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2015

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Articles 751 - 780 of 1751

Full-Text Articles in Biology

Ectodomain Mutations Alter The Proteolysis Of The Amyloid-Β Precursor Protein (App), Michael S. Mitsumori May 2015

Ectodomain Mutations Alter The Proteolysis Of The Amyloid-Β Precursor Protein (App), Michael S. Mitsumori

Dissertations, Masters Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting over 5 million Americans. In AD patients there is a buildup of amyloid plaque in the brain, which contributes to AD symptoms. The main component of plaques is Amyloid-β (Aβ), a 40-42 length peptide formed from Amyloid-β Precursor Protein (APP) proteolysis. APP proteolysis can result in either anti-trophic or trophic peptides. Several APP polymorphisms exist that cause or protect against AD by altering APP proteolysis. Recently, more polymorphisms in the APP ectodomain have been discovered in patients with late onset AD (LOAD). The proteolysis of APP may be affected …

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Characterization Of Ubiquitination Site Of Inducible Camp Early Repressor, Fanaye Woldeamanuel May 2015

Characterization Of Ubiquitination Site Of Inducible Camp Early Repressor, Fanaye Woldeamanuel

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Inducible cAMP Early Repressor (ICER) is a negative transcriptional regulator found in eukaryotic cells. ICER has a tumor suppressive activity and is absent in several human cancers. Cancer cells get rid of ICER by a post-translational modification known as ubiquitination. Ubiquitin molecules, which are very small regulatory proteins, attach to lysine residues of a target protein to induce either a proteolytic or a non-proteolytic pathway. Both pathways target ICER levels inside the nucleus. In the case of the proteolytic pathway, ICER gets sent to the proteasome where it gets degraded and in the non-proteolytic pathway, ICER gets sent to the …

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Isolation And Characterization Of A Novel Extremely Halophilic Euryarchaeota From Hypersaline Cinders And Sediment, Shannon Mcduff May 2015

Isolation And Characterization Of A Novel Extremely Halophilic Euryarchaeota From Hypersaline Cinders And Sediment, Shannon Mcduff

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Studies To Elucidate The Location And Function Of Stat5a/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex In Adipocytes, Hardy Hang May 2015

Studies To Elucidate The Location And Function Of Stat5a/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex In Adipocytes, Hardy Hang

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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Employing Extracellular Vesicles To Overcome Immunological Barriers To Aav- Mediated Gene Transfer & Ethical And Policy Implications Of Orphan Drug Development And Accessibility, Zachary Fitzpatrick May 2015

Employing Extracellular Vesicles To Overcome Immunological Barriers To Aav- Mediated Gene Transfer & Ethical And Policy Implications Of Orphan Drug Development And Accessibility, Zachary Fitzpatrick

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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The Influence Of Polyamines On The Hypotonic Shock Response In The Euryhaline Teleost, Fundulus Grandis, Keith Lasko May 2015

The Influence Of Polyamines On The Hypotonic Shock Response In The Euryhaline Teleost, Fundulus Grandis, Keith Lasko

Honors Capstones

No abstract provided.

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In Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity Of Black Tea Theaflavins And Acyclovir On Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 And 2 In A549 Cells, Cody James Berkefeld May 2015

In Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity Of Black Tea Theaflavins And Acyclovir On Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 And 2 In A549 Cells, Cody James Berkefeld

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is responsible for one of the most common infections within the population. The primary antiviral used against HSV infections are nucleoside analog drugs such as acyclovir and its deviates. However, in recent years the number of cases of drug resistant HSV has increased, resulting in interest for new novel treatments. Promising antiviral agents are theaflavins found within black tea derived from Camellia sinensis. These theaflavins include theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-monogallate (TF2A), theaflavin-3’-monogallate (TF2B), and theaflavin-3-3’-digallate (TF3). Previous studies have supported that theaflavins from black tea, specifically TF3, inhibit the process of viral absorption. Due to this mode …

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Chronic Resveratrol Treatment Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Associated With A High Fat Diet, Kelsey E. O'Leary May 2015

Chronic Resveratrol Treatment Ameliorates Cognitive Deficits Associated With A High Fat Diet, Kelsey E. O'Leary

Biological Sciences

Resveratrol is a polyphenol antioxidant found in red wine known to have anti-aging, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity effects in both humans and animals. Resveratrol's primary biological action is as an antioxidant, causing a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are produced as byproducts of normal metabolic functions, but become abnormally elevated in individuals who consume a high fat diet (HFD) or who have metabolic conditions like Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); in these circumstances, abnormal elevation in ROS leads to cellular damage and cell death. Another common effect of a diet high in fat and calories is cognitive impairment: specifically, …

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Forest Sustainability In An Altered Landscape Requires Human Intervention, Adam C. Labatore May 2015

Forest Sustainability In An Altered Landscape Requires Human Intervention, Adam C. Labatore

Biology Theses

Recruitment success determines the abundance and composition of plant communities. Successful recruitment can be summarized as a simple dichotomy of establishment versus seed limitations. Establishment limitation occurs when plant populations are inhibited by habitat availability and quality, whereas seed limitation occurs when seeds fail to arrive in necessary densities. Recruitment failure undermines overstory sustainability if the existing trees cannot replace themselves. Preliminary analysis indicated tree recruitment failure at an urban nature preserve with too few tree seedlings to replace mature canopy trees. These data suggested that the urban forest was not sustainable. The overarching goal of the study was to …

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Assessing The Vulnerability Of Coastal Marsh Birds To Sea Level Rise In The South Atlantic Coast, Nicolette Roach May 2015

Assessing The Vulnerability Of Coastal Marsh Birds To Sea Level Rise In The South Atlantic Coast, Nicolette Roach

All Theses

Global wetland degradation and loss is occurring at a rapid rate, and in the United States over 50% of wetlands in the lower 48 states have been altered since European settlement. In some cases, wetlands that were historically transformed for agriculture are now managed as wetland habitat. We conducted occupancy surveys for black rails (Latterallus jamaicensis) in managed and unmanaged areas of coastal South Carolina. We modeled landscape and local factors potentially influencing occupancy and we assessed whether these habitat associations indicated vulnerability following expected alterations from sea level rise. Black rails occupied 17 of 344 sites surveyed. Landscape factors …

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Variability In Movement Patterns And Habitat Use Of Two Species Of Pelecaniformes, Caroline Poli May 2015

Variability In Movement Patterns And Habitat Use Of Two Species Of Pelecaniformes, Caroline Poli

All Theses

Information regarding movement patterns of seabirds is useful for understanding prey abundance and distribution, predicting overlap between bird activity and anthropogenic stressors, and assessing the effectiveness of reserves at protecting nesting or foraging habitat(Cairns 1992, Weimerskirch 2007, Weimerskirch et al. 2010). I examined movement patterns of 40 brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) satellite tagged in December 2010 in South Carolina, USA, and tracked until July 2013. Birds exhibited individual variability in movement patterns and 25% of individuals remained near the breeding colony during nonbreeding. Birds captured in South Carolina that did migrate wintered as far south as Guatemala, prospected and used …

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Finding The Needle And The Haystack: New Insights Into Locating Bog Turtles (Glyptemys Muhlenbergii) And Their Habitat In The Southeastern United States, Theresa Sonja Margareta Stratmann May 2015

Finding The Needle And The Haystack: New Insights Into Locating Bog Turtles (Glyptemys Muhlenbergii) And Their Habitat In The Southeastern United States, Theresa Sonja Margareta Stratmann

All Theses

Because rare and cryptic species can be difficult to locate, distribution maps for these species are often inaccurate or incomplete. Bog Turtles (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) are emblematic of this challenge. In fact, conducting surveys of known, historical, and potential Bog Turtle habitat is a specific need stated in the Bog Turtle Northern Population Recovery Plan and in most Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategies of states within the southern range. Therefore we examined ways to better locate Bog Turtle habitat and Bog Turtles within that habitat. First we determined a detection probability for a standardized trapping method so we could effectively survey for …

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Characterizing The Novel Gig Operon In Legionella Pneumophila , Kathleen Jwanowski May 2015

Characterizing The Novel Gig Operon In Legionella Pneumophila , Kathleen Jwanowski

All Theses

Legionella pneumophila is the number one cause of waterborne outbreaks in the US. It contaminates man-made water systems increasing exposure risk for Legionnaire’s Disease. Copper/silver ionization is one common method for managing L. pneumophila in water systems, but bacterial response mechanisms to these metals are not well described in Legionella. We identified an operon, lpg2105-2108, that is homologous to known gold/copper response genes in Cupriavidus metallidurans. Using a GFP reporter gene system, we measured transcriptional activity of the lpg2105-2108 operon in L. pneumophila strain Lp02 in response to 20µM or 50µM of HAuCl4 or CuSO4 in planktonic and biofilm cultures. …

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Novel Bioinformatic Approaches For Analyzing Next-Generation Sequencing Data, Yan Peng May 2015

Novel Bioinformatic Approaches For Analyzing Next-Generation Sequencing Data, Yan Peng

Dissertations

In general, DNA reconstruction is deemed as the key of molecular biology since it makes people realize how genotype affects phenotypes. The DNA sequencing technology emerged exactly towards this and has greatly promoted molecular biology’s development. The traditional method, "Sanger," is effective but extremely expensive on a cost-per-base basis. This shortcoming of Sanger method leads to the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies. The NGS technologies are widely used by virtue of their low-cost, high-throughput, and fast nature. However, they still face major drawbacks such as huge amounts of data as well as relatively short read length compared with traditional …

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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Elastase Induces Restructuring Of Actin Cytoskeleton By Phosphorylation Of Rhoa Proteins, Bidisha Pal May 2015

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Elastase Induces Restructuring Of Actin Cytoskeleton By Phosphorylation Of Rhoa Proteins, Bidisha Pal

Biology Theses

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes aggressive infection in patients with pre-existing disorders and recurrent pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients. Pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infections is multifactorial owing to numerous virulence factors. The focus of this thesis research was to investigate whether P. aeruginosa elastase (PE) causes remodeling of the cytoskeleton by increasing the phosphorylation of RhoA GTPase proteins. In addressing our hypothesis, we utilized Small GTPase Immuno-sorbent Activation assays (G-LISA) and Enzyme linked Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) to quantitate changes in the total as well as phosphorylated RhoA protein in Calu3 cell lines. Fluorescence microscopy aided in understanding the changes in morphological …

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The Effect Of Predator Positioning And Related Angles On The Flight-Initiation Distance And Refuge Choice Of The Eastern Gray Squirrel., Lindsay Nason May 2015

The Effect Of Predator Positioning And Related Angles On The Flight-Initiation Distance And Refuge Choice Of The Eastern Gray Squirrel., Lindsay Nason

College of Arts & Sciences Senior Theses

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that the relative positions of squirrel, predator, and refuges, as well as the predator’s SPT angle (See Figure 1), had on a squirrel’s choice of refuge and the length of its flight initiation distance. A running person was used to simulate an attacking predator, and the relative positions of squirrel, person, and refuges were measured using both distance and compass angle. Data were collected in September and October 2014 at several urban green spaces in Louisville, Kentucky. The SPT angle measurement was not found to be particularly useful in predicting …

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Swimming Behavior In Temperate Forest Ants., Sarah Frances Handlon May 2015

Swimming Behavior In Temperate Forest Ants., Sarah Frances Handlon

College of Arts & Sciences Senior Theses

Most terrestrial arthropods are helpless in water, and falling from a tree into a flooded forest understory should be especially problematic for small, cursorial organisms like ants. Whereas many species of tropical arboreal ants can tread across the water surface (i.e., swim), less is known of this behavior in temperate forest ants. I tested for swimming ability in various ant species collected from tree trunks in Kentucky. Results show that Camponotus pennsylvanicus, and C. nearcticus, are strong swimmers (operationally defined as directed motion at speeds > 3 body lengths per sec.), while Crematogaster ashmeadi, and Monomorium minimum tend to struggle and …

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Hormonal Effects On Expression Of Osmoregulatory Genes In The Gill Of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias Latipes), Peter Justin Reed May 2015

Hormonal Effects On Expression Of Osmoregulatory Genes In The Gill Of Japanese Medaka (Oryzias Latipes), Peter Justin Reed

Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses

Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) are euryhaline teleost and evolved divergently from the well-studied model organism zebrafish (Danio rerio). Claudins (cldns) are tight junction proteins known to regulate the permeability of the paracellular space, but little is known about the influence of the endocrine system on their regulation. In this study, in vitro gill culture model was used to test the effect of three osmoregulatory hormones (cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin) on eight cldns previously identified in the gills of medaka. The stress hormone cortisol generally up-regulated the genes studied from 1.2- to 5-fold at the exceptions of cldn-28a and -28b. …

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Fluorescent Cell Imaging Studies Of Antitumor Natural Macrocycle Ipomoeassin F, Margaret Grace Oliver May 2015

Fluorescent Cell Imaging Studies Of Antitumor Natural Macrocycle Ipomoeassin F, Margaret Grace Oliver

Biological Sciences Undergraduate Honors Theses

Ipomoeassin F is one member of a family of macromolecules isolated from the leaves of the morning glory flower, ipomoea squamosa, which has been used as a homeopathic cancer remedy for centuries (Zhu, Huang, Zheng, Zhu, & Yang, 2013). It has been proven to be highly cytotoxic to many cancer cell lines, but nothing is yet known of its mode of action in the cell (Cao, et al., 2007). To begin progress towards understanding the mode of action of ipomeoassin F, this study aimed to perform fluorescence imaging studies for the ultimate purpose of determining its cellular localization in MDA-MB-231 …

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The Essential Nutrients For Methanococcus Maripaludis: Growth On Montmorillonite, Hunter William Waddell May 2015

The Essential Nutrients For Methanococcus Maripaludis: Growth On Montmorillonite, Hunter William Waddell

Health, Human Performance and Recreation Undergraduate Honors Theses

When the topic of life on Mars gets brought up, our minds automatically jump to thinking of the definition of life as any advanced creature. But I am looking at life on a much smaller scale. A group of Archaea called methanogens live on Earth in some very normal as well as extreme conditions, and in the last few decades scientists have been questioning if they could even be found on the planet Mars. These microbes use hydrogen gas as their energy source and produce methane as a byproduct, which has been found in relatively significant amounts on Mars. It …

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Molecular And Phenotypic Characterization Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Causing Bacteremia At A Major Hospital In Southern Mississippi, Dhritiman Samanta, Justin Batte, Stephanie N. Brown, Angela G. Crosby, Luis A. Marcos, Mohamed O. Elasri May 2015

Molecular And Phenotypic Characterization Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Causing Bacteremia At A Major Hospital In Southern Mississippi, Dhritiman Samanta, Justin Batte, Stephanie N. Brown, Angela G. Crosby, Luis A. Marcos, Mohamed O. Elasri

Faculty Publications

Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant cause of bacteremia worldwide. We assessed the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant S aureus isolates causing bacteremia in southern Mississippi. Diverse genetic backgrounds in terms of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus sequence typing types of methicillin-resistant S aureus were identified as causing bacteremia in Mississippi. A strong association of Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration is one of the important findings of our study.

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Biocontrol And Plant Growth-Promoting Activity Of Rhizobacteria From Chinese Fields With Contaminatd Soils, Xuefie Wang, Dmitri V. Mavrodi, Linfeng Ke, Olga V. Mavrodi, Mingming Yang, Linda S. Thomashow, Na Zheng, David M. Weller, Jibin Zhang May 2015

Biocontrol And Plant Growth-Promoting Activity Of Rhizobacteria From Chinese Fields With Contaminatd Soils, Xuefie Wang, Dmitri V. Mavrodi, Linfeng Ke, Olga V. Mavrodi, Mingming Yang, Linda S. Thomashow, Na Zheng, David M. Weller, Jibin Zhang

Faculty Publications

The aim of this study was to inventory the types of plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soils contaminated with heavy metals, recalcitrant organics, petroleum sewage or salinity in China. We screened 1223 isolates for antifungal activity and about 24% inhibited Rhizoctonia solani or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Twenty‐four strains inhibitory to R. solani, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and/or S. sclerotiorum and representing the dominant morphotypes were assayed for PGPR activity. Seven strains contained phlD, prnD, pltC or phzF genes and produced the antibiotics 2,4‐diacetylphloroglucinol, pyrrolnitrin, pyoluteorin and phenazines respectively. Six strains contained acdS, which encodes …

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Consequences Of Pre-Inoculation With Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizae On Root Colonization And Survival Of Wyoming Big Sagebrush (Artemisia Tridentata Ssp. Wyomingensis) Seedlings After Transplanting, Bill Eugene Davidson May 2015

Consequences Of Pre-Inoculation With Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizae On Root Colonization And Survival Of Wyoming Big Sagebrush (Artemisia Tridentata Ssp. Wyomingensis) Seedlings After Transplanting, Bill Eugene Davidson

Boise State University Theses and Dissertations

Inoculation of seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a common practice aimed at improving seedling establishment. The success of this practice largely depends on the ability of the inoculum to multiply and colonize the growing root system after transplanting. These events were investigated in Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Wyoming big sagebrush) seedlings inoculated with native AMF. Seedlings were first grown in a greenhouse in sterilized soil (non-inoculated seedlings) or soil containing a mixture of native mycorrhizae (inoculated seedlings). Three-month old seedlings were transplanted to 24 L pots containing soil from a sagebrush habitat (mesocosm experiments) or to a recently …

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Developing A Novel Means Of Observing The Intracellular Activities Of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K Within Xenopus Laevis, Janeah A. Alexis May 2015

Developing A Novel Means Of Observing The Intracellular Activities Of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K Within Xenopus Laevis, Janeah A. Alexis

Biological Sciences

Research into the regeneration of optic nerves in Xenopus laevis has determined that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) plays a crucial role in regulating the trafficking and translation of mRNAs essential for the organization of the axonal cytoskeleton. To further explore this role, our lab has turned to tools that can definitively elucidate hnRNP K’s translocation in-and-out of the nucleus, as well as directly quantitate its degradation rate, in vivo. An appropriate tool for such experiments is the monomeric Eos fluorescent protein (mEosFP), which can be stably and irreversibly photo-converted. This fluorescent protein naturally emits green light (~516nm) and …

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Structure-Activity Relationship Studies Of Small Molecules Directed Against The T-Box Specifier Loop, Spencer Weintraub May 2015

Structure-Activity Relationship Studies Of Small Molecules Directed Against The T-Box Specifier Loop, Spencer Weintraub

Biological Sciences

High rates of antibiotic use have resulted in the pervasiveness of multi-drug resistant organisms. With rising drug-resistance the development of antibiotics with new targets against these pathogens is imperative. The T-box regulatory mechanism is a process specific to Grampositive bacteria and controls many essential genes including aaRS genes, which are code for the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases required to charge tRNA. The T-box Specifier Loop is a novel target for antibacterial drug discovery as we hypothesize that a small compound bound to the Specifier Loop will inhibit transcription of essential bacterial genes resulting in bacterial cell death or growth arrest. We used …

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Use Of A Ph-Sensitive Probe To Study The Role Of Pkc-Epsilon In Phagocytosis Of Pathogens, Rebekah Marie Pierce May 2015

Use Of A Ph-Sensitive Probe To Study The Role Of Pkc-Epsilon In Phagocytosis Of Pathogens, Rebekah Marie Pierce

Biological Sciences

The main force behind innate immunity, our primary defense against infection, is the clearance of pathogens, or phagocytosis. Protein Kinase C-epsilon (PKC-ε) is necessary for efficient phagocytosis of antibody (IgG)-coated particles. Previous studies used IgG-coated glass beads, which are larger and more rigid than bacteria and lack their complex surface protein expression. To test the hypothesis that PKC-ε is necessary for phagocytosis of pathogens, we compared the rate of uptake of common pathogens by macrophages from wild type and PKC- ε knock out mice. We tested two targets, a bacteria (E. coli) and a yeast (zymosan), both physiologically relevant phagocytic …

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Comparison Of Microwear On Rodent Molars From Differing Species And A Wide Range Of Environments, Mikko Joiner May 2015

Comparison Of Microwear On Rodent Molars From Differing Species And A Wide Range Of Environments, Mikko Joiner

Anthropology Undergraduate Honors Theses

Dental microwear analysis is a very useful tool when trying to infer the diet of a particular organism. By studying the use-wear scars left on the enamel of the tooth due to eaten objects, one can infer the diet of the organism because certain types of food leave certain types of scars. For example, the consumption of tree parts produces pits, while the consumption of grasses produces striated scratches (Ungar et al., 2007). Thus, based on the type of microwear, the diet of the organism in question can be deduced, which indicates the type of environment that it lives in. …

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Generation And Characterization Ovarian Specific Promoter Sequences Of A Transgenic Zebrafish (Danio Rerio), Riham Makhoul May 2015

Generation And Characterization Ovarian Specific Promoter Sequences Of A Transgenic Zebrafish (Danio Rerio), Riham Makhoul

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Inducible cAMP early repressor or, ICER, acts as a tumor suppressor with ovarian specific properties and moderates cAMP anti-proliferative actions. In this study, CYP19A1 was selected out of the four previously cloned ovarian specific promoters (CYP19A1, FSH, ZP3 and GDF9). The purpose of this experiment was to test whether a -500 bp fragment of the CYP19A1 can function in the ovaries as a specific promoter that can be used to express transgenes in the ovaries. For this study, we generated transgenic Zebrafish that expressed Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) with the CYP19A1 promoter and proceeded to characterize by four different methods …

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Phenotyping Cesa4ko Mutants In P. Patens, Kristina Bischak May 2015

Phenotyping Cesa4ko Mutants In P. Patens, Kristina Bischak

Senior Honors Projects

In order to study the cellulose deposition mechanisms of plants like Physcomitrella patens, understanding the function of CesA genes is crucial. The CesA genes, better known as the Cellulose Synthase gene superfamily, are responsible for the formation of cellulose in developing plants. Cellulose is an important biological molecule necessary for proper plant growth, particularly in non-vascular plants such as P. patens. There are seven known CesA genes in P. patens: CesA 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 10. The effects of these cellulose synthase genes on the developing plant can be observed by removing specific CesA …

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Experts As Teachers: Can We Abate The Disconnect Between Expert And Student?, Bailey Mallon May 2015

Experts As Teachers: Can We Abate The Disconnect Between Expert And Student?, Bailey Mallon

Senior Honors Projects

Studies have found that experts often fail as good teachers, mainly because there is a lack of communication within their specific area (Feldon, 2007). Experts may routinely underestimate how difficult a task can be for a newcomer (Hinds, 1999) and even when attempting to make a task easier, they omit information a novice would find valuable (Hinds, Patterson, & Pfeffer, 2001) because they unintentionally assume that non-experts are aware of and possess knowledge that only those already familiar in the field might have, and would thus know what they are talking about. Furthermore, there are factors controllable by the professor, …

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