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Articles 301 - 330 of 377
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Studies Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Sphingolipid C4 Hydroxylation And Ipt1 Function And Their Roles In Syringomycin E Action, Jolanta Idkowiak-Baldys
Studies Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Sphingolipid C4 Hydroxylation And Ipt1 Function And Their Roles In Syringomycin E Action, Jolanta Idkowiak-Baldys
Biology
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous membrane components of all eukaryotic cells with important regulatory functions. The roles and biochemistry of two structural features of sphingolipids were studied: C4 hydroxylation and the addition of a terminal phosphoinositol. Structure-function studies of the yeast sphingolipid C4 long chain base hydroxylase (Sur2p) revealed that alanine replacement of any of eight histidine residues from three histidine-rich motifs, as well as additional histidine 249, eliminated hydroxylase activity. Seven additional residues were also found to be important elements of the active site. These results show that Sur2p is a member of the family of eight-histidine motif hydroxylases and desaturates. …
Forest Fragmentation And The Distribution, Abundance And Conservation Of The Tana River Red Colobus ( Procolobus Rufomitratus), David N.M. Mbora, Douglas B. Meikle
Forest Fragmentation And The Distribution, Abundance And Conservation Of The Tana River Red Colobus ( Procolobus Rufomitratus), David N.M. Mbora, Douglas B. Meikle
Biology
Evidence suggests that habitat heterogeneity, disturbance, disease, predation and food resources influence primate population abundance. However, few studies have focused on what habitat factors determine the probability that a primate species will occur in a habitat fragment. We analysed forest habitat and colobus population attributes to determine factors that influenced occurrence and abundance of the critically endangered Tana River red colobus. The probability of colobus inhabiting forests was positively related to the relative amount of habitat edge and canopy tree species composition. Most of the variance in the density of colobus monkeys was explained by basal area of food trees …
The Role Of Pleckstrin Homology Domains In Phosphoinositide Binding, Evan D. Christensen
The Role Of Pleckstrin Homology Domains In Phosphoinositide Binding, Evan D. Christensen
Biology
Phosphoinositides are membrane-bound lipids that exist as eight different isoforms resulting from the phosphorylation of their inositol head group at three distinct positions. Proteins with Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains bind to phosphoinositides involved in the regulation of cellular processes. The binding of several yeast PH domains to phosphoinositides was examined using dot-blot overlay assays, Surface Plasmon Resonance, and in vivo localization methodologies. While most of these yeast PH domains exhibited low specificity and/or low binding affinity, several proteins showed strong in vivo localization to either the plasma membrane or the Golgi membrane in mammalian cells. The role of the YPR115 …
Muscarinic Modulation Of Neuronal Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels, Roger A. Bannister
Muscarinic Modulation Of Neuronal Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels, Roger A. Bannister
Biology
Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels contributes to the regulation of neuronal membrane excitability, neurosecretion, and gene expression. The nervous system regulates these physiological processes through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which strongly modulate Ca2+ channel activity. This dissertation provides significant new information concerning modulation of neuronal L-, N,- and R-type Ca2+ channels by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The major findings of this work are: 1) CaV2.3 channels are differentially modulated by Gαq-coupled muscarinic receptors; 2) reconstituted slow muscarinic inhibition of CaV1.2c can be triggered by either M1, M3, or M5 muscarinic receptors; 3) …
The Behavioral And Chemical Ecology Of A Predator That Consumes Toxic Prey, Becky L. Williams
The Behavioral And Chemical Ecology Of A Predator That Consumes Toxic Prey, Becky L. Williams
Biology
The Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) preys upon the Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa), which contains tetrodotoxin (TTX). I investigated how snakes consume potentially deadly newts and the consequences thereof. Individual snakes assess their resistance relative to newt toxicity and reject prey too toxic to consume. Behavioral moderation of toxin exposure provides the association between individual resistance and fitness necessary for the coevolution of lethal toxins and resistance. After newt consumption, snakes experience tremendous toxin loads. Because TTX is extremely toxic, present in large quantities in newts, and highly resistant snakes ingest multiple newts, snakes can harbor …
Yeast Ph Domains: A Study In Phosphoinositide Binding, Heather Leigh Eisler
Yeast Ph Domains: A Study In Phosphoinositide Binding, Heather Leigh Eisler
Biology
Phosphoinositides are membrane-associated phospholipids whose inositol head group can be reversibly phosphorylated. PH domains are known to bind phosphoinositides. Yeast PH domains YPR091C and YNL144C were examined for their phosphoinositide binding using two different assays. The YPR091C PH domain bound specifically to PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(5)P. The YNL144C PH domain did not bind to any phosphoinositide. The absence and the over expression of the YPR091C and YNL144C genes was studied in the yeast. The ypr091CΔ strain grew slower at 37°C. The ynl144CΔ yeast strain showed no growth defect at 37°C, higher salt concentrations, or when transformed with …
The Role Of Injury And Rain In The Infection Of Leaves By Erwinia Amylovora, Scott C. Ockey
The Role Of Injury And Rain In The Infection Of Leaves By Erwinia Amylovora, Scott C. Ockey
Biology
Erwinia amylovora dissemination was studied by sampling apple and pear leaves before and after a precipitation event. All pear and apple experiments revealed similar trends for the temporal and spatial nature of E. amylovora. Rain dispersed the bacteria to leaves only a short distance from the infection and survived less than 24 hours on the leaf. An experiment was designed to determine leaf age susceptibility to inoculation by E. amylovora when leaves were subjected to injury types that simulated hail, wind-blown rain, and rain dispersal. Succulent leaves in the hail and rain dispersal treatments were more susceptible to infection …
Patterns And Processes Of Population Differentiation In The Chuckwalla (Sauromalus Obesus) In Southern Nevada, Paul C. Ustach
Patterns And Processes Of Population Differentiation In The Chuckwalla (Sauromalus Obesus) In Southern Nevada, Paul C. Ustach
Biology
I examined both present-day and historical patterns in the herbivorous desert lizard, Sauromalus obesus (chuckwalla), within the Mojave Desert ecoregion in Nevada. My goal was to determine the process or processes that led to their present-day distribution. I expected to recover distinct haplotypes unique to each mountain range. These unique haplotypes were expected to reveal a pattern of geographic partitioning with sequence divergence among populations increasing as a function of distance. I characterized the distribution of chuckwallas in Nevada by means of a simple model using a geographic information system (GIS). This simple model was used to enhance sampling efficiency …
Performance Limits Of Labriform Propulsion And Correlates With Fin Shape And Motion, Jeffrey A. Walker, Mark W. Westneat
Performance Limits Of Labriform Propulsion And Correlates With Fin Shape And Motion, Jeffrey A. Walker, Mark W. Westneat
Biology
Labriform locomotion, which is powered by oscillating the paired pectoral fins, varies along a continuum from rowing the fins back and forth to flapping the fins up and down. It has generally been assumed (i) that flapping is more mechanically efficient than rowing, a hypothesis confirmed by a recent simulation experiment, and (ii) that flapping should be associated with wing-shaped fins while rowing should be associated with paddle-shaped fins, To determine whether these hypotheses and the results of the simulation experiment are consistent with natural variation, we compared the steady swimming performance (critical swimming speed) of four species of labrid …
Different Regulatory Mechanisms Modulate The Expression Of A Dinoflagellate Iron-Superoxide Dismutase, O. Keith Okamoto, Deborah L. Robertson, Thomas F. Fagan, J. Woodland Hastings, Pio Colepicolo
Different Regulatory Mechanisms Modulate The Expression Of A Dinoflagellate Iron-Superoxide Dismutase, O. Keith Okamoto, Deborah L. Robertson, Thomas F. Fagan, J. Woodland Hastings, Pio Colepicolo
Biology
Regulation of antioxidant enzymes is critical to control the levels of reactive oxygen species in cell compartments highly susceptible to oxidative stress. In this work, we studied the regulation of a chloroplastic iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) from Lingulodinium polyedrum (formerly Gonyaulax polyedra) under different physiological conditions. A cDNA-encoding Fe-SOD was isolated from this dinoflagellate, showing high sequence similarity to cyanobacterial, algal, and plant Fe-SODs. Under standard growth conditions, on a 12:12-h light-dark cycle, Lingulodinium polyedrum Fe-SOD exhibited a daily rhythm of activity and cellular abundance with the maximum occurring during the middle of the light phase. Northern analyses showed that …
Effect Of Forest Age On Density Of Stream-Breeding Amphibians In Skamania County, Washington, Craig A. Steele
Effect Of Forest Age On Density Of Stream-Breeding Amphibians In Skamania County, Washington, Craig A. Steele
Biology
Because the ranges of stream-breeding amphibians in the Pacific Northwest occur partly on industrial timberlands, it is valuable to study population distributions of these animals in forest environments that rarely reach old growth status and are subject to timber harvest on a regular basis. To determine how short-term changes in forest age affect the density of stream-breeding amphibians, first-order streams located on private industrial timberlands in Skamania County, Washington, were sampled during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Species captured included Dicamptodon tenebrosus, Dicamptodon copei, Rhyacotriton cascadae, and Ascaphus truei. Regression tree analysis showed that relative …
Switching Between Intensive And Extensive Searching In Predators Of Heterogeneously Distributed Prey, Zy Biesinger
Switching Between Intensive And Extensive Searching In Predators Of Heterogeneously Distributed Prey, Zy Biesinger
Biology
Many predators of patchily distributed prey are thought to increase their searching efficiency by alternating between extensive and intensive searching behavior. To test the effects of predator satiation and prey density on a ladybird's choice of searching mode, I performed experiments in which larvae of different hunger levels experienced different prey encounter rates. Using traditional measures, I found a beetle's satiation level to have no effect. The prey encounter rate had an effect on two of three traditional measures. Less traditional methods, fractal dimension analysis and Fourier slope analysis, supported the conclusions obtained using traditional measures. Analysis of movement patterns …
Assemblages Of Spiders On Shrubs In Semiarid Environments: Experimental Models Of Shrub Architecture, Michael W. Heikkinen
Assemblages Of Spiders On Shrubs In Semiarid Environments: Experimental Models Of Shrub Architecture, Michael W. Heikkinen
Biology
Assemblages of spiders on big sagebrush are dominated by salticids. The pattern could result from many salticids in the colonist pool and random distribution as spiders disperse or a selection process by which spiders are choosing to remain on big sagebrush after initial colonization. Choices may be based on insect prey on the shrubs or related to the plant's physical attributes. Habitat structure has been associated with the distribution of many animals, and plant architecture influences the distribution of spiders. Models of big sagebrush were constructed to test plant architecture variables that spiders may use as cues in deciding to …
Phylogenetic Relationships, Taxonomy, And Evolution Of Host Choice In Diadasia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Sedonia D. Sipes
Phylogenetic Relationships, Taxonomy, And Evolution Of Host Choice In Diadasia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), Sedonia D. Sipes
Biology
I examined the phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and evolution of host choice in Diadasia, a genus of New World bees. Diadasia species are particularly interesting because they are considered pollen specialists. Females of each species are believed to provision their nests with pollen from only a few closely related plant taxa. At the same time, the choice of floral hosts within the genus is diverse, and includes five distantly related plant families: Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Convolvulaceae, Asteraceae, and Cactaceae. To estimate phylogenetic relationships within this group, I sequenced ~ 2 kb of the mitochondrial genes CO I and II and tRNA …
Diversity, Distribution, And Abundance Of Flower-Visiting Apoidea (Hymenoptera) On Sand Dunes Of The West Desert Of Utah, Trent R. Toler
Diversity, Distribution, And Abundance Of Flower-Visiting Apoidea (Hymenoptera) On Sand Dunes Of The West Desert Of Utah, Trent R. Toler
Biology
Three habitats (dunes, mountain slopes, and mud flats) were surveyed for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in the Bonneville Basin in Utah on lands owned by the U.S. military, the Dugway Proving Grounds and the southern section of the Utah Testing and Training Range, in the summers of 1997 and 1998. Study of dune habitat was emphasized, as it is thought to be important for bees in arid climates, particularly in providing nesting substrate and sources of plant pollen and nectar. Species compositions of bees were determined using pan traps at 16 sites (in three habitats) in 1997, and at 5 dune …
Avian Food Selection With Application To Pesticide Risk Assessment: Are Dead And Dessicated Insects A Desirable Food Source?, Jennifer M. Stafford
Avian Food Selection With Application To Pesticide Risk Assessment: Are Dead And Dessicated Insects A Desirable Food Source?, Jennifer M. Stafford
Biology
When evaluating avian pesticide exposure, a number of factors must be considered to form an accurate risk assessment. In the past, such assessments have been conducted with substantial uncertainty about avian consumption of exposed food items. One such uncertain factor is whether or not the avian species would consume contaminated invertebrates that were killed by a chemical application, and which may present an increasing concentration of the chemical as they desiccate over time. Therefore I asked the question: do birds select dead and desiccated insects as food items? I addressed the research question in two steps. First, a laboratory study …
Variations In The Histamine Content Of Mink Testes Due To Injections Of Gonadotrophic Hormones And Application Of Free Radicals In Vitro, Grant I. Wilson
Variations In The Histamine Content Of Mink Testes Due To Injections Of Gonadotrophic Hormones And Application Of Free Radicals In Vitro, Grant I. Wilson
Biology
It was hypothesized that gonadotropic hormones and oxygen-derived free radicals affect histamine production in the testes. Luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, a combination of these three hormones, or saline (controls) were injected for either 4 or 7 days into seven wild-type (demi) and seven dark male mink per group. All mink were euthanized with carbon monoxide. Their testes were removed and frozen on dry ice. The histamine content was analyzed using radioimmunoassay. The control wild-type mink injected for either 4 or 7 days had histamine values of 8.15 μg/g and 7.56 μg/g, respectively. In wild-type mink, there was no …
Willa Cather And American Plant Ecology, Cheryl C. Swift, John N. Swift
Willa Cather And American Plant Ecology, Cheryl C. Swift, John N. Swift
Biology
The following argument began simply in our curiosity over Willa Cather's naming of flowers, particularly in her late work. Looking at these acts of naming, however, led us quickly to the beginnings of a more general historical/theoretical framework for thinking about her long relationship with natural science. Cather is of course well known as an acute botanical observer and literary user of the floral or vegetative world, as pastoral backdrop, as ornamental illustration, or as emblem. Susan Rosowski has moreover suggested a foundational "ecological dialectic" in all of her art, originating in her early university experiences with the pioneering Nebraska …
Effects Of Forced Weaning On Mother-Daughter Associations And Reproduction In Bison (Bos Bison), Jennifer S. Brookshier
Effects Of Forced Weaning On Mother-Daughter Associations And Reproduction In Bison (Bos Bison), Jennifer S. Brookshier
Biology
While the social organization of ungulates has received much attention, the nature and extent of the mother-daughter association is still not fully known for some species. In bison, mothers and daughters have a long-term association that may extend beyond the age of weaning. This association is believed to facilitate the daughters' social integration into the herd. I compared the mother-daughter association for 29 yearling females that were forcibly weaned from their mothers to that of 19 yearling females that were naturally weaned. Forcibly weaned yearlings did not reassociate with their mothers following winter separation, while naturally weaned yearlings associated with …
Sexual Dichromatism In Bohemian Waxwings, James Brian Burns
Sexual Dichromatism In Bohemian Waxwings, James Brian Burns
Biology
If a species of birds is monomorphic, how do individuals identify members of the opposite sex? Birds may use cues in the ultraviolet wavelengths (350-400 nm), which are invisible to humans. This thesis presents evidence of sexual dichromatism in Bohemian Waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus). The strongest differences occurred in the tail coverts, the yellow tail tips, and the red waxy tips of the secondaries. Like other birds, waxwings derive colors from diet-based pigments and from synthesized colors. Because these color types differ in origin, each could provide different visual information about a bird's condition. This led to the testing …
Effects Of Carbohydrate Foods On Foraging Decisions Of The Parasitoid Bathyplectes Curculionis (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Helen Spafford Jacob
Effects Of Carbohydrate Foods On Foraging Decisions Of The Parasitoid Bathyplectes Curculionis (Thomson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Helen Spafford Jacob
Biology
In a series of field and laboratory experiments, I explored the trade-off between self-maintenance and current reproduction for the parasitoid Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson)(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), an economically important natural enemy of the alfalfa weevil, the most significant pest in forage alfalfa. Floral nectars, pea aphid honeydew, and artificial foods such as sugar sprays are likely to assist B. curculionis in meeting its self-maintenance needs. Once these needs are met then B. curculionis females may be more likely to search for hosts to parasitize. However, these foods must not only be available, but accessible, of high quality, and detectable, to be of …
The Utilization Of Steep Slopes By Desert Tortoises (Gopherus Agassizii) In The Western Mojave Desert, Ty J. Gardner
The Utilization Of Steep Slopes By Desert Tortoises (Gopherus Agassizii) In The Western Mojave Desert, Ty J. Gardner
Biology
Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) were located on steep slopes at three sites in the western Mojave Desert. These sites were located at: 1) the rifle range of the Marine Corps Logistics Base, Barstow, California, 2) the southern boundary of the Fort Irwin National Training Center, California, immediately west of Manix Tank Trail, and 3) the Lava Range of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California. Additionally, a valley site at the Sand Hill range of the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California, was included for comparison. Study tortoises were found on slopes …
Snfa, The Dictyostelium Discoideum Snf1/Ampk Protein Kinase, Sandy Sung
Snfa, The Dictyostelium Discoideum Snf1/Ampk Protein Kinase, Sandy Sung
Biology
SNF1/AMPK protein kinases are a conserved group of eukaryotic serine/threonine protein kinases that mediate a variety of stress responses, including the response to nutrient deprivation. This report describes the isolation of snfA, the Dictyostelium discoideum SNF1/AMPK ortholog, and an examination of snfA protein function. snfA is a single copy gene that encodes a predicted 80.5 kD polypeptide. A single 2.8 kb snfA transcript was present at nearly constant levels during vegetative growth and all stages of development. The predicted snfA protein consists of three domains: an amino terminal kinase domain that is highly conserved in other SNF1/AMPK protein kinases, …
Contributions Of Domain Four Segment Four Charges To Sodium Channel Activity, Jennifer L. Abbruzzese
Contributions Of Domain Four Segment Four Charges To Sodium Channel Activity, Jennifer L. Abbruzzese
Biology
Ionic currents flowing through voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels generate the rising phase of action potentials. This process is essential for normal cellular excitability and it is important to investigate the structure/function relationships that allow Na+ channels to change conformations in response to membrane potential. The Na+ channel skeletal muscle (SkM) α subunit is made of four homologous domains (DI-IV), with six transmembrane segments (S1-6) in each domain. One transmembrane segment in the channel, segment four in domain four (DIVS4), appears to make critical contributions to several aspects of channel activity. In this study, wild type (WT) …
Aspects Of Insect Conservation: Community Effects Of Habitat Patch Edge, Area, And Shape, Sharon L. Osowski
Aspects Of Insect Conservation: Community Effects Of Habitat Patch Edge, Area, And Shape, Sharon L. Osowski
Biology
The findings of this study have implications for such conservation issues such as habitat fragmentation, reserve planning, and habitat conservation and ecosystem management. This study attempted to answer questions, using an empirical study, on aspects of habitat fragmentation. Current theory about reserve design suggests that: 1) larger areas have higher diversity/abundance than smaller areas; 2) square patches have higher diversity/abundance than linear patches; and 3) patches with hospitable matrices have higher diversity/abundance than inhospitable matrices. This study also adds to the knowledge regarding invertebrate responses to fragmentation. The experimental design was a split-plot multifactorial study. The edge factor had three …
Molecular And Morphological Identification Of An Endophytic Fusarium Isolated From Wheat And Characterization Of Its Laccases In Comparison To Affiliated Fusarium Isolates, Sun Il Kwon
Biology
A fungal isolate present as a seed endophyte caused disease in wheat and other cereals when grown under stressed conditions. The isolate was identified as a member of the Asian clade of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex in the genus Fusarium, members of which are known as plant pathogens and producers of mycotoxins. The closest relative to the fungus was Fusarium proliferatum, although none of the previously described species was identical in all morphological and molecular phylogenetic characters. At least six laccase isozymes were detected in mycelial extracts or from extracellular culture filtrates of the Fusarium-wheat isolate. …
Stomatal Responses In Intact Leaves: Stomatal Interactions Within An Areole, Freya W. Denne
Stomatal Responses In Intact Leaves: Stomatal Interactions Within An Areole, Freya W. Denne
Biology
The objective of this project was to study the interactions among adjacent stomata in response to environmental conditions. Fully expanded and intact leaves from cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) plants grown in a controlled-environment greenhouse were clamped to a microscope stage for observation. Changes in stomatal apertures in response to changes in photon flux density (PFD) and evaporative demand (Δw, the water vapor mole fraction gradient between leaf and air) were measured. Increases in PFD elicited no significant coordinating responses among stomata. Responses of stomata to decreases in PFD were suggestive of coordination, but not conclusive. However, stomatal …
Effect Of Multiple Founder Events On Genetic Variation: Transplanted Populations Of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis), Bernadette N. Graham
Effect Of Multiple Founder Events On Genetic Variation: Transplanted Populations Of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis), Bernadette N. Graham
Biology
The use of reintroductions has become a widely used tool in the conservation of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). In an effort to reestablish populations of bighorn sheep in Utah, 23 individuals from two existing populations in British Columbia, Canada, Tranquille and Harper Ranch, were transplanted to Antelope Island in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. The two British Columbian populations had been founded from a native population near William's Lake, also in British Columbia. Small transplanted populations may have lower levels of genetic variation relative to the source population due to the chance loss of alleles following the …
Isolation, Cloning, And Identification Of Syringomycin E Action Genes Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Stephen D. Stock
Isolation, Cloning, And Identification Of Syringomycin E Action Genes Of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Stephen D. Stock
Biology
Members of the syringomycin family of antifungal cyclic lipodepsipeptides are produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strains as secondary metabolites. These metabolites are potent antifungal agents effective against a broad range of fungi. The antifungal mechanism of action of these compounds has been investigated using syringomycin E and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model fungal system. Mutants resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of syringomycin E were isolated after mutagenesis with nitrosoguanidine. These mutants were screened for the production of ergosterol and by complementation with syr2 mutants to eliminate mutants belonging to known syringomycin E-resistant complementation groups. From a total of …
Estimating Total Body Fat In Sharp-Shinned And Cooper's Hawks: Techniques And Application, John P. Delong
Estimating Total Body Fat In Sharp-Shinned And Cooper's Hawks: Techniques And Application, John P. Delong
Biology
I evaluated the use of three direct methods (fat scoring, condition indices, and multiple regression of external morphological variables) and one indirect method to estimate total body fat (TBF) in Sharp-shinned Hawks (Accipiter striatus) and Cooper's Hawks (A. cooperii). All three direct methods explained a reasonable amount of variation in actual TBF values (r2 ≥ 0.82), and all three methods required the use of four equations to account for the categories of species, age, and sex. Indirect methods are those that predict lean mass and subtract the lean mass estimate from the actual body …