Animal Sciences Commons^™

Population Ecology Of Rocky Mountain Elk In The Black Hills, South Dakota And Wyoming, Benjamin D. Simpson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

We conducted a 2-year (2012–2013) study of survival and cause–specific mortality using individually marked adult cow and neonate elk (Cervus elaphus) occupying the southwestern region of the Black Hills. We used known-fate analysis in Program MARK for survival analysis of adult cows and calves. We estimated survival and cause-specific mortality of 49 adult female elk over the 2 years of the study. Annual adult cow survival was 0.85 (95% CI = 0.72–0.87). We documented 12 mortalities with harvest (58.3%) and predation (16.6%) accounting for the majority of known mortalities. We captured and fit 71 neonates < 10 days of age with expandable Very High Frequency (VHF) radiocollars during summer 2012 (n = 37) and 2013 (n = 34). Annual (12 month) survival of elk calves was 0.75 (95% CI = 0.61–0.84) while summer (20 weeks; 15 May–25 September) survival was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.68–0.88). Predation accounted for 87.5% of mortalities; remaining mortalities were from starvation (6.3%) and unknown (6. 3%) causes. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) collars to collect 167,707 locations to determine home range, movement ecology, and macroscale resource selection of 48 adult cow elk. We documented elk using a variety of migration strategies (obligate migrator, resident, conditional migrator, disperser); the majority of the population (58%) was migratory. Spring migration distance travelled ranged from 2.45 km – 74.44 km (n = 42); fall migration distances ranged from 6.41km – 153.95 km (n = 46). We used 99% Brownian Bridge Movement Models to create seasonal and overall home ranges of adult cow elk. Mean overall home range size for conditional migrators was 249.28 km2 (SE = 28.60, n = 7, range = 233.75), for obligate migrant elk it was 227.18 km2 (SE = 13.94, n = 29, range = 346.83), and for resident elk it was 175.65 km2 (SE = 22.75, n = 11, range = 216.04). We used discrete choice models to determine resource selection at the macro-habitat scale of collared adult elk using ArcMap 10.1 data. Adult cow elk selected for open grassland/herbaceous areas and early successional forest areas close to forested edges at higher elevations. Our study showed that elk populations have the ability to thrive within an ecosystem with healthy predator populations.

Red Crossbill Invasion Of Northwestern Arkansas During 2012-2013, K. G. Smith, J. C. Neal, M. A. Young

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

An irruption of Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) occurred in primarily northwestern Arkansas starting in November of 2012 and lasting to the end of May of 2013. Based on recordings of call notes, most birds around Fayetteville were Type 2, the large-billed ponderosa pine crossbill, associated with a variety of conifer species. Birds recorded in Carroll County were Type 3, the small-billed western hemlock crossbill, and they were associated with small cones on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata). One recording was obtained in Fayetteville of Type 5, the lodgepole pine crossbill, only the third recording east of the Great Plains. Crossbills at …

The Effects Of Chanellization And Channel Restoration On Aquatic Habitat And Biota Of The Pecos River, New Mexico, Darrel J. Mecham

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

River channelization has been shown to negatively impact riverine ecosystems by degrading aquatic habitat conditions, decreasing diversity of both fish and aquatic invertebrate assemblages and impairing fish recruitment. As knowledge of the negative impacts of channelization has increased, so have channel restoration efforts. We evaluated a recent channel restoration project on the Pecos River, New Mexico by comparing abiotic and biotic conditions among five reaches of river, including the restored reach, an unchannelized reach and a channelized reach all prone to streamflow intermittence and an unchannelized reach and channelized reach more perennial in nature. Our first objective was to assess …

Evaluation Of L-Methionine Bioavailability In Nursery Pigs, Jina Lim

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

DL-Methionine (Met) has been conventionally used in swine diets with assumption of similar bioefficacy with L-Met. However, because L-Met is the form that is utilized by animals for protein synthesis, L-Met could, theoretically, be more available. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate L-Met bioavailability in nursery pigs with 21-day growth trials. A total of 105,105,112 and 84 crossbred pigs were used in Exp. 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Each experiment had a low Met basal diet and 3 levels of the Met sources (DL-Met and L-Met). In addition to the basal diet, supplementation levels were 0.053%, 0.107% and 0.160% …

Manual For Ageing And Sexing Birds Of Bosque Fray Jorge National Park And Northcentral Chile, With Notes On Range And Breeding Seasonality, Peter Pyle, Andrew Engilis, Douglas A. Kelt

Special Publications of the Museum of Natural Science

Bosque Fray Jorge National Park (hereafter "Fray Jorge") comprises 9,959 ha on the coast of Chile’s Region IV (Coquimbo), approximately 400 km north of Santiago and 100 km south of La Serena (30°41’S, 71°40’W) (Fig. 1). It is a Biosphere Reserve and has been protected from grazing and disturbance since 1941 (Squeo et al. 2004). As such, it is a biotic oasis surrounded by agricultural and increasingly disturbed terrain (Bahre 1979). The climate is Mediterranean, with ca. 130 mm of annual precipitation measured since 1989 at an on-site meteorological station, 90% falling in winter (May-Sept). Summers are warm and dry, …

Manual Para Estimar Edad Y Sexo En Aves Del Parque Nacional Bosque Fray Jorge Y Chile Central, Con Notas Sobre Rangos De Distribución Y Estación Reproductiva, Peter Pyle, Andrew Engilis Jr., Douglas A. Kelt

Special Publications of the Museum of Natural Science

El Parque Nacional Fray Jorge (en adelante "Fray Jorge") comprende 9.959 ha. en la costa de la IV Región de Chile (Coquimbo), a unos 400 km al norte de Santiago y a 100 km al sur de La Serena (30 ° 41'S, 71 ° 40'W) (Fig. 1). Se trata de una Reserva de la Biosfera que se ha protegido del pastoreo y las perturbaciones antrópicas desde 1941 (Squeo et al. 2004). Como tal, es un oasis biótico rodeado de áreas agrícolas cada vez más intervenidas por el hombre (Bahre 1979). El clima es mediterráneo, con 130 mm de precipitación anual, …

Studies Related To Microbially Induced Corrosion Of Stainless Steel 304 And 316, Somil Gupta

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Pitting corrosion of stainless steel (SS) is observed in many different industries including the dairy industry. It is of concern, because it weakens the steel, and can cause cracking. Any replacement or repair of SS equipment is very costly and also causes delays in product manufacture. Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC) is a possible accelerator of natural corrosion seen in galvanized steel pipes. Studies have shown a correlation between surface roughness and the ability of bacteria to colonize and form biofilms. Dairy industry utilizes higher food grade SS 304 and 316. However, even these relatively corrosion resistant stainless steel grades may …

Muscle Mass, Wing Morphology, And Related Flight Mechanics In Passeriforme Birds, Bradley Adam Weinstein

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

Birds are an interesting field of study for a number of reasons, many of which are related to conflicting evolutionary demands. Birds are required to produce more lift than the downward force of gravity acting upon them. To this end birds have evolved in a number of ways, both in mass reduction and increased lift production. This paper looks into different variables associated with contrasting styles of flight, and how morphological differences allow for these different styles to occur, as well as variables associated with weight minimization.

The Ontogenetic Effects On The Shell Strength Of Turtles, Dakota Wayne Speck

Undergraduate Honors Thesis Collection

The shell of a turtle acts as its first line of defense by resisting the compressive forces applied by a potential predator. Changes in shell size and shape that are associated with ontogenesis and sexual dimorphism have been shown to greatly impact the strength a turtle's shell in a variety of species. Here I have tested the effects of ontogenetic changes on the shell strength of Graptemys geographica. The results suggest that the morphological changes that occur during ontogenesis work to increase the overall strength of the shell. The data did not show any obvious morphological or mechanical differences between …

Determination Of Some Biochemical Parameters Of Worker Honeybees (Apis Mellifera L.) Belonging To Different Age Groups, Ethem Akyol, Zeli̇ha Selamoğlu, Mehmet Fuat Gülhan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The catalase activity, total protein, and total RNA levels of worker bees of different age groups (4, 9, 15, 20, and 24 days old) within the same honeybee colony were studied. The catalase activities of group I (4 days), group II (9 days old), group III (15 days old), group IV (20 days old), and group V (24 days old) were 4.10 ± 0.59, 4.32 ± 0.57, 4.32 ± 0.57, 4.41 ± 0.49, and 4.47 ± 0.48 kU/g, respectively. There were significant differences in total protein and total RNA levels among the different age groups of workers. The calculated total …

The Ceratopogonidae (Insecta: Diptera) Fauna Of The Central Black Searegion In Turkey, Fethi̇ Turgut, Ali̇ Yavuz Kiliç

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Within the context of this study, conducted in 2007 and 2008, 64 species of the genera Allohelea Kieffer, Alluaudomyia Kieffer, Atrichopogon Kieffer, Bezzia Kieffer, Brachypogon Kieffer, Culicoides Latreille, Dasyhelea Kieffer, Forcipomyia Meigen, Leptoconops Skuse, Palpomyia Meigen, and Stilobezzia Kieffer were reported in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey. Among them, three genera (Allohelea, Alluaudomyia, and Brachypogon) and 26 species are new to the country's fauna.

Fertilizers In Aquaculture, Bartholomew Green

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Pond fertilization is an important component of semi-intensive to intensive aquaculture pond management that supports successful production of the culture organism. Semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture pond management fall along the extensive to hyper-intensive management continuum and are characterized by high stocking rate of the culture animal, limited use of fertilizers, use of compound or complete feeds, and water quality monitoring and management, including use of mechanical aeration. Fertilization contributes to establishing and maintaining a pond environment that allows the culture organism to utilize efficiently the compound or complete feeds offered. This chapter presents information on pond food webs, sources and …

Female Breakfast Skippers Display A Disrupted Cortisol Rhythm And Levated Blood Pressure, Megan Witbracht, Nancy L. Keim, Shavawn Forester, Adrianne Widaman, Kevin D. Laugero

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Chronic stress and over-activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis may link breakfast skipping and poor cardiometabolic health. Missing the first major meal of the day in rodents prolongs elevated circulating corticosterone at a time when it's normally decreasing. To extend these findings to humans, we hypothesized that habitual breakfast skippers would display a similar pattern of circulating cortisol and alterations in meal and stress-induced cortisol reactions. Normal weight to obese women aged 18–45 years old who were strictly defined as either breakfast skippers (n = 30) or breakfast eaters (n = 35) were invited to participate in our …

Hypoxia Affects Performance Traits And Body Composition Of Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass (Morone Chrysops X M. Saxatilis), Bartholomew W. Green, Steven D. Rawles, Sidney A. Fuller, Benjamin H. Beck, Matthew E. Mcentire

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Performance traits and body composition of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) in response to hypoxia were evaluated in replicate tanks maintained at constant dissolved oxygen concentrations that averaged 23.0 ± 2.3%, 39.7 ± 3.0%, and 105.5 ± 9.5% dissolved oxygen saturation. Fish were fed a commercially formulated feed daily to apparent satiation. Total feed intake and fish growth and yield increased linearly in response to increased dissolved oxygen concentration. Nutrient utilization was reduced significantly only at the greatest level of hypoxia. With the exception of whole-body protein content, whole body compositional indices and nutrient …

Nile Tilapia And Blue Tilapia Fry Production In A Subtropical Climate Based On Degree Days, Bartholomew W. Green, Esam H. Rizkalla

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The relationship between production in subtropical earthen ponds of fry suitable for hormonal sex inversion and degree days was quantified for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; Egypt strain) and blue tilapia (O. aureus). Degree days were calculated for each trial as the sum of mean daily water column temperature minus the reference temperature, 15◦C. No fry from either species were harvested at fewer than 124–126 degree days. Total fry production for each increased linearly as cumulative degree days increased from 129 to 281 degree days. Production of fry suitable for hormonal sex inversion was positively related to …

Investigating The Amino Acid Digestibility Of Alternative Protein Sources And Determining The Impact Of Dietary Fiber On Energy, Nitrogen, And Amino Acid Digestibility In Growing Pigs, Bradley M. Cotten

Open Access Theses

Three experiments were designed to quantify the nitrogen (N) and amino acid (AA) digestibility of various protein sources fed to growing pigs. The protein ingredients were sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, canola meal, camelina meal, egg albumen, casein, blood meal, plasma meal, potato protein concentrate, soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate, and linseed meal, which were fed as the sole source of amino acids for the animals and were included in semi-purified, corn starch-based diets. A semi-purified, nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was used to estimate endogenous losses of AA. In each experiment, pigs were surgically fitted with a simple T-cannula at the …

Management Effects On The Environmental Footprint Of Swine Production, Aaron M. Jones

Open Access Theses

Livestock production in general is a very small contributor to GHG emissions. However, swine producers will continually be faced with a series of challenges to minimize the environmental impact of swine production. The main objectives of the the studies in this thesis were to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary CP with the supplementation of synthetic AA and the effects of feeding diets with or without antibiotics on manure generation and excretion of N and C. In Exp. 1, thirty-two barrows were used in a metabolism study to evaluate the effect of feeding reduced CP, amino acid (AA) supplemented diets …

Show Horse Welfare, Melissa A. Voigt

Open Access Dissertations

In recent years there has been an increase in the public's attention to situations where trainers, owners, and handlers have compromised the well-being of show horses for the sake of winning. These situations may be due to training negligence or naivety of individuals working with the horse. Either way, due to these incidents, increasing pressure has been placed on the horse industry to address show horse welfare. The purpose of this research was to expound on the welfare of stock-type show horses through the perspective of those directly involved; considering the understanding of welfare, the value placed on welfare, and …

Relationships Between Behavioral Measures And Productivity In Growing Beef Cattle, Kelsey Bruno

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The relationships between behavioral measures, growth performance, and immunocompetence in receiving beef steers were explored in three experiments. Specifically, exit velocity (EV) and objective chute score (OCS) were examined as temperament measures. In experiment 1, no main effects or interactions with degradable intake protein (DIP) or interactions between temperament measures were observed (P ≥ 0.11); however, high OCS steers had greater intake and gain:feed (P < 0.10) and slow EV steers had higher intake and gain (P < 0.10) than their counterparts. In experiment 2, during week two of social observations, dominance hierarchy rankings were dependent on OCS and EV (P < 0.05); slow EV steers also had increased antibody responses and gain (P < 0.10) and high OCS steers had increased gain (P < 0.10). In experiment 3, subjective chute scores and OCS were positively correlated (P < 0.01) and both EV and OCS treatments changed over time (P < 0.10); intake, vaccine titer response, and gain:feed responses to monensin were dependent on OCS treatment (P < 0.10). The studies suggest that temperament, measured by EV and OCS, affects growth performance and health related measures and is related to social dominance behavior in receiving beef steers.

Assessment Of The Technical And Economic Potential Of Automated Estrus Detection Technologies For Dairy Cattle, Karmella Ann Dolecheck

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Poor estrus detection can limit the reproductive performance of a dairy herd. One objective of this research was to evaluate an alternative method to traditional estrus detection in the form of automated monitoring technologies. To accomplish this, the first study considered the ability of automatically monitored parameters (activity, number of steps, lying bouts, lying time, feeding time, rumination time, and temperature) to detect estrus. A second study compared automated activity monitoring to timed artificial insemination as reproductive management strategies on commercial herds. The other objective of this research was to evaluate the economic potential of automated estrus detection technologies. This …

An Evaluation Of Precision Dairy Farming Technology Adoption, Perception, Effectiveness, And Use, Matthew Richard Borchers

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Precision dairy farming technologies provide a variety of functions to dairy farmers. Little is known about dairy producer perception of these technologies. A study was performed to understand dairy producer perception of parameters monitored by precision dairy farming technologies. Calving has potential to be predicted using these same parameters and technologies. A second study was performed using two commercially marketed technologies in calving prediction. In order for these technologies to generate accurate and useful information for dairy farm use, they must accurately quantify these parameters. The final study evaluated the accuracy of five commercially marketed technologies in monitoring feeding, rumination, …

Effects Of Post-Hatch Holding Time And Early Nutrition Strategies On Growth Performance, Carcass And Skeletal Characteristics Of Young Chickens, Marquisha A. Paul

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The study objectives of this thesis were to evaluate the effects of delayed feeding and specific aspects of the Programmed Nutrition (PN) feeding strategy (Alltech, Inc.) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and skeletal characteristics of commercial broiler chicks through market age, as well as investigate the effects of breed and the PN feeding strategy on early growth and development. When commercial broiler chicks were fed reduced nutrient diets, delayed feeding decreased early growth performance and carcass yield (P<0.05), whereas post-hatch PN conditioning for 72 hours improved early growth performance and alleviated the negative effects of delayed feeding on carcass yield (P<0.05). Through market age, delayed feeding improved Gain: Feed (P<0.05), while PN had the opposite effect. Interactive effects and main effects of delayed feeding and PN were observed for tissue mineral concentration (P<0.05). PN lowered bone ash % (P<0.05) and increased meat oxidation of broiler chicks during storage (P<0.05). PN also had negative effects on early growth performance and bone breaking strength (P<0.05) of various meat-type breeds, but especially for non-commercial, moderate-growing or fast-growing breeds. In conclusion, PN may be suitable for commercial broiler chicks that experience delayed feeding and are fed reduced nutrient diets.

Algae Or Yeast Supplementation For Lactating Dairy Cows, Maegan E. Weatherly

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The objective of the first study was to quantify the effects of feeding Schizochytrium sp. microalgae (SP-1, Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY) on milk fat and DHA content. Eight cows were fed: 0, 100, 300, or 600 g of algae per day. Fat percentage was greater (P < 0.05) for cows on treatments 0 g and 100 g than for cows on treatments 300 g and 600 g (P < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid in milk was greater for cows on treatment 300 and 600 than for cows on treatment 0 and 100 (P < 0.05).

The objective of the second study was to assess yeast supplementation effects on high and low forage dairy cow diets. Four cows were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) low forage (LF), 2) low forage with 10 g/d yeast (Yea-Sacc®; Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY; LFY), 3) high …

Assessing The Efficacy Of Automated Detection Of Estrus In Dairy Cattle, Lauren M. Mayo

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

The detection of estrus continues to be a primary factor contributing to poor reproductive performance in modern dairy cattle. The objectives of this research were 1) to evaluate performance of automated detection of estrus using a reference standard of ovulation detection with temporal progesterone patterns 2) to evaluate the efficacy of parameters measured by automated detection of estrus systems 3) to evaluate the efficacy of alerts generated by several commercially available systems used for automated detection of estrus and 4) to determine the differences in these parameters among cows with or without poor health conditions at the time of estrus. …

Using The Indicator Amino Acid Oxidation Technique To Study Threonine Requirements In Horses Fed Different Feed Compositions, Chanhee Mok

Theses and Dissertations--Animal and Food Sciences

Threonine has been reported to be the second limiting amino acid in typical equine diets, but its actual requirement has not been determined in horses. The indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has been successfully used for evaluating amino acid metabolism and requirements in animals and humans. The objective of this research was to use the IAAO method to estimate threonine requirements in mature horses fed two different feed compositions. In the first study, 6 Thoroughbred mares (4 – 16 years old) received each of 6 levels of threonine intake in a high concentrate diet, in a randomly determined order. …

Characterization Of Brd4 During Mammalian Post-Meiotic Sperm Development, Jessica M. Bryant, Greg Donahue, Xiaoshi Wang, Mirella Meyer-Ficca, Lacey J. Luense, Angela H. Weller, Marisa S. Bartolomei, Gerd A. Blobel, Ralph G. Meyer, Benjamin A. Garcia, Shelley L. Berger

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

During spermiogenesis, the post-meiotic phase of mammalian spermatogenesis, transcription is progressively repressed as nuclei of haploid spermatids are compacted through a dramatic chromatin reorganization involving hyper-acetylation and replacement of most histones with protamines. Although BRDT functions in transcription and histone removal in spermatids, it is unknown whether other BET family proteins play a role. Immunofluorescence of spermatogenic cells revealed BRD4 in a ring around the nuclei of spermatids containing hyper-acetylated histones. The ring lies directly adjacent to the acroplaxome, the cytoskeletal base of the acrosome, previously linked to chromatin reorganization. The BRD4 ring does not form in acrosomal mutant mice. …

Pathology In Practice - Fascioliasis In A Dahl Sheep, David J. Wilson, T. J. Baldwin, Kerry A. Rood

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

In early fall 2012, a 48-kg (106-lb) sexually intact male Dahl ram in fair body condition was found dead; the owner observed no clinical signs prior to death. The ram was part of a flock of 50 game animals used for high-fence hunting that was moved among pastures in Idaho, Utah, and Montana. The ram was housed primarily on flood-irrigated pasture in common with approximately 170 captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis). The owner reported that 12 other sheep had died over the past year without observed clinical signs, but none were submitted for postmortem examination. Both sheep and elk …

Dairy Herd - Level Prevalence Of Johne's Disease And Bvd In The Intermountain West Of The U.S.A. And Farm Management Practices And Characteristics For Test-Positive Herds, David J. Wilson, Kerry A. Rood, C. Whitehouse, J. Bunnell, G. M. Goodell, T. M. Byrem

Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science Faculty Publications

Herd-level prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD) and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) virus were estimated on dairy farms in Utah. Duplicate milks were collected at 3-4 day intervals on 5 dates from each bulk tank on participating farms. Samples were tested at separate laboratories for BVD (real-time, RT-PCR) and for JD/MAP (ELISA and qPCR). 151/209 (72%) eligible dairy farms participated. Farms detected positive were: 58 JD (38%) and 14 BVD (9%); 5 farms had both diseases. Follow up visited farms’ (n=22) means, medians: 778,420 milking cows; 20,052 lbs, 20,311 lbs 305d milk; 175,545/ml, …

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 37, No. 1, Winter 2015, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

Contents

1 -- Editor's Note

2 -- Annual Meeting Data

3 -- Response to David S. Lindsay re: Self archiving of publications from the Journal of Parasitology

6 -- NCP Meeting – Nadler report

8 -- Job - Wyoming - Parasitologist

9 -- Meetings / Course Announceme

15 -- Post Doc

17 -- Announcement – Manter Laboratory

Reservoir Area Of Influence And Implications For Fisheries Management, Dustin R. Martin, Christopher J. Chizinski, Kevin L. Pope

Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit: Staff Publications

Understanding the spatial area that a reservoir draws anglers from, defined as the reservoir’s area of influence, and the potential overlap of that area of influence between reservoirs is important for fishery managers. Our objective was to define the area of influence for reservoirs of the Salt Valley regional fishery in southeastern Nebraska using kernel density estimation. We used angler survey data obtained from in-person interviews at 17 reservoirs during 2009–2012. The area of influence, defined by the 95% kernel density, for reservoirs within the Salt Valley regional fishery varied, indicating that anglers use reservoirs differently across the regional fishery. …