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Articles 331 - 360 of 792
Full-Text Articles in Biology
Specimen Catalog, Part 4, Brian D. Frank
Specimen Catalog, Part 4, Brian D. Frank
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Specimen Catalog, Part 3, Brian D. Frank
Specimen Catalog, Part 3, Brian D. Frank
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Biomphalaria Glabrata Field Isolate (Bb02) Collected For Construction Of Bac Library, Coen Adema
Biomphalaria Glabrata Field Isolate (Bb02) Collected For Construction Of Bac Library, Coen Adema
Biomphalaria Genome Initiative
No abstract provided.
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Metabolic Rate, James Gillooly, James Brown, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, Eric Charnov
Effects Of Size And Temperature On Metabolic Rate, James Gillooly, James Brown, Geoffrey West, Van Savage, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
We derive a general model, based on principles of biochemical kinetics and allometry, that characterizes the effects of temperature and body mass on metabolic rate. The model fits metabolic rates of microbes, ectotherms, endotherms (including those in hibernation), and plants in temperatures ranging from 0 to 40C. Mass - and temperature - compensated resting metabolic rates of all organisms are similar: The lowest (for unicellular organisms and plants) is separated from the highest (for endothermic vertebrates) by a factor of about 20. Temperature and body size are primary determinants of biological time and ecological roles.
Reproductive Constraints And The Evolution Of Life Histories With Indeterminate Growth, Eric Charnov, Thomas Turner, Kirk Winemiller
Reproductive Constraints And The Evolution Of Life Histories With Indeterminate Growth, Eric Charnov, Thomas Turner, Kirk Winemiller
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
This article develops a new evolutionary model for life histories by combining a new production-growth model with some general, yet specific, constraints on reproductive allocation, and by allowing natural selection to adjust the age of first breeding and the metabolic/productive capacity of cells. The optimal life histories correctly predict the numeric value of dimensionless numbers that combine maturation age (size), mortality, and reproductive allocation. The life-history prediction also yields a new lifetime growth model for body mass under indeterminate growth and predicts that the fastest growth rate will be near the size at first reproduction. Table 1 is a glossary …
Rationale For A Focus On Biomphalaria Glabrata, Coen M. Adema, Eric S. Loker, Fred Lewis, Matty Knight
Rationale For A Focus On Biomphalaria Glabrata, Coen M. Adema, Eric S. Loker, Fred Lewis, Matty Knight
Biomphalaria Genome Initiative
No abstract provided.
Reproductive Efficiencies In The Evolution Of Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Reproductive Efficiencies In The Evolution Of Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Darwinian fitness is expressed as the product of 2 cost/benefit ratios.
Density-Dependent Invariance, Dimensionless Life Histories, And The Energy-Equivalence Rule, Eric Charnov, John Haskell, S.K.M. Ernest
Density-Dependent Invariance, Dimensionless Life Histories, And The Energy-Equivalence Rule, Eric Charnov, John Haskell, S.K.M. Ernest
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Damuth's energy equivalence rule for mammals is studied in a population dynamic framework.
Fitness Trade-Offs Select For Semelparous Reproduction In An Extreme Environment, Felisa Smith, Eric Charnov
Fitness Trade-Offs Select For Semelparous Reproduction In An Extreme Environment, Felisa Smith, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Evolution Of Mammal Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Evolution Of Mammal Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
If we assume that adult life span and age-at-maturity are described correctly by quarter power allometries across (typical) mammal species, we are tempted to look for some fundamental explanation. The explanation must acknowledge that within-species growth is sigmoid and not a power function at all, and that natural selection probably sets the age at maturity in the face of externally imposed mortality, while also allowing some mortality adjustment due to internal factors. This paper develops hypotheses to account for the above scaling rules and it predicts the numeric values of several new dimensionless numbers that interrelate growth, mortality and investment …
Dimensionless Invariants For The Optimal Size (Age) Of Sex Change, Eric Charnov, Unnur Skúladóttir
Dimensionless Invariants For The Optimal Size (Age) Of Sex Change, Eric Charnov, Unnur Skúladóttir
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Optimization models have been widely and successfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms; perhaps the greatest quantitative success is in the area of sex allocation (sex ratio, sperm versus eggs for hermaphrodites, time as a male [female] for a sex changer), where the fact of having only one mother and one father makes Darwinian fitness a simple product of gain-via-male times gain-via-female. Previous work on sex change used the maximization of this male—female product to successfully predict the direction and age (size) for sex change, and that age has been shown to imply a breeding sex …
Allometric Scaling Of Production And Life-History Variation In Vascular Plants, Brian Enquist, Geoffrey West, Eric Charnov, James Brown
Allometric Scaling Of Production And Life-History Variation In Vascular Plants, Brian Enquist, Geoffrey West, Eric Charnov, James Brown
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
A prominent feature of comparative life histories is the well documented negative correlation between growth rate and life span. Patterns of resource allocation during growth and reproduction reflect life-history differences between species. This is particularly striking in tropical forests, where tree species can differ greatly in their rates of growth and ages of maturity but still attain similar canopy sizes. Here we provide a theoretical framework for relating life-history variables to rates of production, dM/ dt, where M is above-ground mass and t is time. As metabolic rate limits production as an individual grows, dM=dt ~M3=4. Incorporating interspecific variation in …
Grandmothering, Menopause, And The Evolution Of Human Life Histories, K. Hawkes, J.F. O'Connell, N.G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez, Eric Charnov
Grandmothering, Menopause, And The Evolution Of Human Life Histories, K. Hawkes, J.F. O'Connell, N.G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Long postmenopausal lifespans distinguish humans from all other primates. This pattern may have evolved with mother—child food sharing, a practice that allowed aging females to enhance their daughters fertility, thereby increasing selection against senescence. Combined with Charnov's dimensionless assembly rules for mammalian life histories, this hypothesis also accounts for our late maturity, small size at weaning, and high fertility. It has implications for past human habitat choice and social organization and for ideas about the importance of extended learning and paternal provisioning in human evolution.
Specimen Catalog, Part 2, Brian D. Frank
Specimen Catalog, Part 2, Brian D. Frank
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
A Resource Range Invariance Rule For Optimal Offspring Size Predicts Patterns Of Variability In Parental Phenotypes, Jerry Downhower, Eric Charnov
A Resource Range Invariance Rule For Optimal Offspring Size Predicts Patterns Of Variability In Parental Phenotypes, Jerry Downhower, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Specimen Catalog, Polly Campbell
Specimen Catalog, Polly Campbell
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Trade-Off-Invariant Rules For Evolutionarily Stable Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Trade-Off-Invariant Rules For Evolutionarily Stable Life Histories, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Optimization models have been widely and succesfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms. Most such models maximize darwinian fitness in the face of trade-offs and constraints; the numerical results usually depend on the exact form of the trade-offs or constraints. But not always : for example, earlier work predicted that the optimal range in offspring size ought to show a -1 scaling with small litter size, independent of most details of the underlying offspring-survival/offspring-size trade-off relation. Here I report that in non-growing (stationary) age-structured populations, three major life-history attributes (age at first breeding, size of an …
Specimen Catalog, Tagide Decarvalho
Specimen Catalog, Tagide Decarvalho
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Specimen Catalog, Benjamin J. Frey
Specimen Catalog, Benjamin J. Frey
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Potential Influences Of Biotic And Abiotic Factors On Patterns Of Activity In Galapagos Snakes: Locomotory Performance Or Prey Abundance?, Marco A. Altamirano
Potential Influences Of Biotic And Abiotic Factors On Patterns Of Activity In Galapagos Snakes: Locomotory Performance Or Prey Abundance?, Marco A. Altamirano
Biology ETDs
Biotic and abiotic factors were considered as the potential factors influencing the activity pattern of Galapagos snakes. Three hypothesis are tested in this study in order to examine the causes of variation in snake activity. The first hypothesis (variation in the number of snakes active throughout the day is caused by distribution and abundance of their prey) is rejected because snakes and lizards have different patterns of activity. Moreover, Chi-square Goodness-of-Fit test and 2 x 2 Contingency tables show significant differences between these patterns of activity. However there are hours of the day when lizard activity could influence snake activity. …
Climatic And Geomorphic Controls On Semi-Fluvial Ecosystems, Max Aldon “Tad” Crocker Jr.
Climatic And Geomorphic Controls On Semi-Fluvial Ecosystems, Max Aldon “Tad” Crocker Jr.
Biology ETDs
In most climatic regions, the growth of ecological knowledge for terrestrial and limnological components of landscapes have roughly occurred in tandem. But at a time when the world's deserts are increasingly used for human development, and particularly so along water courses, knowledge of how stream ecosystems function within semi-add landscapes has seriously lagged the productive history of terrestrial research there. How terrestrial and limnological components interact within semi-arid landscapes will elude a useful scientific understanding of semi-arid landscapes and will preclude wise landscape management policies as long as semi-arid fluvial ecosystems in general, and ephemeral streams in particular, remain poorly …
Sperm Competition And Sex Allocation In Simultaneous Hermaphrodites, Eric Charnov
Sperm Competition And Sex Allocation In Simultaneous Hermaphrodites, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Sex allocation theory is developed for hermaphrodites having frequent copulations and long-term sperm storage. Provided the sperm displacement mechanisms are similar to those known in insects, the ESS allocation to sperm versus eggs satisfies a rather simple rule. There are no data to test this rule, as yet.
A Trade-Off Invariant Life-History Rule For Optimal Offspring Size, Eric Charnov, Jerry Downhower
A Trade-Off Invariant Life-History Rule For Optimal Offspring Size, Eric Charnov, Jerry Downhower
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Optimization models have been widely and successfully used in evolutionary ecology to predict the attributes of organisms. Most such models maximize darwinian fitness (or a component of fitness) in the face of trade-offs and constraints; the numerical results usually depend on the exact form of the trade-offs/constraints. Here we report the first (to our knowledge) numerical optimum for life-history evolution which is independent of the details of the underlying trade-off, for a large array of trade-off forms. The rule is that at small litter sizes, the range in offspring size is inversely proportional to the size of the litter. Details …
Dimensionless Invariants From Foraging Theory's Marginal Value Theorem, Eric Charnov, Geoff Parker
Dimensionless Invariants From Foraging Theory's Marginal Value Theorem, Eric Charnov, Geoff Parker
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Specimen Catalog & Field Notes, Angela L. Adams
Specimen Catalog & Field Notes, Angela L. Adams
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
Reaction Norms For Age And Size At Maturity In Response To Temperature: A Puzzle For Life Historians., D. Berrigan, Eric Charnov
Reaction Norms For Age And Size At Maturity In Response To Temperature: A Puzzle For Life Historians., D. Berrigan, Eric Charnov
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Ectotherms mature later at smaller size when growth rates are lowered by reductions in food quality but they mature later at larger sizes when growth rate is lowered by reductions in temperature. We argue that this general pattern has been neglected by life history theorists and suggest that an explanation for these strikingly different responses to two environmental cues might be found by considering correlations between the growth coefficient of the Bertalanffy equation and asymptotic size in a model for the evolution of age and size at maturity.
Specimen Catalog & Field Notes, Angela L. Adams
Specimen Catalog & Field Notes, Angela L. Adams
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.
The M/K Ratio Is The Same For Fish And Reptiles, Eric Charnov, David Berrigan, Richard Shine
The M/K Ratio Is The Same For Fish And Reptiles, Eric Charnov, David Berrigan, Richard Shine
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
No abstract provided.
Why Do Primates Have Such Long Lifespans And So Few Babies, Eric Charnov, David Berrigan
Why Do Primates Have Such Long Lifespans And So Few Babies, Eric Charnov, David Berrigan
Biology Faculty & Staff Publications
Life history allometries for primates versus other mammals are studied
Field Notes, Jonathan L. Dunnum
Field Notes, Jonathan L. Dunnum
Division of Mammals - Field Notes and Catalogs
No abstract provided.