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Articles 481 - 510 of 627
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Invasive Plant Management Project, Scott J. Steinmaus
Invasive Plant Management Project, Scott J. Steinmaus
Biological Sciences
ARI Final Report - Project Number 46910.
The Effect Of The El Niño–Southern Oscillation Event On The Distribution Of Reef-Associated Labrid Fishes In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Benjamin C. Victor, Gerard M. Wellington, D. Ross Robertson, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
The Effect Of The El Niño–Southern Oscillation Event On The Distribution Of Reef-Associated Labrid Fishes In The Eastern Pacific Ocean, Benjamin C. Victor, Gerard M. Wellington, D. Ross Robertson, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
Biological Sciences
We surveyed the labrid fishes of the eastern Pacific ocean at multiple sites before, during, and after the 1997–98 ENSO event. Our observations showed that reef fish communities in general did not appear to change markedly as a result of the ENSO. Recruitment of labrids at the Galápagos Islands, Clipperton Atoll and Baja California was generally high near the end of the ENSO, indicating no negative effect on populations. Two labrid species did extend their known range during the ENSO: Stethojulis bandanensis settled onto the tip of Baja California and to the Galápagos Islands, while Thalassoma virens recruited heavily to …
Parasitism Patterns And The Size-Fecundity Relationship In The Acoustically Orienting Dipteran Parasitoid Ormia Ochracea, Gita R. Kolluru, Marlene Zuk
Parasitism Patterns And The Size-Fecundity Relationship In The Acoustically Orienting Dipteran Parasitoid Ormia Ochracea, Gita R. Kolluru, Marlene Zuk
Biological Sciences
Female parasitoids are expected to distribute offspring among hosts in a manner that maximizes fitness. Several theoretical and empirical studies have focussed on clutch-size patterns in hymenopteran parasitoids. In contrast, dipteran parasitoids, which differ from hymenopterans in potentially important ways, have received little attention. The phonotactic tachinid fly Ormia ochracea has been intensively studied for its effects on host crickets, and has recently been the subject of studies of its own reproductive biology. This work suggests a negative relationship between clutch size and progeny fitness (consistent with hymenopterans), but no adjustment of clutch size to host size (different from hymenopterans). …
Invasion Genetics Of New World Medflies: Testing Alternative Colonization Scenarios, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Invasion Genetics Of New World Medflies: Testing Alternative Colonization Scenarios, Andrew J. Bohonak, Neil Davies, Francis X. Villablanca, George K. Roderick
Biological Sciences
The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is an invasive agricultural pest with a wide host range and a nearly global distribution. Efforts to forgo the medfly''s spread into the United States are dependent on an understanding of population dynamics in newly established populations elsewhere. To explore the potential influence of demographic and historical parameters in six medfly populations distributed from Mexico to Peru, we created population genetic null models using Monte Carlo simulations. Null expectations for genetic differentiation (F ST) were compared with actual sequence variation from four highly polymorphic nuclear loci. Four colonization scenarios that …
Analysis And New Records Of Billfish (Teleostei: Perciformers: Istiophoridae) From The Yorktown Formation, Early Pliocene Of Eastern North Carolina At Lee Creek Mine, Harry L. Fierstine
Analysis And New Records Of Billfish (Teleostei: Perciformers: Istiophoridae) From The Yorktown Formation, Early Pliocene Of Eastern North Carolina At Lee Creek Mine, Harry L. Fierstine
Biological Sciences
Five species of the billfish family Istiophoridae (Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder), Makaira indica (Cuvier), M. nigricans Lacépède, M. purdyi Fierstine, Tetrapturus albidus Poey) were identified from approximately 500 separate bones collected in the Yorktown Formation (early Pliocene) at Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. This is the only record of M. purdyi, the first fossil record of the genus Tetrapturus (specifically T. albidus), the second fossil record of I. platypterus and M. indica, and the first record of I. platypterus, M. indica, M. nigricans, and T. albidus from fossil deposits bordering the Atlantic Ocean.
Identification was …
16s Ribosomal Dna Terminal Restriction Fragment Pattern Analysis Of Bacterial Communities In Feces Of Rats Fed Lactobacillus Acidophilus Ncfm, Christopher W. Kaplan, Johanna C. Astaire, M. E. Sanders, Bandaru S. Reddy, Christopher L. Kitts
16s Ribosomal Dna Terminal Restriction Fragment Pattern Analysis Of Bacterial Communities In Feces Of Rats Fed Lactobacillus Acidophilus Ncfm, Christopher W. Kaplan, Johanna C. Astaire, M. E. Sanders, Bandaru S. Reddy, Christopher L. Kitts
Biological Sciences
16S ribosomal DNA terminal restriction fragment patterns from rat fecal samples were analyzed to track the dynamics of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and discern bacterial populations that changed during feeding with NCFM. Lactobacillus johnsonii and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were tentatively identified as such bacterial populations. The presence of L. johnsonii was confirmed by isolation from feces.
The Scientific Foundations Of Habitat Conservation Plans: A Quantitative Assessment, Elaine K. Harding, Elizabeth E. Crone, Bret D. Elderd, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, Alexa J. Mckerrow, John D. Perrine, Jim Regetz, Leslie J. Rissler, Amanda G. Stanley, Eric L. Walters, Nceas Habitat Conservation Plan Working Group
The Scientific Foundations Of Habitat Conservation Plans: A Quantitative Assessment, Elaine K. Harding, Elizabeth E. Crone, Bret D. Elderd, Jonathan M. Hoekstra, Alexa J. Mckerrow, John D. Perrine, Jim Regetz, Leslie J. Rissler, Amanda G. Stanley, Eric L. Walters, Nceas Habitat Conservation Plan Working Group
Biological Sciences
The number of habitat conservation plans ( HCP) has risen dramatically since the first plan was written over 18 years ago. Until recently, no studies have quantitatively investigated the scientific foundations underlying these documents. As part of a larger study of HCPs, we examined 43 plans primarily to assess the availability and use of scientific data and secondarily to determine the extent of involvement by, and influence of, independent scientists within the process. Specifically, our analysis focused on five key steps taken when an HCP is developed: assessing status of a species, determining take, predicting the project effects, mitigating for …
Correlated Evolution Of Chloroplast Heat Shock Protein Expression In Closely Related Plant Species, Charles A. Knight, David D. Ackerly
Correlated Evolution Of Chloroplast Heat Shock Protein Expression In Closely Related Plant Species, Charles A. Knight, David D. Ackerly
Biological Sciences
Interspecific variation in chloroplast low molecular weight (cLMW) HSP (heat shock protein) expression was examined with respect to phylogeny, species specific leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, and mean environmental conditions within species ranges. Eight species of Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) were heat shocked for 4 h at several different temperatures. Leaf samples were collected immediately after the heat shock, and cLMW HSP expression was quantified using Western blots. At 450C species from the subgenus Cerastes had significantly greater cLMW HSP expression than species from the subgenus Ceanothus. Specific leaf area was negatively correlated with cLMW HSP expression after the 45 …
A New Aglyptorhynchus (Perciformes: Scombroidei: Blochiidae) From The Late Oligocene Of Oregon, Harry L. Fierstine
A New Aglyptorhynchus (Perciformes: Scombroidei: Blochiidae) From The Late Oligocene Of Oregon, Harry L. Fierstine
Biological Sciences
A partial fish skull with a nearly complete rostrum, a cup-shaped sclerotic hone, and cycloid scales (UCMP 123170) from the Yaquina Formation (late Oligocene, Oregon) is described and identified as Aglyptorhynchus maxillaris, sp. nov. Unusual features of the rostrum include a fused premaxillary segment with a low dorsal keel, and a maxilla with both a flat flange on its postero-ventral margin and a large condyle that presumably allowed dorsoventral movement of the rostrum to increase the gape. The Yaquina Formation was estimated to have been deposited at a water depth of over 100m and a sea surface temperature of at …
Low Genetic Diversity In An Endangered Species: Recent Or Historic Pattern?, Marjorie D. Matocq, Francis X. Villablanca
Low Genetic Diversity In An Endangered Species: Recent Or Historic Pattern?, Marjorie D. Matocq, Francis X. Villablanca
Biological Sciences
Examining patterns of genetic diversity has become an integral component of many management plans concerning endangered species, yet interpreting the processes underlying such patterns remains challenging. We demonstrate low genetic diversity in a critically endangered small mammal population. A common interpretation of this pattern would be that it is the result of a known, recent decline in this population. We test this interpretation and find it to be incorrect. Instead, by using museum voucher specimens, we show that the pattern of low genetic diversity is historical. This study demonstrates the importance of choosing appropriate reference groups by which to interpret …
Semi-Artificial Monarch Butterfly Larval Diet, Kingston L. H. Leong
Semi-Artificial Monarch Butterfly Larval Diet, Kingston L. H. Leong
Biological Sciences
A semi-artificial diet of monarch butterfly larva and a process for making such a diet are provided. The diet consists of a substantial amount of dried milkweed powder and small but effective amounts of mold inhibitor and antibiotic.
A Fossil Blue Marlin (Makaira Nigricans Lacépède) From The Middle Facies Of The Trinidad Formation (Upper Miocene To Upper Pliocene), San José Del Cabo Basin, Baja California Sur, México, Harry L. Fierstine, Shelton P. Applegate, Gerardo González-Barba, Tobias Schwennicke, Luis Espinosa-Arrubarrena
A Fossil Blue Marlin (Makaira Nigricans Lacépède) From The Middle Facies Of The Trinidad Formation (Upper Miocene To Upper Pliocene), San José Del Cabo Basin, Baja California Sur, México, Harry L. Fierstine, Shelton P. Applegate, Gerardo González-Barba, Tobias Schwennicke, Luis Espinosa-Arrubarrena
Biological Sciences
A large fossil skull and several rostra of Makaira nigricans Lacépède, 1802 (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), as well as some less diagnostic istiophorid remains, have been recovered from the middle facies of the Trinidad Formation near Rancho Algodones, San José del Cabo Basin, Baja California Sur, México. These are the only bill fish specimens known from fossiliferous deposits located between southern California and Panama. Based on published accounts of the presence of nannofossils and planktonic foraminifera, and additional field work, we conclude that the age of the study area is late Miocene to late Pliocene. Based on the habitat preferences of recent …
Adaptive Sampling In The Coastal Ocean At The Long Ecosystem Observatory, Mark A. Moline, W. Paul Bissett, Scott Glenn, Dale Haidvogel, Oscar Schofield
Adaptive Sampling In The Coastal Ocean At The Long Ecosystem Observatory, Mark A. Moline, W. Paul Bissett, Scott Glenn, Dale Haidvogel, Oscar Schofield
Biological Sciences
A multi-platform inter-disciplinary observation network has been operating at the Rutgers University Long-term Ecosystem Observatory (LEO) since 1996, with real-time capabilities beginning in July 1999. The network integrates numerous remote (satellites and shore- based), stationary (surface and subsurface), moveable (ships and AUVs) observation systems. The observation network provides spatially extensive updates of the physics, optics, chemistry and biology on time scales of an hour or less which are communicated in real-time to shipboard scientists and AUV operators. This rapid environmental assessment capability is already changing current paradigms for ocean adaptive sampling strategies. For example, in the well-sampled ocean, where forecast …
Modeling Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions And Primary Productivity, Joe Grzymski, Mark A. Moline, Jay T. Cullen
Modeling Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions And Primary Productivity, Joe Grzymski, Mark A. Moline, Jay T. Cullen
Biological Sciences
The heat budget, and hence the climate of the Earth, is sensitive to changes in the atmospheric greenhouse gas composition. Next to water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important atmospheric greenhouse gas affecting the Earth's radiative balance. Greenhouse gases raise the mean temperature of the Earth by absorbing and trapping long-wave radiation from the planet surface that would otherwise be lost to space.
Changes In Phytoplankton Assemblages Along The Antarctic Peninsula And Potential Implications For The Antarctic Food Web, Mark A. Moline, Herve Claustre, Thomas K. Frazer, Joe Grzymski, Maria Vernet
Changes In Phytoplankton Assemblages Along The Antarctic Peninsula And Potential Implications For The Antarctic Food Web, Mark A. Moline, Herve Claustre, Thomas K. Frazer, Joe Grzymski, Maria Vernet
Biological Sciences
The majority of the yearly organic carbon production int he coastal regions of the Southern ocean occurs during summer blooms. Changes in the quantity and quality of the phytoplankton standing crop during this period will likely impact organisms that occupy higher trophic levels within the ecosystem. Here we report a recurrent shift in the dominant phytoplankton taxa during the austral summer in a coastal region along the Antarctic Peninsula. The pattern was observed each year between 1991 and 1996 despite radically different biomass concentrations and meteorological and hydrographic conditions. We show that a repeated dominance of cryptophytes (Cryptophyceae) during the …
Optical Remote Sensing Techniques In Biological Oceanography, W. Paul Bissett, Oscar Schofield, Curtis D. Mobley, Michael F. Crowley, Mark A. Moline
Optical Remote Sensing Techniques In Biological Oceanography, W. Paul Bissett, Oscar Schofield, Curtis D. Mobley, Michael F. Crowley, Mark A. Moline
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Impact Of Dynamic Light And Nutrient Environments On Phytoplankton Communities In The Coastal Ocean, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Joe Grzymski
Impact Of Dynamic Light And Nutrient Environments On Phytoplankton Communities In The Coastal Ocean, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield, Joe Grzymski
Biological Sciences
Phytoplankton represent the base of the food web in marine ecosystems. Changes in the structure and composition of these phytoplankton communities will, therefore, have a direct effect on the amount of carbon available to higher trophic levels. In the absence of significant grazing, light and nutrients are the primary factors regulating phytoplankton photosynthesis and productivity in marine environments. As the requirements for light and nutrients differ between species, phytoplankton community structure is also sensitive to dynamic optical and chemical conditions in the water column.
A New Wildlife Sighting Reporting And Database System For Lassen Volcanic National Park, John D. Perrine, Jonathan F. Arnold
A New Wildlife Sighting Reporting And Database System For Lassen Volcanic National Park, John D. Perrine, Jonathan F. Arnold
Biological Sciences
Visitors and employees in national parks may observe species of interest to wildlife biologists and resource managers. These sightings are useful to researchers and managers only if the data can be efficiently acquired, stored and retrieved for analysis.· We identified several problems in the wildlife sightings reporting system at Lassen Volcanic National Park, including a confusing array of reporting forms; incomplete contact information for the reporter; insufficient reporting of the animal's description, behavior and location; and a cumbersome data entry and retrieval system. We developed a new system to correct these problems. A single reporting form corrects the aforementioned data …
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns: A Tool For Comparing Microbial Communities And Assessing Community Dynamics, Christopher L. Kitts
Terminal Restriction Fragment Patterns: A Tool For Comparing Microbial Communities And Assessing Community Dynamics, Christopher L. Kitts
Biological Sciences
Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) patterns, also known as Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (T-RFLP), are a recently introduced PCR-based tool for studying microbial community structure and dynamics. Since the first review of TRF methodology (Marsh, 1999. Curr. Op. Microbiol. 2: 323-7), at least 35 new research articles were published that include this powerful tool in some part of their reports. This review covers some of the applications that TRF patterns were used for and provides a discussion of how to create and analyze TRF pattern data. This data has the advantage of being simply and rapidly produced using standard DNA …
An Unusual Pulse In Recruitment Of Two Reef Fishes In The Galápagos Islands Coincident With The 1997–1998 El Niño, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
An Unusual Pulse In Recruitment Of Two Reef Fishes In The Galápagos Islands Coincident With The 1997–1998 El Niño, Benjamin I. Ruttenberg
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Molecular Aspect Of Leaf Senescence, Edward Himelblau, Betania Quirino, Yoo-Sun Noh, Richard Amasino
Molecular Aspect Of Leaf Senescence, Edward Himelblau, Betania Quirino, Yoo-Sun Noh, Richard Amasino
Biological Sciences
Senescence is the last stage of leaf development and one type of programmed cell death that occurs in plants. The relationships among senescence programs that are induced by a variety of factors have been addressed at a molecular level in recent studies. Furthermore, an overlap between the pathogen-response and senescence programs is beginning to be characterized. The complexity of the senescence program is also evident in studies of senescence-specific gene regulation and the role of photosynthesis and plant hormones in senescence regulation. New molecular-genetic approaches are expected to be useful in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of the leaf senescence program.
Sequence Analysis Of Bacterial Dna In The Colon And Stomach Of The Tyrolean Iceman, Raul J. Cano, Friedrich Tiefenbrunner, Massimo Ubaldi, Clarissa Del Cueto, Stefania Luciani, Tobe Cox, Paula Orkand, Karl H. Kunzel, Franco Rollo
Sequence Analysis Of Bacterial Dna In The Colon And Stomach Of The Tyrolean Iceman, Raul J. Cano, Friedrich Tiefenbrunner, Massimo Ubaldi, Clarissa Del Cueto, Stefania Luciani, Tobe Cox, Paula Orkand, Karl H. Kunzel, Franco Rollo
Biological Sciences
The male human body found in an Alpine glacier on September 19, 1991 ("Tyrolean Iceman") has, for the first time in history, given scientists a chance to perform detailed anatomical, histological, and molecular investigations on the organs of a person from the Neolithic Age (5350-5100 B.P.). In the present study, tissue samples aseptically taken from the stomach and the colon of the mummy were utilized for DNA extraction, and the DNA was PCR-amplified, using primer pairs designed to bind to fragments of the 16s ribosomal RNA gene (16s rDNA) of a broad range of bacteria. The PCR products were cloned …
Energetics Of Larval Swimming And Metamorphosis In Four Species Of Bugula (Bryozoa), Dean E. Wendt
Energetics Of Larval Swimming And Metamorphosis In Four Species Of Bugula (Bryozoa), Dean E. Wendt
Biological Sciences
The amount of energy available to larvae during swimming, location of a suitable recruitment site, and metamorphosis influences the length of time they can spend in the plankton. Energetic parameters such as swimming speed, oxygen consumption during swimming and metamorphosis, and elemental carbon and nitrogen content were measured for larvae of four species of bryozoans, Bugula neritina, B. simplex, B. stolonifera, and B. turrita. The larvae of these species are aplanktotrophic with a short free-swimming phase ranging from less than one hour to a maximum of about 36 hours. There is about a fivefold difference in larval volume …
Delivering Copper Within Plant Cells, Edward Himelblau, Richard M. Amasino
Delivering Copper Within Plant Cells, Edward Himelblau, Richard M. Amasino
Biological Sciences
Two genes recently identified in Arabidopsis thaliana may be involved in sequestering free copper ions in the cytoplasm and delivering copper to post-Golgi vesicles. The genes COPPER CHAPERONE and RESPONSIVE TO ANTAGONIST1 are homologous to copper-trafficking genes from yeast and humans. This plant copper-delivery pathway is required to create functional ethylene receptors. The pathway may also facilitate the transport of copper from senescing leaf tissue. In addition, several other genes have been identified recently that may have a role in copper salvage during senescence.
Protozoan Free Colonies Of Lepidoptera, Kingston L. H. Leong
Protozoan Free Colonies Of Lepidoptera, Kingston L. H. Leong
Biological Sciences
A method for the establishment and maintenance of colonies of Lepidoptera which are free of contamination with protozoa is provided. The colonies consists of individuals capable of breeding and producing viable, noncontaminated butterflies.
Isolating Pcr-Quality Dna From Human Feces With A Soil Dna Kit, Brian G. Clement, Christopher L. Kitts
Isolating Pcr-Quality Dna From Human Feces With A Soil Dna Kit, Brian G. Clement, Christopher L. Kitts
Biological Sciences
No abstract provided.
Type I Nitroreductases In Soil Enterobacteria Reduce Tnt (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene) And Rdx (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine), Christopher Kitts, Chad E. Green, Rebecca A. Otley, Marc A. Alvarez, Pat J. Unkefer
Type I Nitroreductases In Soil Enterobacteria Reduce Tnt (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene) And Rdx (Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine), Christopher Kitts, Chad E. Green, Rebecca A. Otley, Marc A. Alvarez, Pat J. Unkefer
Biological Sciences
Many enteric bacteria express a type I oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, which reduces nitro groups on many different nitroaromatic compounds under aerobic conditions. Enzymatic reduction of nitramines was also documented in enteric bacteria under anaerobic conditions. This study indicates that nitramine reduction in enteric bacteria is carried out by the type I, or oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase, rather than a type II enzyme. The enteric bacterium Morganella morganii strain B2 with documented hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) nitroreductase activity, and Enterobacter cloacae strain 96-3 with documented 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) nitroreductase activity, were used here to show that the explosives TNT and RDX were both reduced by a type …
Optical Discrimination Of A Phytoplankton Species In Natural Mixed Populations, David F. Millie, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield
Optical Discrimination Of A Phytoplankton Species In Natural Mixed Populations, David F. Millie, Mark A. Moline, Oscar Schofield
Biological Sciences
Developing optical detection techniques for discriminating particular phytoplankon species in mixed assemblages has long been a goal of aquatic scientists. Previously, a processing algorithm for phytoplankton absorption spectra was reported that suggested detection of the red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve was possible. The algorithm evaluated the fourth derivative of the particulate absorption spectrum of an unknown sample and compared it to a standard fourth derivative spectrum for G. breve using a similarity index. We report here the first-time application of this technique to the detection of G. breve in natural, mixed phytoplankton communities. Pigment and spectral absorption data were collected …
Estimation Of Base Temperatures For Nine Weed Species, Scott J. Steinmaus, Timothy S. Prather, Jodie S. Holt
Estimation Of Base Temperatures For Nine Weed Species, Scott J. Steinmaus, Timothy S. Prather, Jodie S. Holt
Biological Sciences
Experiments were conducted to test several methods for estimating low temperature thresholds for seed germination. Temperature responses of nine weeds common in annual agroecosystems were assessed in temperature gradient experiments. Species included summer annuals (Amaranthus albus, A. palmeri, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Portulaca oleracea, and Setaria glauca), winter annuals (Hirschfeldia incana and Sonchus oleraceus), and Conyza canadensis, which is classified as a summer or winter annual. The temperature below which development ceases (Tbase) was estimated as the x-intercept of four conventional germination rate indices regressed on temperature, by repeated probit analysis, …
Time Course And Magnitude Of Synthesis Of Heat-Shock Proteins In Congeneric Marine Snails (Genus Tegula) From Different Tidal Heights, Lars Tomanek, George N. Somero
Time Course And Magnitude Of Synthesis Of Heat-Shock Proteins In Congeneric Marine Snails (Genus Tegula) From Different Tidal Heights, Lars Tomanek, George N. Somero
Biological Sciences
The time course and magnitude of the heat-shock response in relation to severity of thermal stress are important, yet poorly understood, aspects of thermotolerance. We examined patterns of protein synthesis in congeneric marine snails (genus Tegula) that occur at different heights along the subtidal to intertidal gradient after a thermal exposure (30°C for 2.5 h, followed by 50 h recovery at 13°C) that induced the heat-shock response. We monitored the kinetics and magnitudes of protein synthesis by quantifying incorporation of 35S-labeled methionine and cysteine into newly synthesized proteins and observed synthesis of putative heat-shock proteins (hsp’s) of size …