Biology Commons^™

Vitamin B6 Deficiency And Galactose Induced Alterations In Morphology And Osmotic Fragility Of Rat Erythrocytes, P. Kaul, H. Sidhu, S. K. Thind, S. K. Sharma, R. Nath

Scanning Microscopy

Recently, red blood cells have been investigated mainly for alterations in ion transporting capacity, membrane bound enzymes or modifications in the structure of its individual constituents in clinical and experimental urolithiasis. However, the implication of such modifications on the physical state or morphology of cells has not been investigated. Scanning electron microscopic studies performed in vitamin B₆ deficient and/or galactose fed rat (established hyperoxaluric models) erythrocytes, showed the presence of large number of stomatocytes, spherocytes and other variously deformed cells as compared to discocytic cells seen in normal control group. These changes in shape were in concurrence with red …

The Formation Of Filopodia-Like Protrusions During Preparation Of Cell Suspensions For Scanning Electron Microscopy, Yuri A. Rovensky

Scanning Microscopy

The standard preparation of cell suspensions (e.g., blood cells, cell suspensions derived from monolayer cultures or from various tissues, etc.) for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) includes fixation of the cells in suspension and subsequent dehydration and critical point drying (CPD) of the cells after their preliminary attachment to the special substrata. In the course of the SEM examination of cell suspensions of various origins, unusual morphological cell surface structures, filopodia-like protrusions (FLP), were consistently detected in 3-20% of the cells in the populations. FLP can be effectively observed only by using a stage tilt angle of no less than 30°. …

Shoot Structure Of Boschniakia Hookeri Walpers (Orobanchaceae), John Leland Babur

Dissertations and Theses

Boschniakia hookeri Walpers has been found to parasitize the roots of Gaultheria shallon Pursh, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (l.) Spreng, and Vaccinium ovatum Pursh, all members of the Ericaceae. This is the first documented report of the parasitism of Vaccinium ovatum. The subterranean shoot of B. hookeri originates endogenously from the perennial tubercle of the parasite. The shoot has an eustele, composed of collateral vascular bundles, arranged in four composite fronts and separated by four wide 'leaf gaps.' Pits on metaHylem vessels range from nearly circular to laterally elongated. Rll vessel members have simple perforations. Ouerall, the Hylem of subterranean shoots contained …

Comparative Analysis Of Patch Lesions In The Chick Inner Ear Following Acoustic Trauma: Optical Versus Scanning Electron Microscopy, H. J. Adler, J. Mantooth, Y. Raphael

Scanning Microscopy

Neonatal chicks were exposed to an octave band noise with a center frequency of 1.5 kHz at 116 dB SPL for 4 hours. Seven days following overstimulation, the birds were sacrificed. Their basilar papillae were re-moved, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and processed in two steps. First, the ears were immunostained with a supernatant of mouse anti-tectorial membrane antibodies, followed by a diaminobenzidine process. Examinations of the papillae under an optical stereo microscope revealed a patch site with a partially regenerated tectorial membrane (referred to as the honeycomb).

After the optical studies, the same ears were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, …

Consistency In Calibrated Backscattered Electron Images Of Calcified Tissues And Minerals Analyzed In Multiple Imaging Sessions, E. G. Vajda, J. G. Skedros, R. D. Bloebaum

Scanning Microscopy

Pure metal standards have been used to calibrate the operating environment in quantitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging of mineralized tissue, allowing comparisons to be made between various mineralization states of bone at the microscopic level. It has not previously been documented that calibration procedures produce consistent, reliable results over multiple imaging sessions. In this study, BSE images were obtained from bones, pure metals, and a naturally occurring mineral in multiple imaging sessions over a six day period. The graylevel histogram profile (GHP) from each specimen was analyzed for changes in the shape and relative placement on the graylevel spectrum. Computer …

Backscattered Electron Imaging And Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis Studies Of Evidence For Calcium Salt Heterogeneity In Fifteen Gallstones From An Elderly Human, Tetsuo Kodaka, Ryoichi Mori, Kazuhiro Debari, Reiji Takiguchi, Shohei Higashi

Scanning Microscopy

We examined 15 variably-sized gallstones, taken from an elderly male, by backscattered electron imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis to learn the structural and distribution patterns of gallstone calcium (Ca-) salts. Of the 13 cholesterol-rich stones, nine stones had peripheral concentric layers of Ca-carbonate, whereas 2 stones had peripheral layers of Ca-phosphate. No Ca-salts were detected from 2 cholesterol-rich stones. The 2 stones containing Ca-phosphate had no Ca-salt cores, whereas the stones containing Ca-carbonate were separated into 3 different types: two stones with a Ca-carbonate core, four stones with several Ca-bilirubinate cores of glass-like structure, and 3 stones lacking Ca-salt cores. …

Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Studies On Alveolar Bone Remodeling With Orthodontic Tooth Movement And Retention, H. Yagishita, S. Iwatsubo, T. Aoba

Scanning Microscopy

Alveolar bone reconstruction in growing dog during the retention period following orthodontic tooth movement was studied. Three beagle dogs (8-10 kg body weight, about one-year-old) were used and two of the animals were subjected to histological observation. The upper 2nd and lower 3rd premolars on both sides were extracted prior to the orthodontic treatments. After a healing period of one month, the upper 3rd premolar and the lower 4th premolar on the right side were moved mesially with a conventional orthodontic force for 8 weeks, and then retained in their new position for 4 weeks. The contralateral corresponding premolars were …

Analysis Of Glycosaminoglycans Induced In Newly Formed Calcium Oxalate Crystals Using An Undiluted Urine System, Koji Suzuki, Ryuzo Tsugawa

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of sodium pentosan polysulfate (SPP) in an undiluted urine system and to study its relative affinity to calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in the presence or absence of heparan sulfate (HS). CaOx crystals were induced with an overload of oxalate above the metastable limit in spun and filtered urine (SF) and ultrafiltered urine (UF). Then, the crystals were dissolved with EDTA (ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid), electrodialysed and lyophilized. The polyanions, HS or SPP were added to the UF prior to the addition of oxalate. Polyanions in crystal matrices were examined by cellulose acetate …

Improved Methods For Preserving Macromolecular Structures And Visualizing Them By Fluorescence And Scanning Electron Microscopy, Paul B. Bell Jr., Barbara Safiejko-Mroczka

Scanning Microscopy

To determine the optimal procedures to preserve cytoskeletal and other macromolecular structures for microscopic studies we have evaluated the effects of various methods to extract cultured cells. In this report, we compare results using different fixatives, crosslinking reagents, and permeabilization methods on (1) the labeling of cells for fluorescence microscopy with phalloidin or antibody against tubulin; and (2) the morphological preservation of macromolecular structures for scanning electron microscopy. Maximal labeling of F-actin with phalloidin was obtained by fixing cells in 4% para formaldehyde (PFA) and labeling the unextracted cells with methanolic phalloidin, whereas maximal labeling of tubulin required prefixation with …

A Trade-Off Invariant Life-History Rule For Optimal Offspring Size, Eric Charnov, Jerry Downhower

Biology Faculty & Staff Publications

Optimization models have been widely and successfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms. Most such models maximize darwinian fitness (or a component of fitness) in the face of trade-offs and constraints; the numerical results usually depend on the exact form of the trade-offs/constraints. Here we report the first (to our knowledge) numerical optimum for life-history evolution which is independent of the details of the underlying trade-off, for a large array of trade-off forms. The rule is that at small litter sizes, the range in offspring size is inversely proportional to the size of the litter. Details …

West Coast Rock Lobster Fishery Management Plan 1995 - Draft For Public Comment, M. Moran

Fisheries Management Papers

The purpose of this management plan is to regulate fishing for rock lobsters (Family Palimuridae) in waters off the west coast of Western Australia such that the breeding stock of rock lobsters is maintained at a level known to have generated adequate recruitment of young lobsters in the past. This management plan does not constitute a change in the management arrangements for the rock lobster fishery. It essentially replaces the West Coast Rock Lobster Limited Entry Fishery Notice 1993 made under the Fisheries Act 1905 and makes the required changes to wording and structure necessitated by the proclamation of the …

Bag And Size Limit Fishing Regulations From Around Australia - Current Information As At 1 July, 1995 - Third Australasian Fisheries Managers Conference, Rottnest Island, Wa, F. B. Prokop

Fisheries Management Papers

This paper was originally prepared for the first National Fisheries Managers Conference in 1993. It is now updated and includes the current bag and size limits from around Australia as at 1 July, 1995. It is fairly obvious from this paper that there is a need for more cooperation between the states, particularly for species which have wide distributions. However, regional solutions can be a good approach for specific management needs, while general rules can be made more consistent in a number of cases.

Mutations In Rad27 Define A Potential Link Between G₁ Cyclins And Dna Replication, Elizabeth Ann Vallen, Frederick R. Cross , '78

Biology Faculty Works

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has three G1 cyclin (CLN) genes with overlapping functions. To analyze the functions of the various CLN genes, we examined mutations that result in lethality in conjunction with loss of cln1 and cln2. We have isolated alleles of RAD27/ERC11/YKL510, the yeast homolog of the gene encoding flap endonuclease 1, FEN-1.cln1 cln2 rad27/erc11 cells arrest in S phase; this cell cycle arrest is suppressed by the expression of CLN1 or CLN2 but not by that of CLN3 or the hyperactive CLN3-2. rad27/erc11 mutants are also defective in DNA damage repair, as determined by their increased sensitivity to …

Fertility Effects Of Genes Causing Reproductive Isolation Inferred From Three-Way Hybrids In Phacelia, Helen Zhujun Hou

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Prior studies of reproductive isolation among three varieties of Phacelia dubia have found that gene loci encoding isozymes of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) were associated with hybrid sterility. In the first part of this study, I generated three-way hybrids to determine if the genetic or chromosomal region linked to GOT encoding loci has major effects on hybrid sterility and if any observed effects were similar in different genetic backgrounds. In three-way crosses, F1 hybrids of two varieties were crossed to a third variety. Fertilities of three-way hybrids were estimated and their GOT genotypes were ascertained by starch gel electrophoresis. A …

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Produced By The Phytopathogenic Fungus Phymatotrichum Omnivorum, Jacobo Ortega

School of Integrative Biological & Chemical Sciences (Formerly Dept. of Biology)

The extracellular plant cell wall degrading enzymes of Phymatotrichum omnivorum and the effect of different carbon sources on the production of these enzymes were investigated. Cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase and xylanase activities were detected in fluids collected from cultures containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or xylan as carbon sources and enzyme inducers. The highest activities of cellobiohydrolase and xylanase were measured in fluids collected from cultures containing xylan. Results of this study indicate that P. omnivorum constitutively produces small amounts of endoglucanase.

The Role Of Pulmocutaneous Baroreceptors In The Control Of Lymphatic Heart Rate In The Toad Bufo Marinus, Dane Alan Crossley Ii

Dissertations and Theses

The present study documents that baroreceptors located in the pulmocutaneous artery (PCA) are key components in control of lymph heart rate in amphibians. A negative feedback control loop exists between arterial pressure and lymphatic heart rate. The recurrent laryngeal nerve (rLN), which innervates the PCA baroreceptors, transmits information on arterial pressure to integration centers in the central nervous system. Lymphatic heart rate (LHR) is reduced as a result of increases in arterial pressure. This loop was determined using three experimental protocols. First, the correlation between LHR reduction and hormonally induced vasoconstriction was determined. Increases in arterial pressure due to pressor …

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Analysis Of Calciotraumatic Lines In Rat Labial Dentin After Acute Exposure To Strontium Chloride, Hiroyuki Mishima, Toshiro Sakae, Yukishige Kozawa

Scanning Microscopy

Rats were given strontium chloride (SrCli) intraperitoneally at a dose of 500 mg/kg. The upper incisors were removed after injection of strontium. These incisors were studied by scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDS) and light microscopy to examine the calciotraumatic lines of strontium in the rat incisor labial dentin.

At 24 hours after injection of strontium, the calciotraumatic response was observed in the predentin using hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) staining. At 5 days, three layers of calciotraurnatic lines were present in the labial dentin using an H-E staining and backscattered electron imaging in the SEM. The external …

Effects Of Non-Point Nutrient Loading On Planktonic Community Structure And Function In A Great Lakes Coastal Wetland, Brian M. Binion

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology by Brian M. Binion on July 26, 1995.

Impacts Of Seasonality And Nutrients On Microbial Mat Community Structure And Function, James L. Pinckney, Hans W. Paerl, M. Fitzpatrick

Faculty Publications

To understand the mechanisms responsible for seasonal fluctuations in growth and N₂ fixation in intertidal microbial mat communities, we quantified seasonal changes in mat community composition, related these changes to diel and seasonal N₂ fixation rates, and evaluated community responses (growth, N₂fixation, composition) to long-term (22 d) nutrient addition bioassays. A temperate intertidal cyanobacterial mat community, located in coastal North Carolina, USA, was sampled at monthly intervals for 1 yr (1993-94) to determine changes in community composition. The abundances of major phototrophic groups were quantified based on the relative concentrations of taxaspecific photopigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids). …

Water Quality Analysis Of Eastern Kentucky Reservoirs, Stephen E. Davis Iii

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology by Stephen E. Davis III on July 19, 1995.

The Feasibility Of Trophic Manipulation In Grayson Lake, Kentucky, U.S.A., Russell Walker Crawford

Morehead State Theses and Dissertations

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science and Technology at Morehead State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science by Russell Walker Crawford on July 19, 1995.

How Ras Works: Structure Of A Rap-Raf Complex, Stephen R. Sprang

Biological Sciences Faculty Publications

The three-dimensional structure of the complex between Rap and the 'Ras-binding domain' of Raf could be the prototype for a G protein-effector interaction.

Tip-Induced Modifications In Scanning Tunneling Microscopy And Atomic Force Microscopy, K. Cho, J. D. Joannopoulos

Scanning Microscopy

Tip-induced modifications of microscopic processes in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) of the Si(l00) surface are investigated with ab initio total energy pseudopotential calculations. The results of the calculations lead to a new understanding of the microscopic STM measurement process and the micro-mechanical changes (hysteresis and plastic deformation) in the AFM process. In particular, in the latter case, the results predict that the tip can be used to flip dimers on the surface, from one buckled configuration to the other, reversibly, and without inducing damage to either the intrinsic surface or the tip.

Renal Responses To Differential Rates Of Blood Volume Expansion In The Toad, Bufo Marinus, Mark Edward Bolke

Dissertations and Theses

Three aspects of renal function were measured in the toad, Bufo marinus (N=lO): (1) effect of rate of blood volume expansion on renal functions (UFR; GFR; urine and plasma ion concentrations; and ion excretion rates), (2) effect of hypo- and hyperosmotic blood volume expansions on renal functions, and (3) role of GFR and tubular processes in the differential response of UFR under different osmotic expansion stresses. Renal responses to differential rates of blood volume expansion have not been investigated in amphibians. Rate responses will be analyzed considering effects: ( 1) during infusion (neural, or, short term regulation of extracellular fluid …

Variation In Plasma Prostaglandin E2 Level In Mouse During Infection With Trichinella Spiralis And Trichinella Pseudospiralis, Zahra Mehdizadehkashi

Dissertations and Theses

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes infiltrate tissues in response to an inflammatory stimulus such as endotoxin or parasite products. Previous studies have shown an extensive cellular infilteration about the parasitized skeletal muscle of mouse infected with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Infection of the host with Trichinella pseudospiralis, on the other hand, is associated with a dramatic suppression of inflammatory cellular response. Prostaglandin Bi is a product of arachidonic acid metabolism and is synthesized by variety of cell types. Prostaglandins of the E series have been generally known to suppress inflammatory responses. In the present study, I have investigated the possible relation between plasma …

The Chemotactic Response Of Neutrophils To Components Of The Sera Of Mice Infected With Trichinella Spiralis, Sara Lynn Youngman

Dissertations and Theses

Neutrophils accumulate around Trichinella spiralis larvae encysted in skeletal muscle cells of the host. The magnitude of the neutrophil infiltration follows a pattern relating to the stage of infection of T.spiralis. This study was performed to determine if there are factors chemotactic for neutrophils present in the sera of mice infected with T.spiralis, and if present, to compare the chemotactic potential of sera from several time points during the infection. Female MRL++ mice hosted the T.spiralis infection and provided neutrophils for all experiments. The chemotactic potentials of sera were tested by placing 150 ul of serum collected …

Successional Changes And Habitat Selection In Hayfield Bird Communities, Eric K. Bollinger

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

I examined the effects of successional changes in vegetation on the breeding dispersion of grassland birds in hayfields in New York. I sampled vegetation and counted birds in 90 hayfields of various ages (i.e. number of years since planting) and sizes that were originally planted to a legume-dominated seed mixture. I also resampled a subset of these fields two years later. Over time, these hayfields changed from tall, dense, homogeneous stands of legume-dominated vegetation to short, sparse, patchy stands of grass-dominated vegetation. Fields of all ages were dominated by introduced plant species. Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), the most common bird …

Successional Changes And Habitat Selection In Hayfield Bird Communities, Eric Bollinger

Faculty Research & Creative Activity

I examined the effects of successional changes in vegetation on the breeding dispersion of grassland birds in hayfields in New York. I sampled vegetation and counted birds in 90 hayfields of various ages (i.e. number of years since planting) and sizes that were originally planted to a legume-dominated seed mixture. I also resampled a subset of these fields two years later. Over time, these hayfields changed from tall, dense, homogeneous stands of legume-dominated vegetation to short, sparse, patchy stands of grass-dominated vegetation. Fields of all ages were dominated by introduced plant species. Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), the most common bird …

Translocation Issues In Western Australia: Proceedings Of A Seminar And Workshop Held On 26th And 27th September 1994, F. B. Prokop

Fisheries Management Papers

The Recreational Fishing Advisory Committee (RFAC) approved holding this translocation seminar to air the translocation of fish for recreational enhancement in a public forum. This forum will identify issues including establishing common ground between the variety of interest groups which are represented. Contentious areas which require further investigation and consultation should become apparent, and assist the formulation of appropriate policies on translocation for Western Australia.

Interview: Brenda Laurel, Jason Challas

SWITCH

This interview with Brenda Laurel, Virtual Reality (VR) author and thinker, discusses the applications and challenges of VR. Creating an emphatic experience using VR technology is possible, but the challenge lies in designing an environment that models the senses to stimulate emotions. VR enables experiences of different genders, but physiological differences between the sexes exist and are important to understand. However, technology used to create the environment and simulation of physical objects in VR is only in the developmental stage. Laurel believes in the importance of keeping the mind grounded in the physical body, in order to strengthen the appreciation …