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Articles 361 - 390 of 497
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
In Situ Degradability Of Native Pastures In Llamas (Lama Glama) In The Rainy Season In The Community Of Pujrata, Pacajes Province, Mario Acho Nina
In Situ Degradability Of Native Pastures In Llamas (Lama Glama) In The Rainy Season In The Community Of Pujrata, Pacajes Province, Mario Acho Nina
Theses and Dissertations
The llama (lama glama) in the Bolivian Highlands region is a most important potential resource from the socio-economic point of view for the dedicated producer to the management and exploitation of these Andean camelids, considered as national heritage of our country. The llama is completely adapted to the high plateau system, being considered a three purposed animal in this environment: producer of fiber, meat and work (load). However, due to the expansion of sheep and cattle, they have been marginalized to the poor areas, where they prosper well because they are rustic, sober and greatly efficient in the conversion of …
Determination Of The Protein Fraction And Presence Of Antibodies In The Seminal Fluid Of Llama (Lama Glama), Francisco Flores Lopes
Determination Of The Protein Fraction And Presence Of Antibodies In The Seminal Fluid Of Llama (Lama Glama), Francisco Flores Lopes
Theses and Dissertations
At an international level, Bolivia possesses the largest population of llamas followed by Peru. This makes our country a power, in this renewable resource, to create and generate economic development primarily for the quality of llama meat which has nutritional properties superior to other species of animals used for food. The development of the investigation of llamas in our country has not been very far-reaching. In other countries, advances have been made for quite some time, specifically in the area of reproduction, which presents problems in bringing about an intensive repopulation due to the unique characteristics of llama copulation and …
Biochemical Components Of Seminal Plasma Of Llamas (Lama Glama) At Three Ages, Pedro Angel Delgado Callisaya
Biochemical Components Of Seminal Plasma Of Llamas (Lama Glama) At Three Ages, Pedro Angel Delgado Callisaya
Theses and Dissertations
This study was conducted at the installation of the Rural Academic Unit-Tiahuanaco of the BCU, located in the community of Achaca, third municipal section of Ingavi province, department of La Paz. It is 57 km from the La Paz-Desaguadero international highway, at 68 degrees 42 minutes 28 seconds latitude South by 16 degrees 35 minutes 41 seconds longitude West, at an altitude of 3856 meters above sea level. The study went from October 2000 to September 2001. The study consisted of determining the concentrations of the biochemical components in llama seminal plasma at three ages. Components studied were glucose, inorganic …
Determination Of Protein Profile And Presence Of Antibodies In Llama Seminal Plasma (Llama Glama), Francisco Flores Lópes
Determination Of Protein Profile And Presence Of Antibodies In Llama Seminal Plasma (Llama Glama), Francisco Flores Lópes
Theses and Dissertations
Internationally, Bolivia has the largest llama population followed by Peru. This makes our country a power in this renewable resource for working and generating economic development. This is mainly because of the quality of llama meat, which has nutritional properties superior to other animal species. The development and research in our country of llamas is not very significant. But in other countries advanced studies have been done for years, specifically in the area of reproduction, which represents problems for intensive repopulation because of singular characteristics of semen and copulation. The present research work was done at the UAC in Tiahuanacu …
Fiber Performance And Quality Of Angora Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) In Different Trims, Juan Jaime Blacutt Toledo
Fiber Performance And Quality Of Angora Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) In Different Trims, Juan Jaime Blacutt Toledo
Theses and Dissertations
In 132 rabbits belonging to the Cunicola La Esperanza Farm of the city of El Alto in the department of La Paz, the principle physical characteristics of the angora rabbit fiber were determined in a period of 3 shearings. As such they were organized into 2 groups, clearly differentiated by their sex (female and male). The obtained fiber of the different shearings were weighed in order to determine the performance of each animal and subsequently analyzed the wool in the Experimental Station of Patacamaya, where they determined the diameter, length of hair and marrow composition. The results were subjected to …
Biochemical Components In The Secretion Of The Bulb Urethral Glands Of Llama (Lama Glama) In Three Ages, Demetrio Laruta Flores
Biochemical Components In The Secretion Of The Bulb Urethral Glands Of Llama (Lama Glama) In Three Ages, Demetrio Laruta Flores
Theses and Dissertations
The present study was performed in the Zoo-Technical Engineering department of the Tiahuanaco Rural Academic Unit of the Bolivian Catholic University. The biochemical components of the secretions produced by the bulb urethral glands of male llama that were studied are glucose, inorganic phosphorus, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Spectrophotometer standardized techniques were used in nine animals of three, four, and five years of age from communities of the Ingavi province. Groups comprised of three animals each were selected by age criteria. After dissecting and separating the pelvic urethra, gland secretion was obtained by finger pressure. The …
Effects On The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker From Various Spatial And Temporal Applications Of Management Practices, Chad F. Schroeder
Effects On The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker From Various Spatial And Temporal Applications Of Management Practices, Chad F. Schroeder
Theses and Dissertations
The Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (RCW) is an endangered species endemic to southeastern pine forests in the United States. RCWs are cooperative breeding birds that live together in clusters of old-growth pine trees in which they construct their nesting cavities. The cavities are constructed in living pines, which are predominantly longleaf pines. RCWs also forage upon older pines, preferably longleaf pine. The Endangered Species Act, along with other DoD regulations, requires DoD installations to protect the RCWs and restore their habitat. A popular management practice converts off-site (non-native) pines back to a region's indigenous pines. Conversion provides the best long term RCW …
Evaluation Of Diets With Different Levels Of Barley Sprouts (Hordeum Vulgare) In The Basic Feed Of Guinea Pigs (Cavia Aperea Porcellus) In The Phases Of Growth, Jenny Lourdes Mamani Gutierrez
Evaluation Of Diets With Different Levels Of Barley Sprouts (Hordeum Vulgare) In The Basic Feed Of Guinea Pigs (Cavia Aperea Porcellus) In The Phases Of Growth, Jenny Lourdes Mamani Gutierrez
Theses and Dissertations
The study was done in the department of La Paz, providence of Ingavi in the community of Letanias (16° 39’ 15” S; 69° 60’ 18” W), in the Benson Institute building, located 3 kilometers from Viacha. The objectives were: to evaluate the growth and increase in weight and consumption of food in Guinea pig male and females under the effect of diets with different levels of barley sprout in the phases of growth; to determine the nutritional conversion; to determine the optimal level of use of the barley sprouts in the basic feeding of Guinea pigs; and to evaluate the …
Detection Of Antibodies Against Brucella Abortus In Bovine, Celso Arturo Moreno Paredes
Detection Of Antibodies Against Brucella Abortus In Bovine, Celso Arturo Moreno Paredes
Theses and Dissertations
The present investigation was made in the Laboratories of microbiology of the Ability of Cattle Sciences of the Polytechnic Superior School of Chimborazo, with samples obtained in the Municipal Camal Riobamba and the Community of Tunshi San Nicolás. The incidence of Brucellosis was analyzed in six more important cattle areas of the county using the antigens Brucella abortus and Rosa of Flare. The experimental units were obtained under a systematic sampling. The experiment had a duration of 4 months. The experimental results underwent the following analyses: variance, percentages, stockings, standard deviation, limit for the estimate error. According to carried out …
Therapeutical Assessment Of The Spigelia Anthelmia To Fight "Endoparasites" In Creole Ovine, German Gonzalo Reinoso Munoz
Therapeutical Assessment Of The Spigelia Anthelmia To Fight "Endoparasites" In Creole Ovine, German Gonzalo Reinoso Munoz
Theses and Dissertations
This investigation was accomplished in the Experimental Station Tunshi Productive Unit Sheep Goat, located to an altitude of 2747 m.s.n.m. and with an average temperature of 13.1°C, it located to 8 kilometers of Riobamba route to Licto and in the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Cattle Sciences Faculty of the Espoch, during 120 days (November of 1998 to February of 1999). The principal objective was that of to evaluate the effect terapeutics of the plant Spigelia anthelmia against parasitesinternal in lambs, for something which is 20 lambs native males with ages that fluctuated of 6 to 9 months, these animals …
Aspects Of Bald Eagle Winter Behavior In Rush Valley Utah: A Telemetry Study, Neil B. Sabine
Aspects Of Bald Eagle Winter Behavior In Rush Valley Utah: A Telemetry Study, Neil B. Sabine
Theses and Dissertations
The diurnal behavior and nocturnal roosting patterns of 28 bald eagles outfitted with tail-mounted radios were investigated in Rush Valley, Utah between January and March 1982-1984. Casting analysis and feeding observations indicated the principal food source was jackrabbit carrion. Jackrabbit availability declined from 1982 to 1984 and eagles responded by; 1) roosting closer to feeding sites, 2) shifting from canyon to valley roosts, 3) arriving later at and departing earlier from roosts, 4) decreasing diurnal activity, and 5) decreasing residence time. Foraging efficiency appeared to be maximized by experienced eagles using familiar feeding areas and by naive birds monitoring their …
The Accumulation And Metabolism Of Triphenyltin Hydroxide (Du-Ter) In Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii) In A Model Ecosystem, John Gary Hollingshaus
The Accumulation And Metabolism Of Triphenyltin Hydroxide (Du-Ter) In Crayfish (Procambarus Clarkii) In A Model Ecosystem, John Gary Hollingshaus
Theses and Dissertations
Triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH) appears to be relatively stable in soil. Only minor partitioning into water occurred because of the insolubility of TPTH in water and its adsorption to soil. Residues in the water were also relatively stable. The concentration. of TPTH in the tissues of crayfish exposed to 1.0 ppm of TPTH in the soil was 0.1 ppm or 10% that of the environment. Crayfish exposed to 0.01 ppm of TPTH in the soil had 0.005 ppm TPTH in their tissues or 50% that of the environment. Greater than 80% of the residue in the muscle tissue appeared to be …
The Mammals Of Zion National Park With Emphasis On Ecology And Distribution Of Twelve Species Of Rodents, Paul A. Gardner
The Mammals Of Zion National Park With Emphasis On Ecology And Distribution Of Twelve Species Of Rodents, Paul A. Gardner
Theses and Dissertations
Information concerning the mammals of Zion National Park was needed for management purposes and general information. During the summers of 1975 and 1976, mammals observed throughout the park were recorded and habitat structure was measured for each animal at the immediate observation site. Ordinations based on stepwise discriminant analyses of the data on 12 rodent species were constructed and substantiated by Bray-Curtis analyses. The results showed that amounts of cover and boulders contrasted the habitats of Peromyscus eremicus, P. maniculatus, P. crinitus, P. boylii and P. truei. A second group of species--Eutamias minimus, E. umbrinus, Spermophilus variegatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Dipodomys …
Behavior And Age Class Structure Of Wintering Northern Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucocephalus Alascanus) In Western Utah, Ronald A. Joseph
Behavior And Age Class Structure Of Wintering Northern Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus Leucocephalus Alascanus) In Western Utah, Ronald A. Joseph
Theses and Dissertations
Bald Eagles in Cedar and Rush Valleys of western Utah were studied from 1975 to 1977. Arriving in mid-November, the eagles departed in mid-March. A statewide Bald Eagle census revealed 200 to 300 birds. Wintering eagle populations have remained stable for the past 10 years. Immatures comprised 35% of the population in 1975-76 and 33% in 1976-77. While Black-tailed jackrabbits are the primary food source of wintering eagles in western Utah, other mammalian carrion serve as supplementary food items. Eagles utilized 4 communal night roosts. Three day communal roosts were located on south facing slopes. The social existence of Bald …
The Genus Haemolaelaps (Acarina: Laelapidae) In The Northwest Ethiopian Biogeographical Region, Calvin J. Sakamoto
The Genus Haemolaelaps (Acarina: Laelapidae) In The Northwest Ethiopian Biogeographical Region, Calvin J. Sakamoto
Theses and Dissertations
This paper presents the results of a taxonomic stury of mites of the genus Haemolaelaps collected from small mammals of 8 political subdivisions of the northwest portion of the Ethiopian Biogeographical Region. Specimens taken from 2,863 small mammals from a wide variety of habitats and localities were examined. The Haemolaelaps fauna includes 23 species, 10 of which are described as new: H. bellasoma, H. caurinus, H. chaetospinicus, H. crocidura, H. desmodilliscus, He. ebsi, H. malachela, H. parahirsti, H. sikapusi and H. taterakempi. Numerical taxonomic and multicariate analyses were used to assess variation and clustering. A key for identification of females …
Accumulation And Metabolism Of Triphenyltin Hydroxide (Du-Ter) In Channel Catfish, Hal B. Jenson
Accumulation And Metabolism Of Triphenyltin Hydroxide (Du-Ter) In Channel Catfish, Hal B. Jenson
Theses and Dissertations
The fate of ring-14C labeled triphenyltin hydroxide was studied in a model ecosystem consisting of soiI, water, and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Two initial levels of triphenyltin hydroxide concentration in soiI, 1.0 and 0.010 ppm, were compared. The soiI showed a gradual loss of 20 to 30% of the total 14C residues. Only about 33% of the remaining soil residues could be extracted and almost all of these were triphenyltin hydroxide. Total residues in the water were very low. Catfish muscle and viscera accumulated 14C residues continually throughout the treatment portion of the experiment. When the catfish were transferred to …
Cytosol Binding Of Steroid Hormones In Sheep Brains And Pituitaries, David Carl Marcusen
Cytosol Binding Of Steroid Hormones In Sheep Brains And Pituitaries, David Carl Marcusen
Theses and Dissertations
The uptake and binding of tritiated cortisol, corticosterone, and dexamethasone in cytosols isolated from various regions of non-adrenalectomized (intact) and adrenalectomized sheep brains and pituitaries were studied. [3H]-cortisol and [3H]-corticosterone were bound preferentially by cytosols from the hippocampal and septal regions of the brain, whereas, [3H]-dexamethasone was preferentially bound by cytosol from the pituitary. Cytosols isolated from the brains of adrenalectomized sheep bound significantly more [3H]-corticosterone than did cytosol from the brains of intact animals. Pre-incubation of cytosols from the hippocampus of adrenalectomized animals with non-radioactive testosterone or estradiol did not significantly block the subsequent binding of [3H]-cortisol. Results of …
Utilization Of Nest Boxes By Birds In Three Vegetational Communities With Special Reference To The American Kestrel (Falco Sparverius), Laurence Barrett Mcarthur
Utilization Of Nest Boxes By Birds In Three Vegetational Communities With Special Reference To The American Kestrel (Falco Sparverius), Laurence Barrett Mcarthur
Theses and Dissertations
This study was designed to determine if, by providing artificial nest sites, a raptorial predator could be attracted into an area where suitable sites are limited. The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) was a common species in the area and nest boxes designed for their use were placed in three vegetational types in western Utah and eastern Nevada. Seventy boxes were available in 1975 and 110 in 1976. Kestrels nested both years in the salt-desert shrub community but were absent from the pinyon-juniper and riparian areas. Four other bird species nested in the latter two areas, however. In 1975 the nesting …
Effect Of Altitude On The Peripheral Degradation Of Thyroxine In The Uinta Ground Squirrel (Citellus Armatus), Stuart K. Ware
Effect Of Altitude On The Peripheral Degradation Of Thyroxine In The Uinta Ground Squirrel (Citellus Armatus), Stuart K. Ware
Theses and Dissertations
Various methods were employed to detect changes in the peripheral degradation of thyroxine (T4) in adult Uinta ground squirrels (Citellus armatus) collected at two different altitudes (5400 and 9000 feet.) Plasma half-life of injected T4-125I (tl/2) was significantly decreased with altitude, as was T4-125I distribution space (TDS) and T4 degradation and secretion rate (TSR). In vitro deiodination of T4-125I by heart homogenates was not affected, while urinary excretion of thyroxine derived iodide was increased at high altitude 44-70 hours post-injection. Both total and free serum T4 concentrations were reduced at high altitude, although not significantly. The cause of the reduced …
Population Characterization And Feeding Behavior Of A Subtidal Neogastropod, Amphissa Columbiana, Bruce C. Stone
Population Characterization And Feeding Behavior Of A Subtidal Neogastropod, Amphissa Columbiana, Bruce C. Stone
Theses and Dissertations
The neogastropod Amphissa columbiana is found abundantly in subtidal areas of the San Juan Archipelago. Two populations studied were composed of distinct age classes of sexually immature and mature specimens. Reproduction appears to take place in the fall by snails at least two years old. Amphissa is a chemoreceptive scavenger that usually feeds on carrion and on dead and injured animals. Feeding behavior is mediated by chemical attractants from dead and traumatized tissue. An unusual feeding association is formed where Amphissa congregate around feeding predators to share their meals. A specific defense mechanism is deployed by Amphissa especially in response …
Potential Diets For Carp Production, Rex Carlton Infanger
Potential Diets For Carp Production, Rex Carlton Infanger
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of raising carp on pig manure and coli, Brassica campestris. The use of pig feces as a source of fish food has been questioned by researchers (Hickling 1968). Coli was selected for dietary intake by fish since it is used for human consumption by the Indians of Guatemala. Commercial fish food (Silver Cup) was used for a control diet. These diets were both combined and used as a single source of food.
Spatial And Temporal Partitioning Between Sympatric Rodents: Zapus And Peromyscus, Emma Bernice Speer
Spatial And Temporal Partitioning Between Sympatric Rodents: Zapus And Peromyscus, Emma Bernice Speer
Theses and Dissertations
Partitioning space and time by seemingly sympatric rodents, Zapus princeps and Peromyscus maniculatus, were examined as possible mechanisms allowing coexistence. The two populations were studied in Central Utah with an electrically monitored grid. Spatial separation of individuals and the populations minimized confrontations and created local allopatric distribtuions. Temporal partitioning was not used as a mechanism to allow coexistence and was apparently independent of spatial partitioning. The Peromyscus population was composed primarily of males which may have been due to less favorable habitat and/or presence of Zapus. The data show that Peromyscus tend to avoid Zapus, possibly due to deleterious aggressive …
The Snowy Egret (Egretta Thula Brewsteri) A Life History Study At Utah Lake With Comments On The Subspecies Status, Gerald Leigh Gunnell
The Snowy Egret (Egretta Thula Brewsteri) A Life History Study At Utah Lake With Comments On The Subspecies Status, Gerald Leigh Gunnell
Theses and Dissertations
This study was conducted to augment the limited information available regarding the Snowy Egret in the Utah Lake area of Utah. Field observations included the following: nesting habits; egg and clutch sizes; sexual, defense, and feeding behaviors. Analysis was made of the distinguishing subspecies characteristics (culmen, tarsus, and wing length) of the Snowy Egrets and of the distribution of the birds. Field observations showed that growth measurements of the young varied from 16.75 g at hatching to 260.58 g after 17 days. Culmen and tarsus measurements were 15.41 mm and 14.12 mm to 53.18 mm and 62.18 mm, respectively, after …
Defense Mechanism And Feeding Behavior Of Pteraster Tesselatus Ives (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), James Milton Nance
Defense Mechanism And Feeding Behavior Of Pteraster Tesselatus Ives (Echinodermata, Asteroidea), James Milton Nance
Theses and Dissertations
Pteraster tesselatus is noted for its external secretion of massive amounts of mucus. The mucus repels most animals, and fouls their respiratory physiology, if contact is maintained for any length of time. It provides protection essentially 100% of the time from Solaster dawsoni and Pycnopodia helianthoides, the only local stars that attempt to feed on Pteraster. The mucus, which is a simple mucopolysaccride, is produced in three different types of unicellular glands located in the epidermal tissues along the supradorsal membrane. Pores along the lateral walls of the ambulacral grooves provide fresh sea water for the dermal branchiae contained in …
Evaluation Of Anhydrous Ammonia As A Control Of Northern Pocket Gophers Thomomys Talpoides On Rangelands In The Wasatch Mountain, Utah, Marc C. Wride
Evaluation Of Anhydrous Ammonia As A Control Of Northern Pocket Gophers Thomomys Talpoides On Rangelands In The Wasatch Mountain, Utah, Marc C. Wride
Theses and Dissertations
Anhydrous ammonia (NH3) was tested as a potential replacement for residual, non specific toxicants as an effective control agent. It was postulated that NH3 would effectively control northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) and also act as a fertilizer for rangeland vegetation. Compound 1080 was selected as a standard for comparison of gopher control efficiency. Over 700 burrow systems were treated or monitored. Results showed compound 1080 to be 81 percent and NH3 45 percent efficient in controlling gophers. Although fertilizing effects of NH3 were positive, the low control efficiency and high application costs make NH3 an unlikely replacement for the …
Endoparasites Of Cats In Two Central Utah Communities, Thomas W. Sawyer
Endoparasites Of Cats In Two Central Utah Communities, Thomas W. Sawyer
Theses and Dissertations
A survey of the endoparasites of 100 stray cats in central Utah was conducted. Each cat was euthanized, and the entire alimentary tract, gall bladder, bile duct, heart, respiratory and excretory systems were excised and examined for endoparasites. Fecal samples were examined by a sugar flotation technique. Parasites identified and number of cats infected were: Isospora felis 5; I. rivolta, 4; Dipylidium caninum, 1; Hydatigera taeniaformis, 10; Toxocara mystax, 43; and Physaloptera sp., 2. One ectoparasite, Cheyletiella parasitivorax, was identified in the feces of 4 cats. Dipylidium caninum and T. mystax are known to cause accidental infection in humans and …
Modeling Studies Of Small Mammal Trapping Phenology, And Plant Succession In The Kaiparowits Region, Kane County, Utah, James A. Raines
Modeling Studies Of Small Mammal Trapping Phenology, And Plant Succession In The Kaiparowits Region, Kane County, Utah, James A. Raines
Theses and Dissertations
This study makes use of simple statistical models which may be manipulated for projection of changes in the Kaiparowits Region of Southern Utah. A method of determining habitat preferences of small rodents from capture-recapture trapping data is proposed. It is suggested that some aspects of animal behavior regarding trapping may also be explained. Timing of flowering of Oryzopsis hymenoides and Hilaria jamesii as related to enviromental conditions was investigated, and models of the requisite conditions proposed. It is suggested that similar models may be used to describe the timing of other phenological events. Succession on disturbed sites is considered to …
Effect Of Supplemental Food On Population Estimates And Mortality Rates Of Desert Rodents In Utah, J. Steven Thiriot
Effect Of Supplemental Food On Population Estimates And Mortality Rates Of Desert Rodents In Utah, J. Steven Thiriot
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research is to assess the effects of various quantities of supplemental food (seed) on population estimates and mortality rates of desert rodents . The supplemental food is meant to stimulate natural vegetational productivity. If food availability significantly affects the population parameters methods of population estimators previously used may be in error. Hopefully this study will aid small mannnal research by designating whether, in part, population estimates and mortality rates are in error because of high vegetational productivity. The hypothesis of this study is that supplemental food in the natural environment decreases population estimates and mortality rates …
Influence Of A Dry Wash Habitat On Distribution And Movement Of Heteromyid Rodents, Jeffrey S. Green
Influence Of A Dry Wash Habitat On Distribution And Movement Of Heteromyid Rodents, Jeffrey S. Green
Theses and Dissertations
Three heteromyid rodent species were studied in relation to a large dry wash in Millard County, Utah, during the summer, 1974. Data were gathered with three trapping grids and analyzed to determine if the dry wash influenced rodent movement and distribution patterns. Dipodomys ordii and Dipodomys microps were distributed non-randomly in the dry wash and adjacent habitat, but Perognathus Zongimembris seemed to be randomly distributed. Dipodomys ordii was significantly correlated with wash habitat, but D. microps was found most frequently in upland areas. Soil and vegetative differences and competition were possible causes for the observed distribution. The wash was observed …
Phytoseiid Predators Of Mite Pests In Utah Apple Orchards, Vichitra Mongkolprasith
Phytoseiid Predators Of Mite Pests In Utah Apple Orchards, Vichitra Mongkolprasith
Theses and Dissertations
Recent efforts to integrate certain Phytoseiid predators in pest (mite) management programs for apples have been somewhat successful and economical in many fruit growing areas. Convenient descriptions and reviews of the literature for species which have been collected from the state are provided to stimulate further work with Utah Phytoseiids. Seven species of Amblyseius and five Typhlodromus are described and notes provided concerning their respective geographic distributions and biologies.