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Articles 511 - 540 of 627
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Energetic Dynamics And Anuran Breeding Phenology: Insights From A Dynamic Game, Shannon J. Mccauley, Sarah S. Bouchard, Brian J. Farina, Kavita Isvaran, Suhel Quader, Daniel W. Wood, Colette M. St. Mary
Energetic Dynamics And Anuran Breeding Phenology: Insights From A Dynamic Game, Shannon J. Mccauley, Sarah S. Bouchard, Brian J. Farina, Kavita Isvaran, Suhel Quader, Daniel W. Wood, Colette M. St. Mary
Biological Sciences
We designed a dynamic optimization model to examine anuran-breeding phenologies. We evaluated the fitness consequences for males adopting one of four alternative strategies: calling, satelliting, foraging, or hiding. Various factors potentially influence male behavior, including energy reserves, predation risk, cost of calling, probability of finding food, distribution of male energy states in the population, and probability of surviving to another breeding season. We manipulated these parameters to determine how strongly each affects breeding phenology and chorus structure. Manipulating parameters related to the energetic costs and benefits of individual decisions, we generated the three basic patterns of anuran breeding phenology: explosive, …
Optical Fractionation Of Chlorophyll And Primary Production For Coastal Waters Of The Southern Ocean, Mark A. Moline, Barbara B. Prezelin
Optical Fractionation Of Chlorophyll And Primary Production For Coastal Waters Of The Southern Ocean, Mark A. Moline, Barbara B. Prezelin
Biological Sciences
Our objective was to quantify the potential variability in remotely sensed chlorophyll a (Chl a) and primary productivity in coastal waters of the Southern Ocean. From data collected throughout the springs/summers of 1991–1994, we calculated the proportion of water column Chl a and primary productivity within the upper optical attenuation length (K −1 par) and the satellite-weighted depth. The temporal variability was resolved every 2–3 days and was observed to be greater within years than between years. Three-year averages (n=223) revealed that 10.2 ± 3.6% of total Chl a and 14.8 ± 6.5% of production occurred …
Evaluation Of The Performance Enhancement Of Silicone Biofouling-Release Coatings By Oil Incorporation, Kathryn Truby, Christina Wood, Judith Stein, James Cella, John Carpenter, Christopher Kavanagh, Geoff Swain, Deborah Wiebe, David Lapota, Anne Meyer, Eric Holm, Dean Wendt, Celia Smith, Jean Montemarano
Evaluation Of The Performance Enhancement Of Silicone Biofouling-Release Coatings By Oil Incorporation, Kathryn Truby, Christina Wood, Judith Stein, James Cella, John Carpenter, Christopher Kavanagh, Geoff Swain, Deborah Wiebe, David Lapota, Anne Meyer, Eric Holm, Dean Wendt, Celia Smith, Jean Montemarano
Biological Sciences
In response to increased evidence of ecosystem damage by toxic antifouling paints, many researchers have developed nontoxic silicone fouling release coatings. The fouling release capability of these Systems may be improved by adding nonbonding silicone oils to the coating matrix. This idea has been tested by comparing the adhesion strength of hard- and soft-fouling organisms on a cured polydimethylsilicone (PDMS) network to that of the same network containing free polydi-methyldiphenylsilicone (PDMDPS) oil at five exposure sites in North America and Hawaii. Fouling coverage is discussed, together with the bioadhesion data, to emphasize that although these coatings foul the fouling is …
Temporal And Spatial Variations In Macrofouling Of Silicone Fouling-Release Coatings, Christina Darkangelo Wood, Kathryn Truby, Judith Stein, Deborah Wiebe, Eric Holm, Dean Wendt, Celia Smith, Christopher Kavanagh, Jean Montemarano, Geoff Swain, Anne Meyer
Temporal And Spatial Variations In Macrofouling Of Silicone Fouling-Release Coatings, Christina Darkangelo Wood, Kathryn Truby, Judith Stein, Deborah Wiebe, Eric Holm, Dean Wendt, Celia Smith, Christopher Kavanagh, Jean Montemarano, Geoff Swain, Anne Meyer
Biological Sciences
Nontoxic, low surface free energy silicone coatings having reduced biofouling adhesion strength have been developed as an alternative to antifouling paints. Silicone coatings permit macrofouling to adhere; however, fouling can be removed easily by water pressure or light scrubbing. One of the current methods used to evaluate the performance of non-toxic silicone fouling-release coatings relies heavily on fouling coverage. The organismal community structure as well as total coverage can affect the ease of fouling removal from these coatings. This paper explores fouling coverage and organismal adhesion over time. Long-term fouling coverage data were collected at four sites (in Massachusetts, Hawaii …
Evolutionary And Acclimation-Induced Variation In The Heat-Shock Responses Of Congeneric Marine Snails (Genus Tegula) From Different Thermal Habitats: Implications For Limits Of Thermotolerance And Biogeography, Lars Tomanek, George N. Somero
Evolutionary And Acclimation-Induced Variation In The Heat-Shock Responses Of Congeneric Marine Snails (Genus Tegula) From Different Thermal Habitats: Implications For Limits Of Thermotolerance And Biogeography, Lars Tomanek, George N. Somero
Biological Sciences
Heat stress sufficient to cause cellular damage triggers the heat-shock response, the enhanced expression of a group of molecular chaperones called heat-shock proteins (hsps). We compared the heat-shock responses of four species of marine snails of the genus Tegula that occupy thermal niches differing in absolute temperature and range of temperature. We examined the effects of short-term heat stress and thermal acclimation on the synthesis of hsps of size classes 90, 77, 70 and 38 kDa by measuring incorporation of (35)S-labeled methionine and cysteine into newly synthesized proteins in gill tissue. Temperatures at which enhanced synthesis of hsps first occurred …
The Edaphic Factor And Patterns Of Variation In Lasthenia Californica (Asteraceae), Nishanta Rajakaruna, Bruce A. Bohm
The Edaphic Factor And Patterns Of Variation In Lasthenia Californica (Asteraceae), Nishanta Rajakaruna, Bruce A. Bohm
Biological Sciences
Transectional studies of Lasthenia californica in the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (Stanford University) have documented the existence of two races (A and C) based upon flavonoid chemistry, achene morphology, allozymes, and flowering time differences. The two races coexist on a serpentine outcrop and have maintained a sharply defined pattern of distribution for a period of at least 15 yr. The present study has revealed significant differences in the physical and chemical features of the soils harboring the two races. Soils at the lower ends of the transects, where race A plants grow, have higher pH, cation exchange capacity, relative water …
Optical Monitoring And Forecasting Systems For Harmful Algal Blooms: Possibility Or Pipe Dream?, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Joe Grzymski, Paul W. Bissett, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, David F. Millie, Collin S. Roesler
Optical Monitoring And Forecasting Systems For Harmful Algal Blooms: Possibility Or Pipe Dream?, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Joe Grzymski, Paul W. Bissett, Gary J. Kirkpatrick, David F. Millie, Collin S. Roesler
Biological Sciences
Monitoring programs for harmful algal blooms (HABs) are currently reactive and provide little or no means for advance warning. Given this, the development of algal forecasting systems would be of great use because they could guide traditional monitoring programs and provide a proactive means for responding to HABs. Forecasting systems will require near real-time observational capabilities and hydrodynamic/biological models designed to run in the forecast mode. These observational networks must detect and forecast over ecologically relevant spatial/ temporal scales. One solution is to incorporate a multiplatform optical approach utilizing remote sensing and in situ moored technologies. Recent advances in instrumentation …
Makaira Sp., Cf. M. Nigricans Lacépède, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) From The Late Miocene, Panama, And Its Probable Use Of The Panama Seaway, Harry L. Fierstine
Makaira Sp., Cf. M. Nigricans Lacépède, 1802 (Teleostei: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) From The Late Miocene, Panama, And Its Probable Use Of The Panama Seaway, Harry L. Fierstine
Biological Sciences
A nearly complete rostrum (USNM 358534) similar in morphology to the extant bluc marlin, Makaira nigricans Lacepede 1802, is identified from the GaUln Formation (late Miocene, Panama). Identification is based on comparison with a large series of Recent istiophorid species and with fossil species of the genus Makaira. The Gatlin specimen and additional examples from other fossil vertebrates provide evidence that the ancient Panama Seaway probably was a travel route between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific for large marine vertebrates during the middle Miocene to earliest Pliocene. This is the first record of an istiophorid billfish from the Gatlin Fonnation and …
Variation And Repeatability Of Calling Behavior In Crickets Subject To A Phonotactic Parasitoid Fly, Gita R. Kolluru
Variation And Repeatability Of Calling Behavior In Crickets Subject To A Phonotactic Parasitoid Fly, Gita R. Kolluru
Biological Sciences
Male Teleogryllus oceanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) produce a conspicuous calling song to attract females. In some populations, the song also attracts the phonotactic parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea (Diptera: Tachinidae). I examined the factors affecting calling song by characterizing the calling behavior of caged crickets from an area where the fly occurs. Calling activity (proportion of time spent calling) was repeatable and a significant predictor of female attraction. However, calling activity in the parasitized population was lower than in an unparasitized Moorea population (Orsak, 1988), suggesting a compromise between high activity to attract females and low activity to avoid flies. Calling activity …
Conservation Implications Of Dietary Dilution From Debris Ingestion: Sublethal Effects In Post-Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Shannon J. Mccauley, Karen A. Bjomdal
Conservation Implications Of Dietary Dilution From Debris Ingestion: Sublethal Effects In Post-Hatchling Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Shannon J. Mccauley, Karen A. Bjomdal
Biological Sciences
Ingestion of anthropogenic debris by marine species has been documented extensively; fewer studies have attempted to quantify the sublethal effects caused by debris ingestion. One potential sublethal effect is reduced nutrient gains from diets diluted by consumption of debris. Post-hatchling and juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) consume substantial quantities of debris. We evaluated the effects of dietary dilution on voluntary intake in post-hatchling loggerheads to assess their ability to compensate for the presence of inert diluents in their diet by increasing dry mass intakes to maintain nutrient gains. Mean daily intakes of dry mass did not increase …
Diversity Of Microorganisms Isolated From Amber, C. L. Greenblatt, A. Davis, B. G. Clement, Christopher Kitts, T. Cox, Raul J. Cano
Diversity Of Microorganisms Isolated From Amber, C. L. Greenblatt, A. Davis, B. G. Clement, Christopher Kitts, T. Cox, Raul J. Cano
Biological Sciences
Claims that organisms can be cultured from amber, if substantiated, would be significant contributions to our understanding of the evolution, tenacity, and potential spread of life. Three reports on the isolation of organisms from amber have been published. Cano and Borucki recently reported the isolation of Bacillus sphaericus and Lambert et al. have described a new species designated Staphylococcus succinus from 25–40 million year old Dominican amber. These characterized organisms were phylogenetically distant from extant relatives and the Staphylococcus sp. sufficiently far removed from other extant staphylococci to be considered a new species. Here we report the culture of bacteria …
Capillary Density Of Skeletal Muscle: A Contributing Mechanism For Exercise Intolerance In Class Ii–Iii Chronic Heart Failure Independent Of Other Peripheral Alterations, Brian D. Duscha, William E. Kraus, Steven J. Keteyian, Martin J. Sullivan, Howard J. Green, Fred H. Schachat, Anne M. Pippen, Clinton A. Brawner, Jason M. Blank, Brian H. Annex
Capillary Density Of Skeletal Muscle: A Contributing Mechanism For Exercise Intolerance In Class Ii–Iii Chronic Heart Failure Independent Of Other Peripheral Alterations, Brian D. Duscha, William E. Kraus, Steven J. Keteyian, Martin J. Sullivan, Howard J. Green, Fred H. Schachat, Anne M. Pippen, Clinton A. Brawner, Jason M. Blank, Brian H. Annex
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
A New Shortbilled Marlin Of The Genus Makaira, From The Yorktown Formation, (Early Pliocene), Eastern North Carolina At Lee Creek Mine, Usa, Harry L. Fierstine
A New Shortbilled Marlin Of The Genus Makaira, From The Yorktown Formation, (Early Pliocene), Eastern North Carolina At Lee Creek Mine, Usa, Harry L. Fierstine
Biological Sciences
An unusually short rostrum from the Yorktown Formation, Early Pliocene, eastern North Carolina at Lee Creek Mine, USA, is described as a new species, Makaira purdyi. The rostrum is morphologically distinct from any Recent or fossil istiophorid in the following combination of characters: (1) fused portion of premaxillae is short and stout with denticlcs covering at least the distal one-half of its dorsal surface; (2) at one-fourth bill length, the cross-section is nearly round (depth/width = 0.95). The new marlin is distinguished from the extant shortbill spearfish, Tetrapturus angustirostris, and any istiophorid with a short rostrum caused by …
Cryptic Luminescence In The Cold-Water Fish Pathogen Vibrio Salmonicida, P. M. Fidopiastis, Henning Sørum, E. G. Ruby
Cryptic Luminescence In The Cold-Water Fish Pathogen Vibrio Salmonicida, P. M. Fidopiastis, Henning Sørum, E. G. Ruby
Biological Sciences
The recent discovery that the fish pathogen Vibrio salmonicida is closely related to the luminous bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio logei suggested that V. salmonicida might also be capable of bioluminescence. Interestingly, cells of V. salmonicida were found to produce light in culture, but only when exposed to either an aliphatic aldehyde and/or the major V. fischeri autoinducer N-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, a transcriptional activator of the luminescence (lux) genes. An extract of spent medium of V. salmonicida that should contain any V. salmonicida acyl-homoserine lactone autoinducer, when added to V. fischeri cells, led to an induction of their …
Response To Dietary Dilution In An Omnivorous Freshwater Turtle: Implications For Ontogenetic Dietary Shifts, Shannon J. Mccauley, Karen A. Bjorndal
Response To Dietary Dilution In An Omnivorous Freshwater Turtle: Implications For Ontogenetic Dietary Shifts, Shannon J. Mccauley, Karen A. Bjorndal
Biological Sciences
Several species of freshwater turtles in the family Emydidae undergo an ontogenetic dietary shift; as juvenile turtles mature, they change from a primarily carnivorous to a primarily herbivorous diet. It has been hypothesized that this shift results from an unfavorable ratio of gut capacity to metabolic rate that prevents small reptiles from processing adequate volumes of plant material to meet their energetic demands. Effects of dietary dilution on intake were evaluated in two size classes of red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) to test whether small reptiles have a lower capacity to compensate for low-quality diets through increased intake …
Ontogenies Of Phototactic Behavior And Metamorphic Competence In Larvae Of Three Species Of Bugula (Bryozoa), Dean E. Wendt, Robert M. Woollacott
Ontogenies Of Phototactic Behavior And Metamorphic Competence In Larvae Of Three Species Of Bugula (Bryozoa), Dean E. Wendt, Robert M. Woollacott
Biological Sciences
The free swimming larvae of many marine invertebrates actively respond to light. Light cues can be used to regulate position in the water column and to facilitate encountering sites suitable for metamorphosis. We examined the ontogeny of larval phototaxis and the ontogeny of metamorphic competency in larvae from three congeneric species of bryozoans. Larvae of Bugula neritina are positively phototactic on emergence from the brood chamber, whereas larvae of B. simplex and B. stolonifera appear initially photoneutral when populations of larvae are examined. Larvae of all three species become photonegative with time. Temporally coincident with this change to negative phototaxis …
Determining The Source Of Individuals: Multilocus Genotyping In Nonequilibrium Population Genetics, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Determining The Source Of Individuals: Multilocus Genotyping In Nonequilibrium Population Genetics, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Biological Sciences
Recently founded populations represent an enormous challenge for genetic analysis: new populations are often genetically impoverished, making it hard to find sufficiently variable markers, and what little variation is present tends to be ancestral, rendering phylogenetic methods inappropriate. Recently, novel genetic markers and new statistical analyses have made multilocus genotyping an invaluable tool in the fledgling field of nonequilibrium population genetics. Such advances are not of mere academic interest but address questions of great economic, medical and conservation significance.
Exploitations Of Sexual Signals By Predators And Parasitoids, Marlene Zuk, Gita R. Kolluru
Exploitations Of Sexual Signals By Predators And Parasitoids, Marlene Zuk, Gita R. Kolluru
Biological Sciences
Signals used to attract mates are often conspicuous to predators and parasites, and their evolution via sexual selection is expected to be opposed by viability selection. Many secondary sexual traits may represent a compromise between attractiveness and avoidance of detection. Although such signal exploitation appears to be widespread, most examples come from species that use acoustic or olfactory mating signals, and relatively few cases of visual signal exploitation can be substantiated. Because males are usually the signaling sex, they are more at risk from predators or parasitoids that locate prey or hosts by sexual signals; this differential selection on the …
Sex Can Be Dangerous: Acoustically-Orienting Parasitoids On Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), Gita R. Kolluru
Sex Can Be Dangerous: Acoustically-Orienting Parasitoids On Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), Gita R. Kolluru
Biological Sciences
The Orthopterists' Society generously awarded me grants in 1995 and 1997 to conduct research on Teleogryllus oceanicus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) on the Big Island of Hawaii. Here I report results to date from fieldwork conducted in the past few years.
Photosynthetic Parameters And Empirical Modeling Of Primary Production: A Case Study On The Antarctic Peninsula Shelf, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Nicolas P. Boucher
Photosynthetic Parameters And Empirical Modeling Of Primary Production: A Case Study On The Antarctic Peninsula Shelf, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Nicolas P. Boucher
Biological Sciences
Eight hundred photosynthesis-irradiance relationships were determined in the shelf waters adjacent to Palmer Station, Antarctica during the spring/summer periods of 1991–94. Biomass specific maximum photosynthetic rate, PBmax, and the light limited photosynthetic efficiency, αB, were poorly correlated to the physical forcing and nutrient regimes at the sampling stations. The two photosynthetic parameters, however, did strongly covary indicating the minimum irradiance required to saturate photosynthesis, Ik, was relatively constant in this highly variable environment. The variability in Ik could partially be attributed to both depth in the water column and time of the …
Rostral-Caudal Variation In Troponin T And Parvalbumin Correlates With Differences In Relaxation Rates Of Cod Axial Muscle, Tierney M. Thys, Jason M. Blank, Fred H. Schachat
Rostral-Caudal Variation In Troponin T And Parvalbumin Correlates With Differences In Relaxation Rates Of Cod Axial Muscle, Tierney M. Thys, Jason M. Blank, Fred H. Schachat
Biological Sciences
Relaxation rate is an important determinant of axial muscle power production during the oscillatory contractions of undulatory locomotion. Recently, significant differences have been reported in the relaxation rates of rostral versus caudal white muscle fibers of the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. The present study investigates the biochemical correlates of this rostral-caudal physiological variation. Using denaturing gel electrophoresis, a series of fresh muscle samples from the dorsal epaxial muscle region was analyzed and several differences were detected. First, a gradual shift occurs in the expression of two troponin T isoforms along the length of the body. Second, rostral muscles were …
Metamorphis Is Not A New Beginning, Jan A. Pechenik, Dean E. Wendt, Jeremiah N. Jarrett
Metamorphis Is Not A New Beginning, Jan A. Pechenik, Dean E. Wendt, Jeremiah N. Jarrett
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Sequence Analysis Of Bacterial Dna In The Colon Of An Andean Mummy, Massimo Ubaldi, Stefania Luciani, Isolina Marota, Gino Fornaciari, Raul J. Cano, Franco Rollo
Sequence Analysis Of Bacterial Dna In The Colon Of An Andean Mummy, Massimo Ubaldi, Stefania Luciani, Isolina Marota, Gino Fornaciari, Raul J. Cano, Franco Rollo
Biological Sciences
We have isolated DNA from 14 tissue samples from the internal organs of an Andean human mummy (10th–11th century A.D.) and have checked the persistence of the original human and bacterial templates using the following main approaches: 1) amino acid racemization test; 2) quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number; 3) survey of bacterial DNA in the different organs; 4) sequence analysis of bacterial amplicons of different lengths. The results demonstrate that both the original human DNA and the DNA of the bacteria of the mummy gut are preserved. In particular, sequence analysis of two (respectively 100 and 196 bp in …
Effect Of Larval Swimming Duration On Growth And Reproduction Of Bugula Neritina (Bryozoa) Under Field Conditions, Dean E. Wendt
Effect Of Larval Swimming Duration On Growth And Reproduction Of Bugula Neritina (Bryozoa) Under Field Conditions, Dean E. Wendt
Biological Sciences
A growing body of evidence indicates that even subtle events occurring during one portion of an animal's life cycle can have detrimental, and in some cases, lasting effects on later stages. Using a laboratory-field transplant design, postmetamorphic costs associated with the duration of larval swimming were investigated in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Larvae were induced to metamorphose in the laboratory after swimming for either less than 1 h or between 23 and 24 h; colonies that developed from these two groups of larvae are referred to hereafter as "1-h colonies" and "24-h colonies," respectively. After completing metamorphosis, individuals were …
Rapid Detection Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Dairy Samples Utilizing A Pcr-Based Fluorogenic 5′ Nuclease Assay, T. Cox, C. Frazier, J. Tuttle, S. Flood, L. Yagi, C. T. Yamashiro, R. Behari, C. Paszko, R. J. Cano
Rapid Detection Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Dairy Samples Utilizing A Pcr-Based Fluorogenic 5′ Nuclease Assay, T. Cox, C. Frazier, J. Tuttle, S. Flood, L. Yagi, C. T. Yamashiro, R. Behari, C. Paszko, R. J. Cano
Biological Sciences
The presence of Listeria monocytogenes as a dairy food contaminant is a lethal threat to dairy industrialists; therefore, products tainted with L. monocytogenes must be quickly detected and removed from production. This fluorogenic PCR-based assay was developed to rapidly detect L. monocytogenes contamination in dairy samples before a final product is distributed. The detection method employed uses a PCR primer pair and a fluorogenic TaqMan probe which bind to a region of a virulence determinant gene specific to L. monocytogenes. As the DNA target is amplified, the 5′ nuclease activity of Taq DNA polymerase hydrolyzes the internal fluorogenic probe …
Is Population Genetics Mired In The Past?, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, George K. Roderick, Francis X. Villablanca
Is Population Genetics Mired In The Past?, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, George K. Roderick, Francis X. Villablanca
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Identification Of A Functional Homolog Of The Yeast Copper Homeostasis Gene Atx1 From Arabidopsis, Edward Himelblau, Helena Mria, Su-Ju Lin, Valeria Cizewski Culotta, Lola Penarrubia, Richard M. Amasino
Identification Of A Functional Homolog Of The Yeast Copper Homeostasis Gene Atx1 From Arabidopsis, Edward Himelblau, Helena Mria, Su-Ju Lin, Valeria Cizewski Culotta, Lola Penarrubia, Richard M. Amasino
Biological Sciences
A cDNA clone encoding a homolog of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) gene Anti-oxidant 1 (ATX1) has been identified from Arabidopsis. This gene, referred to as Copper CHaperone (CCH), encodes a protein that is 36% identical to the amino acid sequence of ATX1 and has a 48-amino acid extension at the C-terminal end, which is absent from ATX1 homologs identified in animals. ATX1-deficient yeast (atx1) displayed a loss of high-affinity iron uptake. Expression of CCH in the atx1 strain restored high-affinity iron uptake, demonstrating that CCH is a functional homolog of ATX1 …
Invasion Genetics Of The Mediterranean Fruit Fly: Variation In Multiple Nuclear Introns, F. X. Villablanca, G. K. Roderick, S. R. Palumbi
Invasion Genetics Of The Mediterranean Fruit Fly: Variation In Multiple Nuclear Introns, F. X. Villablanca, G. K. Roderick, S. R. Palumbi
Biological Sciences
Biological invasions generally start from low initial population sizes, leading to reduced genetic variation in nuclear and especially mitochondrial DNA. Consequently, genetic approaches for the study of invasion history and population structure are difficult. An extreme example is the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Medfly), for which successive invasions during this century have resulted in a loss of 60% of ancestral genetic variation in isozymes and 75% of variation in mitochondrial DNA. Using Medflies as an example, we present a new approach to invasion genetics that measures DNA sequence variation within introns from multiple nuclear loci. These loci are so …
Staphylococcus Succi Nus Sp. Nov., Isolated From Dominican Amber, L. H. Lambert, T. Cox, K. Mitchell, R. A. Rosselló-Mora, C. Del Cueto, D. E. Dodge, P. Orkand, R. J. Cano
Staphylococcus Succi Nus Sp. Nov., Isolated From Dominican Amber, L. H. Lambert, T. Cox, K. Mitchell, R. A. Rosselló-Mora, C. Del Cueto, D. E. Dodge, P. Orkand, R. J. Cano
Biological Sciences
Two bacterial isolates, designated AMG-D1Tand AMG-D2, were recovered from 25-35-million-year-old Dominican amber. AMG-D1Tand AMG-D2 biochemically most closely resemble Staphylococcus xylosus; they differ physiologically from other staphylococci. Fatty acid analysis and comparisons with extensive databases were unable to show relatedness to any specific taxon. Moreover, AMG-D1Tand AMG-D2 contain tuberculostearic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid, characteristic of the G+C-rich coryneform bacteria, as opposed to L-lysine characteristic of staphylococci. AMG-D1Tand AMG-D2 have a G+C ratio of 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis with the 16S rRNA gene indicated that AMG-D1Tand AMG-D2 were most closely …
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns (Trfps), A Rapid, Pcr-Based Method For The Comparison Of Complex Bacterial Communities, Brian G. Clement, Lucia E. Kehl, Kristin L. Debord, Christopher L. Kitts
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns (Trfps), A Rapid, Pcr-Based Method For The Comparison Of Complex Bacterial Communities, Brian G. Clement, Lucia E. Kehl, Kristin L. Debord, Christopher L. Kitts
Biological Sciences
Microbial populations in complex environmental samples are difficult to characterize; current techniques are incomplete and time consuming. We investigated a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for rapidly comparing bacterial communities independent of culture or cloning. Community 16S rRNA genes were amplified and fluorescently labeled by PCR. The labeled products were digested by a restriction enzyme and the labeled, terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) were separated by electrophoresis and detected by laser-induced fluorescence on an automated gene sequencer. PCR parameters were optimized using an in vitro model community of known organisms. Community comparisons were made between deer fecal pellets, petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sands …