samereh Najafi, Hasan Sarikhani, Sayyed Saeed Moosavi Jan 2016

Induction And Development Of Anther-Derived Gametic Embryos In Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) By Optimizing The Macronutrient And Agar Concentrations In Culture Medium, Mohammad Reza Abdollahi, Samereh Najafi, Hasan Sarikhani, Sayyed Saeed Moosavi

Turkish Journal of Biology

Anther culture response of a cucumber cultivar (Beta Alpha) and three Iranian landraces of cucumber (Basmenj, Isfahani, and Korki) on MS culture media with an altered macronutrient strength (half, full, 1.5-fold, and double-strength) or various concentrations of agar (0, 3.5, 7, and 14 g L-1) was evaluated in two separate experiments. The effect of different concentrations of agar on the development of callus-derived embryos was also assessed. The androgenic potentials of various cucumbers were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the different macronutrient strengths and agar concentrations, although anther culture responses could vary according to the cucumber type. A doubled strength of macronutrients in culture medium resulted in the highest percentage of callogenesis (100%) in Isfahani cucumber, while use of full strength of macronutrients produced the highest percentage of embryogenic calli (83.33%) in the mentioned landrace compared to other tested forms. The maximum number of gametic embryos (1.26 and 1.23 embryos/anther) differentiated from Isfahani anther cultures on full- and half-strength MS medium, respectively. In the second experiment, the highest percentages of callogenesis were obtained in MS culture media solidified with 14 g L-1 and 7 g L-1 agar for Basmenj, with 3.5 g L-1 agar or liquid medium for Isfahani, with 7 g L-1 agar for Beta Alpha, and with 14 g L-1 agar for Korki. Culture media solidified with 7 g L-1 agar produced the highest percentage of embryogenic calli compared to other treatments. Anther culture of Korki cucumber on culture medium with 14 g L-1 agar produced the maximum number of embryos per anther compared to other cucumbers. Improved production of mature somatic embryos (torpedo and cotyledonary embryos) was achieved with higher agar concentrations (7 and 14 g L-1) for the cucumber cultivar and all landraces.

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Androgenic Responses Of 64 Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)Genotypes To Shed-Microspore Culture In The Autumn Season, Esi̇n Ari, Hi̇lal Bedi̇r, Selcen Yildirim, Tolga Yildirim Jan 2016

Androgenic Responses Of 64 Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.)Genotypes To Shed-Microspore Culture In The Autumn Season, Esi̇n Ari, Hi̇lal Bedi̇r, Selcen Yildirim, Tolga Yildirim

Turkish Journal of Biology

The recent gradual increase in interest and demand for multipurpose ornamental peppers has encouraged intensive breeding studies, especially for use in landscape. However, information in the literature about haploidy is limited. Thus, first, we intend to identify proper morphological markers for quick selection of suitable flower buds containing convenient microspores in two sample ornamental pepper genotypes with and without anthocyanin in external appearance. Secondly, the androgenic responses of 64 genotypes are determined in the autumn season through shed-microspore culture. Based on DAPI-assisted results, the calyx/bud ratio can be used as an effective morphological marker for proper bud selection in both …

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Leech Host Specificity And Its Effect On Rates Of Parasitism In Two Pond Turtle Species, Sternotherus Odoratus And Chrysemys Picta, Linda Valentina Araya Jan 2016

Leech Host Specificity And Its Effect On Rates Of Parasitism In Two Pond Turtle Species, Sternotherus Odoratus And Chrysemys Picta, Linda Valentina Araya

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Appropriate host selection by parasites is critical for ensuring offspring survival, optimal feeding location, and protection from predators. Leeches (Placobdella spp.) are known to parasitize bottom-dwelling turtle species more frequently than basking turtle species, but it is not known whether this bias is evolutionarily advantageous. I tested two potential factors that could influence host selection by leeches: differential chance of encounter due to habitat usage, and chemosensory bias of leeches toward bottom-dwelling species. I first confirmed that Chrysemys picta (Eastern painted turtle, a basking species) and Sternotherus odoratus (common musk turtle, a bottom-dwelling species) in Lake Wapalanne in Sussex County, …

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