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Articles 511 - 540 of 672
Full-Text Articles in Animal Sciences
Further Considerations On The Species Of The Genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 From Africa, With Description Of Three New Species (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Wilson R. Lourenço, Elise-Anne Leguin
Further Considerations On The Species Of The Genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891 From Africa, With Description Of Three New Species (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Wilson R. Lourenço, Elise-Anne Leguin
Euscorpius
New considerations are proposed regarding the African species of the genus Orthochirus Karsch, 1891. Two species, Orthochirus aristidis (Simon, 1882) and Orthochirus innesi Simon, 1910 have been the subject of several publications in the past decades; however, doubts remain about their exact identity and range of geographical distribution. In this note, their taxonomic status is reinvestigated. The type material is revised and the lectotype and paralectotypes are designated for O. aristidis. Revised diagnoses and illustrations are proposed for both species, and these are confirmed as valid. Three new species are described from Algeria, Morocco, and Mauritania. The total number …
Scorpions In Ancient Egypt, Hisham K. El-Hennawy
Scorpions In Ancient Egypt, Hisham K. El-Hennawy
Euscorpius
The ancient Egyptians knew the scorpion and its toxicity, and venerated it since pre-dynastic era. They used the scorpion as a king's name, a name of a nome (county), and a symbol to their goddess, Serqet, that protects the body and the viscera of the dead, and that accompanies them in their journey to the afterlife. They had medical prescriptions and magical spells to heal the stings. Since the 5th dynasty, the title of a “Follower of Serket” was given to clever physicians. Scorpions are most famously depicted on Horus Cippus, a talisman featuring Horus the Child holding in his …
Redescription And Taxonomic Position Of Tityus Atriventer Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Rolando Teruel, František Kovařík
Redescription And Taxonomic Position Of Tityus Atriventer Pocock, 1897 (Scorpiones: Buthidae), Rolando Teruel, František Kovařík
Euscorpius
The largely neglected Lesser Antillean scorpion Tityus atriventer Pocock, 1897 is herein redescribed, after study of the two syntypes and one additional adult male. The latter was recently collected from Union Island (about 55 km northeast of Grenada), and it implies the first published finding of this species after its original description, and the first record of the species both outside the type-locality and from the Grenadines islands. The taxonomic position of T. atriventer is clarified (including designation of a lectotype and a paralectotype), its diagnosis is updated, a fully illustrated redescription is presented according to the current taxonomy of …
A New Species Of Vaejovis From Prescott, Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), Richard F. Ayrey, Michael E. Soleglad
A New Species Of Vaejovis From Prescott, Arizona (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), Richard F. Ayrey, Michael E. Soleglad
Euscorpius
A new scorpion species, Vaejovis crumpi, sp. nov., is described from Prescott, Yavapai Co., Arizona. This species is related to V. paysonensis Soleglad, 1973, and the “sky island” species of southern Arizona. V. crumpi is compared to the seven Vaejovis species currently reported for Arizona, in particular to V. paysonensis.
The Genus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) In Morocco, With A Description Of А New Species, Wilson R. Lourenço, Oulaid Touloun, Ali Ali Boumezzough
The Genus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) In Morocco, With A Description Of А New Species, Wilson R. Lourenço, Oulaid Touloun, Ali Ali Boumezzough
Euscorpius
A new species belonging to the genus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925 (subgenus Butheoloides Hirst, 1925) (Scorpiones, Buthidae) is described from two localities in Morocco: north of Sidi Ifni in the southern coast and Sidi Moussa west of Tiznit. With the description of Butheoloides (Butheoloides) littoralis sp. n., the total number of species of this genus known from Morocco is raised to five. This makes Morocco the region in Africa with the highest diversity for Butheoloides species.
Contributions To Scorpion Systematics. Iv. Observations On The Hadrurus “Spadix” Subgroup With A Description Of A New Species (Scorpiones: Caraboctonidae), Michael E. Soleglad, Victor Fet, Graeme Lowe
Contributions To Scorpion Systematics. Iv. Observations On The Hadrurus “Spadix” Subgroup With A Description Of A New Species (Scorpiones: Caraboctonidae), Michael E. Soleglad, Victor Fet, Graeme Lowe
Euscorpius
In this study new data are presented on the “spadix” subgroup of genus Hadrurus, including the description of a new species, H. anzaborrego, sp. nov., found primarily in the Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (ABDSP) in southern California, USA. This species is distinguished by its internal trichobothrial pattern of the chela and its unique carapace pattern. The status of Hadrurus obscurus Williams, 1970 is discussed and new locality data for this species are provided. A phylogenetic key to the genera, species, and subspecies of subfamily Hadrurinae is provided.
Serradigitus Miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), A New Species From Southern Arizona, Richard F. Ayrey
Serradigitus Miscionei (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae), A New Species From Southern Arizona, Richard F. Ayrey
Euscorpius
A new scorpion species, Serradigitus miscionei, is described, placed in the genus Serradigitus Stahnke, 1974. These are small reddish-brown scorpions found on vertical surfaces, in the San Pedro River system and other river systems in southern, Arizona.
The Genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) In The Indian Ocean Islands And Description Of A New Species, Wilson R. Lourenço, Bernard Duhem, Elise-Anne Leguin
The Genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877 (Scorpiones, Chaerilidae) In The Indian Ocean Islands And Description Of A New Species, Wilson R. Lourenço, Bernard Duhem, Elise-Anne Leguin
Euscorpius
A new species is described belonging to the genus Chaerilus Simon, 1877. Chaerilus andamanensis sp. n. was discovered in the Island of Little Andaman in the Indian Ocean. The new species shows affinities with Chaerilus variegatus Simon, 1877 and Chaerilus borneensis Simon, 1880, respectively described from Java and Borneo. This s the first record of the genus Chaerilus in the Andaman Islands.
On Two Subspecies Of Mesobuthus Eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) In Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae), František Kovařík, Ersen Aydın Yağmur, Victor Fet, Shahrokh Navidpour
On Two Subspecies Of Mesobuthus Eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) In Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae), František Kovařík, Ersen Aydın Yağmur, Victor Fet, Shahrokh Navidpour
Euscorpius
Examination of 268 specimens of Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus (C. L. Koch, 1839) and 1765 specimens of M. eupeus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) from 163 localities, 92 of them in Turkey, has enabled us to establish distribution of the two subspecies and limits of their ranges in southeastern Turkey. A map of distribution of these subspecies in Turkey and a key to Turkish Mesobuthus species and subspecies are provided. Buthus eupeus philippovitschi Birula, 1905 is synonymized with Mesobuthus eupeus eupeus, and Buthus eupaeus mesopotamicus Penther, 1912 is synonymized with Mesobuthus eupeus phillipsii.
A New Species Of Orthochirus Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) From Maharashtra, India, Amod M. Zambre, Zeeshan A. Mirza, Rajesh V. Sanap, Raman Upadhye, S. M. Maqsood Javed
A New Species Of Orthochirus Karsch, 1892 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) From Maharashtra, India, Amod M. Zambre, Zeeshan A. Mirza, Rajesh V. Sanap, Raman Upadhye, S. M. Maqsood Javed
Euscorpius
A new species of scorpions of the genus Orthochirus (Buthidae) is described from Jalna, Maharashtra, India. A key to Indian scorpion of the genus Orthochirus is provided.
Compsobuthus Sindicus Sp. N. From Pakistan (Scorpiones: Buthidae), František Kovařík, Zubair Ahmed
Compsobuthus Sindicus Sp. N. From Pakistan (Scorpiones: Buthidae), František Kovařík, Zubair Ahmed
Euscorpius
Compsobuthus sindicus sp. n. of the werneri group is described from Pakistan, Sind Province, near the border with India. It is characterized chiefly by densely granulated carapace mesosoma, metasoma, telson, and femur and patella of pedipalps; the first to fourth metasomal segments bear 10 carinae. C. sindicus sp. n. is closest to C. rugosulus (Pocock, 1900) from India and Pakistan, from which it differs chiefly in having the first metasomal segment approximately as wide as long.
Influence Of Season And Sex On Terrapene C. Carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Movements: An Observation Of A Population In West Virginia, Nathalie Caroline Aall
Influence Of Season And Sex On Terrapene C. Carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) Movements: An Observation Of A Population In West Virginia, Nathalie Caroline Aall
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Environmental conditions influence box turtle movements on multiple temporal scales as they navigate their home ranges. This study focuses on the impacts of seasonal shift and sex on straight-line distances traveled, movements along elevations, and home range sizes in the Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene c. carolina. Radio telemetry was used to track nine T. c. carolina (5 males; 4 females) from May to October 2010 at Beech Fork State Park in Wayne County, West Virginia. Turtles were tracked once a day at two-day intervals. At each turtle location, microhabitat variables recorded were relative humidity, soil and ground surface temperature, canopy …
Rediscovering The Maryland Darter (Etheostoma Sellare), Tyler Russell Hern
Rediscovering The Maryland Darter (Etheostoma Sellare), Tyler Russell Hern
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
The Maryland darter has not been observed since 1988. Historic populations were located in Deer Creek, Swan Creek, and Gashey’s Run all of which occur in the lower Susquehanna drainage. At these locations, specimens were collected or observed at the lowest riffle of the stream. Some researchers suggest this may be a large river darter. The Conowingo Dam complicates surveying below the facility due to the rapid fluctuations in water levels caused by regulation for power production. Surveying efforts included trawling in the mainstem, and visual surveys in the mainstem, and searching/sampling all historically known locations of Etheostoma sellare. During …
Plesiosaur Body Shape And Its Impact On Hydrodynamic Properties, Courtney D. Richards
Plesiosaur Body Shape And Its Impact On Hydrodynamic Properties, Courtney D. Richards
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Despite the variability of cross-sectional body shape within Plesiosauria, its impact on plesiosaur buoyancy and stability has never been investigated. This study focused on Tatenectes, Cryptoclidus, and Muraenosaurus due to their variable body morphologies. Reconstructions were created based on measurements and photographs from fossil remains. The ability of computer models, based upon the reconstructions, to reach equilibrium after submersion, sink via lung deflation, and recover from a lateral roll was tested. For the computer models, Muraenosaurus was replaced with Thalassomedon, which had a similar morphology. Cryptoclidus and Thalassomedon recovered from submersion faster than Tatenectes. All models achieved negative buoyancy with …
The Little Coal River Improvement Project, West Virginia: An Initial Study Of Sediment, Bacteria And Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Emily Vargo
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
The Little Coal River, located in southern West Virginia, has undergone many changes over the last few years in an effort to reverse the negative effects of various point source and non-point source pollutions. Marshall University, in cooperation with the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, Army Corp of Engineers, and the Coal River Group, has designed and implemented a plan for rehabilitation known as the Little Coal Improvement Project. Several improvement structures were strategically installed within the Little Coal River during the summer of 2007. The functions of these structures include sediment flushing and overall habitat improvement. Monitoring these …
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys) In West Virginia Streams, Samantha Taylor
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Blacknose Dace (Rhinichthys) In West Virginia Streams, Samantha Taylor
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Blacknose dace (Rhinichthys) are one of the most common cyprinid fishes in eastern North America. They also have been a topic of debate for over 30 years because morphology-based systematics has failed to clearly define their taxa. Taxonomists classify the complex into two species and one subspecies: the eastern form, R. atratulus atratulus; and the western form R. obtusus obtusus, and southern form R. obtusus meleagris. This research uses the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and genomic RAG 2 gene in a phylogenetic analysis to help clarify species relations according to differences between each current species. Maps have been created to …
Plastron Reduction And Associated Myology In Turtles, And Its Implications For Functional Morphology And Natural History, He Zhu
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
This study seeks to understand the locomotor implications of plastron reduction in turtles through dissection, description and qualitative and quantitative analysis of muscle masses. A comparative study will be conducted between a turtle species with a reduced plastron (Chelydra serpentina) and a species with a full plastron (Trachemys scripta elegans) to gain a better understanding of how the reduced plastron in snapping turtles affects their myology and gait. Quantitative data on muscular mass and length will be obtained for statistical comparison between the two clades. Data collected will be used to make inferences on gait, stance and natural history.
A New Skeleton Of The Cryptoclidid Plesiosaur Tatenectes Laramiensis Reveals A Novel Body Shape Among Plesiosaurs, F. Robin O’Keefe, Hallie P. Street, Benjamin C. Wilhelm, Courtney D. Richards, Helen Zhu
A New Skeleton Of The Cryptoclidid Plesiosaur Tatenectes Laramiensis Reveals A Novel Body Shape Among Plesiosaurs, F. Robin O’Keefe, Hallie P. Street, Benjamin C. Wilhelm, Courtney D. Richards, Helen Zhu
Biological Sciences Faculty Research
Current knowledge of plesiosaurs of clade Cryptoclidia is constrained by a lack of fossils from outside the Oxford Clay deposits of England. Recent fieldwork in the Sundance Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, has resulted in the recovery of significant new fossils of cryptoclidid plesiosaurs, including the small-bodied form Tatenectes laramiensis. A new partial skeleton of this taxon is reported here; it is the most complete and best-preserved example of the taxon found to date, comprising a complete dorsal vertebral series, many ribs and gastralia, and a complete pelvic girdle. This skeleton illuminates several unique features of the taxon, …
A New Partial Skeleton Of A Cryptocleidoid Plesiosaur From The Upper Jurassic Sundance Formation Of Wyoming, Benjamin C. Wilhelm, F. Robin O’Keefe
A New Partial Skeleton Of A Cryptocleidoid Plesiosaur From The Upper Jurassic Sundance Formation Of Wyoming, Benjamin C. Wilhelm, F. Robin O’Keefe
Biological Sciences Faculty Research
Cryptocleidoid plesiosaurs from the Upper Jurassic are well known from the Oxford Clay (Callovian) of the United Kingdom. The plesiosaurs of the nearly coeval Sundance Formation (Oxfordian) of North America are poorly known, but are thought to include two cryptocleidoid taxa:Pantosaurus striatus and Tatenectes laramiensis. Here we present two specimens recently recovered from the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The first specimen comprises three articulated adult cervical vertebrae and fragments of a fourth. This specimen preserves a posteriorly directed cervical neural spine, a character diagnostic of Pantosaurus striatus. It also resembles Pantosaurus in the morphology of its cervical …
The Braincase Of Youngina Capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights From High-Resolution Ct Scanning Of The Holotype, Nicholas M. Gardner, Casey M. Holliday, F. Robin O’Keefe
The Braincase Of Youngina Capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights From High-Resolution Ct Scanning Of The Holotype, Nicholas M. Gardner, Casey M. Holliday, F. Robin O’Keefe
Biological Sciences Faculty Research
Detailed descriptions of braincase anatomy in early diapsid reptiles have been historically rare given the difficulty of accessing this deep portion of the skull, because of poor preservation of the fossils or the inability to remove the surrounding skull roof. Previous descriptions of the braincase of Youngina capensis, a derived stem-diapsid reptile from the Late Permian (250 MYA) of South Africa, have relied on only partially preserved fossils. High resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT) scanning, a new advance in biomedical sciences, has allowed us to examine the reasonably complete braincase of the holotype specimen of Youngina capensis for the …
Growth And Age At Reproductive Maturity Of The Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus M. Miliarius (Reptilia: Serpentes), Kevin Robert Messenger
Growth And Age At Reproductive Maturity Of The Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus M. Miliarius (Reptilia: Serpentes), Kevin Robert Messenger
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Growth and age at reproductive maturity are life history attributes that play an important role in the development of proper management strategies. The Carolina Pigmy Rattlesnake, Sistrurus m. miliarius, is one of two dwarf rattlesnake species. The subspecies ranges from eastern NC to nearly the southern tip of SC and into the northeastern portion of GA. In NC, where the species’ status is of Special Concern, fragmentation and land development have destroyed most of its historic range. Its small size also makes it highly susceptible to predation. In some parts of the range, commercial collection is another pressure the species …
Movement Patterns And Artificial Arboreal Cover Use Of Green Salamanders (Aneides Aeneus) In Kanawha County, West Virginia, Sarah Elizabeth Miloski
Movement Patterns And Artificial Arboreal Cover Use Of Green Salamanders (Aneides Aeneus) In Kanawha County, West Virginia, Sarah Elizabeth Miloski
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Global amphibian declines have spawned a need for amphibian monitoring studies using standardized sampling techniques for early detection of population declines. The Green Salamander (Aneides aeneus) is a declining plethodontid salamander (Family: Plethodontidae) associated with rock outcrops and arboreal habitat. The unique habitat requirements of this species make A. aeneus populations particularly susceptible to habitat perturbations. Although primarily associated with rock outcrops, A. aeneus morphology and ecology suggest that A. aeneus may be highly mobile. High mobility has important implications for habitat management, particularly pertaining to land surrounding rock outcrops. However, few studies have addressed plethodontid movement patterns, which are …
The Natural History & Distribution Of Riverine Turtles In West Virginia, Linh Diem Phu
The Natural History & Distribution Of Riverine Turtles In West Virginia, Linh Diem Phu
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Turtles are unique evolutionary marvels that evolved from amphibians and developed their protective shelled form more than 200 million years ago. In West Virginia, there are 10 native species of turtles, 9 of which are aquatic. Most of these aquatic turtles feed on carrion and dead plant matter, in the water and essentially "clean" our water systems. Turtles are long-lived animals with sensitive life stages that can serve as both long-term and short-term bioindicators of environmental health. With the increase in commercial trade, habitat fragmentation, degradation, destruction, there has been a marked decline in turtle species. The need for well …
Effect Of Snake Populations On Salamanders As A Result Of Forest Fragmentation, Casey Renee Bradshaw
Effect Of Snake Populations On Salamanders As A Result Of Forest Fragmentation, Casey Renee Bradshaw
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Forest fragmentation is one of the main causes for the loss of native biodiversity. One consequence is increased proportion of edge habitat that introduces new “edge” species, and makes habitat for interior forest-living species less-suitable. This study was conducted at three sites in Tucker County, West Virginia and included one downhill ski slope, one cross country ski slope, and one gravel road. The main objectives of this study were to determine relative abundance of snake communities, how far species move from edge habitat into the forest and to determine whether snakes are a predatory threat to salamanders, specifically the federally …
Testing The Behavioral Responses Of West Virginia Turtles To Roads And Vehicles, Aaron Clinton Gooley
Testing The Behavioral Responses Of West Virginia Turtles To Roads And Vehicles, Aaron Clinton Gooley
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Road mortality has been identified as a major threat to many turtle species; however, response to passing vehicles, crossing speed, and general behavior while crossing roads has never been investigated in turtles. To investigate these factors, Midland Painted Turtles (Chrysemys picta marginata), Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene c. carolina), and Stinkpots (Sternotherus odoratus) were collected and placed in a release box on the side of a closed road with an active road running parallel to it 26 m away. Turtles were released via a pulley-operated door facing the road, and their actions videotaped by an …
Long-Term Growth And Monitoring Of The Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus A. Alleganiensis) In Eastern West Virginia, Douglas Charles Horchler
Long-Term Growth And Monitoring Of The Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus A. Alleganiensis) In Eastern West Virginia, Douglas Charles Horchler
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Amphibian declines have been well documented, specifically in the last few decades. The Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, one of North America’s largest salamander species, has suffered dramatic declines throughout much of its range, with estimated declines of up to 77 percent recently documented in some populations. With diurnal and nocturnal searches and mark-recapture techniques, I collected data on the status of Eastern Hellbender populations in Eastern West Virginia. We re-sampled a study site on the West Fork of the Greenbrier River that was first examined in 1998 by Jeff Humphries. Long-term growth and survivorship data were collected and compared to 1998 …
Potential Of Urban Habitats As Reptile And Amphibian Refuges In West Virginia, Scott Jones
Potential Of Urban Habitats As Reptile And Amphibian Refuges In West Virginia, Scott Jones
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Urban herpetology is a relatively new field, examining how reptiles and amphibians survive in areas that have been altered by humans. This study sought to add data on urban habitats to the knowledge within West Virginia. I studied six sites: two urban parks (Ritter Park and Barboursville Park), a nature area near an art museum (Huntington Museum of Art), two wildlife management areas (Green Bottom WMA and Chief Cornstalk WMA), and a state park (Beech Fork State Park). The state park and two wildlife management areas were considered non-urban habitats because they are more removed from developed areas than the …
A Natural History Study Of Bufo A. Americanus, The Eastern American Toad, And The Phenology Of Spring Breeders In Southwest West Virginia, Tomi Maria Bergstrom
A Natural History Study Of Bufo A. Americanus, The Eastern American Toad, And The Phenology Of Spring Breeders In Southwest West Virginia, Tomi Maria Bergstrom
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
Natural history traits have not been thoroughly collected and analyzed on the "common hoptoad," Bufo a. americanus (eastern American toad) in West Virginia. Updating natural history information is important to understand the present population status (Jackson, 2001). I chose to have two study sites at opposing physiographic regions to constitute a better understanding of B. a. americanus natural history in WV. The study was initiated in spring 2008 at Beech Fork State Park and Green Bottom Swamp Wildlife Refuge (in Mason and Cabell counties) and in 2009 incorporated Canaan Valley of Tucker County. Ten natural history morphometrics and characters were …
Evidence Of Pachyostosis In The Cryptocleidoid Plesiosaur Tatenectes Laramiensis From The Sundance Formation Of Wyoming, Hallie P. Street, F. Robin O’Keefe
Evidence Of Pachyostosis In The Cryptocleidoid Plesiosaur Tatenectes Laramiensis From The Sundance Formation Of Wyoming, Hallie P. Street, F. Robin O’Keefe
Biological Sciences Faculty Research
In this paper we present evidence for pachyostosis in the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis Knight, 1900 (O'Keefe and Wahl, 2003a). Pachyostosis is not common in plesiosaurs and is particularly rare in non-pliosaurian plesiosaurs, although enlarged gastralia were first recognized in Tatenectes by Wahl (1999). This study aims to investigate the nature of the disproportionately large gastralia of Tatenectes m greater depth, based on new material. A recently discovered partial skeleton consisting of a dorsal vertebral series, ribs, gastralia, and a complete pelvic girdle was collected from the Jurassic-aged Sundance Formation of the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming during the summer of …
Dopamine Modulates The Lateral Giant Neuron And Serotonergic Facilitation In Crayfish, Joshua Scott Titlow
Dopamine Modulates The Lateral Giant Neuron And Serotonergic Facilitation In Crayfish, Joshua Scott Titlow
Theses, Dissertations and Capstones
The lateral giant (LG) neural circuit is a model system used to study the function of individual neurons. The LG circuit is part of a tail flip escape reflex that is a defensive behavior for crayfish. This thesis begins by addressing the effects of dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter involved in normal and abnormal behaviors of most animals. Here it is shown that dopamine decreases the excitability of the LG neuron, a trigger for the escape reflex. An electrophysiology protocol was used to mimic sensory input to the LG neuron. Stimulating a sensory nerve in the last ganglion with an electrode …