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Articles 10711 - 10740 of 10915
Full-Text Articles in Life Sciences
Some Observations On Gastric Emptying In The Black Sea Whiting,Merlangius Merlangus Euxinus, (N. 1840) Fed On Natural Prey, Kadir Seyhan, N. Selda Başçinar, Ertug Düzgüneş
Some Observations On Gastric Emptying In The Black Sea Whiting,Merlangius Merlangus Euxinus, (N. 1840) Fed On Natural Prey, Kadir Seyhan, N. Selda Başçinar, Ertug Düzgüneş
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study a new perspective on the feeding physiology of whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus, N. 1840 was investigated. The effects of the skin of the prey, double feeding and prey type on the gastric emptying rate (GER) of whiting fed on natural prey, namely anchovy ( Engraulis encrasicholus) and mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis), were investigated. Return of appetite was also studied. It was found that in laboratory conditions, whiting (48.0±8.30 g, n=12) had consumed about 10.2% of its body weight in mussels and return of appetite was found to be approximately 30 h. The effect of the skin of …
The Short-Term Toxicity Of Two Toxicants To Artemia Nauplii, Melahat Toğulga
The Short-Term Toxicity Of Two Toxicants To Artemia Nauplii, Melahat Toğulga
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, the short-term toxicities of sodium lauryl sulphate (an anionic detergent) and potassium dichromate on instar I and mixed instar II-III nauplii populations of Artemia were investigated. The comparisons between our results and the ARC-test (Artemia Reference Center) protocol show our experiments to be acceptable for acute toxicity standardization.
Detection Of Crown Gal Agent ( Agrobacterium Tumefaciens) Ingrapevine Propagating Material, Kemal Benli̇oğlu, Meriç Özakman
Detection Of Crown Gal Agent ( Agrobacterium Tumefaciens) Ingrapevine Propagating Material, Kemal Benli̇oğlu, Meriç Özakman
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Polyclonal antiserum produced against Agrobacterium tumefaciens (biovar 3) reacted in immunofluorescent test with biovar 3 strains of A.tumefaciens,causal agent of crown gal, from Central Anatolia. The antiserum did not react with A.tumefaciens biovar 1 (except for 1/200 dilution), biovar 2, other plant pathogens and symbionts. Vacuum extraction procedure were applied to recover A.tumefaciens from xylem vessels of one year old dormant grape cuttings. IFAS and selective media were used to detect bacteria. A.tumefaciens (biovar 3) was recovered from six cuttings of 8 infected vines and seven of 150 apparently healthy vines in Central Anatolia. The sensitivity thershold of the vacuum …
Operation Research Methods In The Forest Management Planning, Altay Uğur Gül
Operation Research Methods In The Forest Management Planning, Altay Uğur Gül
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The purpose of this study is to approximate the actual forest state to an aptimal forest state within different conversion period lenghts, to ensure the sustainability of allowable cut over planning horizon, to maximize the total present net value calculated with financial analysis. A linear programming model was developed and used to test 436 different strategies for planning of Gazipasa Forest Management Unit. The value of the objective function of the solution that maximized the total present net value is 63352171000 TL and the amount of the total volume is 9054041 m3. For the first plan period, when the objective …
An Investigation On The Transportation By Trucks At Mountainously Regions, H. Hulusi Acar
An Investigation On The Transportation By Trucks At Mountainously Regions, H. Hulusi Acar
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Artvin Forest District, which is the best example for mountainous forest areas in Turkey, was selected a suitable study area for this investigation. Data which were collected by using the repetition time technique were analyzed. Sixty six percent of the planned forest road network in Artvin Forest District has been completed. Now, the average forest road density in the district is 10.5 m/ha. The number of forest trucks in the region is enough. Trucks are 20 years old on average. These trucks are generally 3 axed and AS 600 Dodge type. In the region, transportation by trucks takes place between …
The Influence Of Biology Education On Attitudes To Humanity And Worldpeace, Yalçın Yetki̇n
The Influence Of Biology Education On Attitudes To Humanity And Worldpeace, Yalçın Yetki̇n
Turkish Journal of Biology
The purpose of this study was to determine whether biology education has any effect on behaviour and opinions with regard to humanity and world peace. The subjects were 37 student volunteers, 19 male and 18 female, from the Biology Department of Atatürk University. They were asked what influence biology education has on individual peace of mind and attitudes to world peace. The students responses indicated that, owing to their biology education, they have greater self-awareness (46.9%), are better able to think in a balanced way and to find their place in society. They also reported a greater capacity to love …
The Clinical-Chemical Parameters, Serum Lipoproteins And Fatty Infiltration Of The Liver In Ketotic Cows, Mutlu Sevi̇nç, Abdullah Başoğlu, İsmail Öztok, Mustafa Sandikçi, Fatih Bi̇rdane
The Clinical-Chemical Parameters, Serum Lipoproteins And Fatty Infiltration Of The Liver In Ketotic Cows, Mutlu Sevi̇nç, Abdullah Başoğlu, İsmail Öztok, Mustafa Sandikçi, Fatih Bi̇rdane
Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences
The objective of this study was to provide a unique insight into the relationship between ketosis and fat cow syndrome using clinical-chemical parameters, serum lipoproteins and histopathological changes of the liver. The cholesterol and protein concentrations were significantly lower in the ketotic cows (p
Investigation Of Mold Flora In Moldy Cheeses Of Konya And Itsvicinity, Birol Özkalp, Yusuf Durak
Investigation Of Mold Flora In Moldy Cheeses Of Konya And Itsvicinity, Birol Özkalp, Yusuf Durak
Turkish Journal of Biology
In this study, 140 moldy cheese samples were investigated in view of mold flora. 9 microfungi species which belong to Penicillium and Aspergillus genera were isolated from moldy cheese samples. 87.16% of isolates were Penicillium and 12.84% were Aspergillus species. P. ro-queforti were determined as dominant species in all samples.
A New Subspecies Of Meriones Tristrami Thomas, 1892 (Rodentia:Gerbillinae) From Kilis (Southeastern Turkey):Meriones Tristrami Kilisensis Subsp. N., Nuri Yi̇ği̇t, Ercüment Çolak
A New Subspecies Of Meriones Tristrami Thomas, 1892 (Rodentia:Gerbillinae) From Kilis (Southeastern Turkey):Meriones Tristrami Kilisensis Subsp. N., Nuri Yi̇ği̇t, Ercüment Çolak
Turkish Journal of Zoology
In this study, seventeen specimens of Meriones tristrami from Kilis were compared with the specimens of Meriones tristrami bodenheimeri along with topotypes of Meriones tristrami lycaon close to those from Kilis. It was determined that the specimens from Kilis were distinguishable from M.t. lycaon by characters such as dorsal coloration, Tx100 / HB (ratio of tail length to head and body), zygomatic breadth, occipitonasal length, basal length, diastema length, occipital width, weight, baculum shape and fundamental number of chromosomes. Thus, the specimens of M. tristrami from Kilis were determined to be a new subspecies, Meriones tristrami kilisensis subps. n.
Selection Of Table Cornelian Cherry ( Cornus Mas L.) Types In Çoruh Valley, Muharrem Güleryüz, İbrahim Bolat, Lütfi Pirlak
Selection Of Table Cornelian Cherry ( Cornus Mas L.) Types In Çoruh Valley, Muharrem Güleryüz, İbrahim Bolat, Lütfi Pirlak
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The aim of this selection research was to determine the having large fruits and high yielded of cornelian cherries ( Cornus mas L.) grown in Çoruh valley during 1994-1995. Forty types were choosen in terms of fruit size and productivity in the first year. Fifteen of these types which were found to be superior for consumption were selected using weighted rankit method in the first year, and the second year, the fruit characteristic of those types were evaluated. The fruit characteristics for the selected types were ranged 2.907-3.906 g for fruit weights, 5.950-10.707 for flesh/stone ratio, 11.5-16.8% for TSS, 43.78-76.75 …
Effects Of Short Trem High Carbon Dioxide Treatment On Tomato Ripening, Ali Batu, A. K. Thompson
Effects Of Short Trem High Carbon Dioxide Treatment On Tomato Ripening, Ali Batu, A. K. Thompson
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits (Cv Criterium) were harvested at the mature green stage and stored at 13°C in controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions for 1, 3 and 5 days. The CA conditions were 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% CO 2 all with 5.5%O 2 plus air as control. The tomatoes were then stored at 20°C in air until they were fully ripe. At that time colour, firmness, titratable acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and days to ripening were measured. Fruit exposed to CO 2 for 5 days subsequently ripened more slowly than those exposed only one day. The …
Use Of Baculovirus As Expression Vector In Biotechnology, Zihni Demi̇rbağ, A. Osman Beldüz, İsmail Demi̇r
Use Of Baculovirus As Expression Vector In Biotechnology, Zihni Demi̇rbağ, A. Osman Beldüz, İsmail Demi̇r
Turkish Journal of Biology
Variuos viral, bacterial, plant and animal proteins which are important for medicinal, industrial and agricultural aspects, have been synhesized via expression vector systems have great importance in biotechnology. Baculoviruses, used as a good model system in molecular biology studies, a biological control agent in agriculture and an expression vector for synthesis of important proteins, opened up a significant period for recombinant DNA technology and protein production. Desired foreign genes, code for various products such as drug, toxin and nutrient substances, can be replaced with viral genes which are not essasial for replication of baculovirus in cell culture. Priority and advantages …
Recent Developments In Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Mahmut Tör
Recent Developments In Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Mahmut Tör
Turkish Journal of Biology
Generally, plants are affected by biotic and abiotic elicitors in nature. These elicitors are recognized by receptors on the plasma membrane and the information is passed to the responsible part of the cell via a signal transduction pathway. In terms of plant-pathogen interaction, the products of avr genes of the pathogens are recognized by the products of R genes of the host plant. Following recognition, the other genes, including kinases, in the cascade are phosphorylated and the defence mechanisms of the plant are activated. As a result, the plant cell commits suicide and the growth of the pathogen is restricted. …
A Comparision Of The Right And Left Hippocampus In Therabbit Brain In Terms Of Cell Density, Hayri Genç
A Comparision Of The Right And Left Hippocampus In Therabbit Brain In Terms Of Cell Density, Hayri Genç
Turkish Journal of Biology
The aim of this study was to investigate the structural asymmetry between the hemispheres by comparing the number of pyramidal cells in the right dorsal hippocampus with left dorsal hippocampus in the rabbit brain. Six adult domestic New Zeland rabbits were used in experiments. All animals were perfused intracardially with neutral formaline (10 %) under deep aneasthesia. The serial frontal sections were stained with thionin. The rostro-caudal level of these sections were determined by using a stereotaxic atlas of the rabbit brain. The number of pyramidal neurons was determined by counting identifiable neurons which had distict nucleus and nucleolus. The …
Nitrifying Bacterial Activity In South Eastern Black Sea(Coast Of Sürmene), Nüket Si̇vri̇, Hikmet Karaçam, Muzaffer Feyzi̇oğlu
Nitrifying Bacterial Activity In South Eastern Black Sea(Coast Of Sürmene), Nüket Si̇vri̇, Hikmet Karaçam, Muzaffer Feyzi̇oğlu
Turkish Journal of Biology
In this, some physico-chemical properties of seawater and their relationships with nitrification process were studied. Monthly water samples were taken at 9 stations (40^0 11' 19"-40^0 15' 47" E, 40^0 55' 26", 40^0 58' 00" N) along Sürmene coastline of South Eastern Black Sea during the period of December 1992 to August 1994. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, NO_3 - -N, NO_2 - -N and PO_4 -3 -P values were varied between 6.5-25.9^0C, 6.9-9.1 mg/l, 0.378-0.5 mg/l, 0.023-0.047 mg/l, 0.0055-0.0455 mg/l respectively. Most probable number of Nitrosococcus and Nitrobacter were 12-32 cell/100 ml and 12-29 cell/100 ml. There were significant relationships between …
Fine Structure Of A-Type Neurosecretory Cells In Abscisic Acid Treatedlocusta Migratorial. (Orthoptera), Önder Deveci̇
Fine Structure Of A-Type Neurosecretory Cells In Abscisic Acid Treatedlocusta Migratorial. (Orthoptera), Önder Deveci̇
Turkish Journal of Biology
Fine structure of A-type neurosecretory cells was investigated in the adult males of Locusta migratoria in solitary phase. The cells were surrounded by glial cell processes and contained electron dense granules of 257 nm in an average diameter. Most of the granules were alongated but some were spherical. In control group insects, regular narrow channels of rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were evident in the peripheral parts of the cells. Golgi complexes were observed with electron dense material within its vacuoles and vesicles. The number of stored granules were not abundant and large empty areas were observed in the cells. In …
Effects Of Salt And Exogenous Putrescine On Seed Germination And Earlyseedling Growth Of Helianthus Annuusl. Var. Santafe, Fatma Teki̇n, Suna Bozcuk
Effects Of Salt And Exogenous Putrescine On Seed Germination And Earlyseedling Growth Of Helianthus Annuusl. Var. Santafe, Fatma Teki̇n, Suna Bozcuk
Turkish Journal of Biology
Effects of salt (NaCl) and putrescine (Put.) and various combinations of these (salt+Put.) on germination and some early growth parameters of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. var. Santafe) plants, grown under the controlled conditions, were investigated. Salt was used in 3 different con-centrations (50, 100, 200mM) and also, Put. was applied in 3 levels (0.01, 1, 2 mM). The salt treat-ment alone inhibited or delayed the seed germination, depending on concentration. Furthermore, some growth parameters (length of radicle, fresh and dry weights) studied in germination period were adversely affected by salt. In the treatment alone of Put., regardless of the …
Investigations On The Fertilization Biology Of Some Summer Apple Varieties, Sinan Eti̇, Nurettin Kaşka, Ali Küden, Mürevvet Ilgin
Investigations On The Fertilization Biology Of Some Summer Apple Varieties, Sinan Eti̇, Nurettin Kaşka, Ali Küden, Mürevvet Ilgin
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this study, fertilization biology of 3 summer apple varieties, namely "Summerred", "Jerseymac" and "Raritan", grown in Pozanti ecological conditions, was investigated. For this purpose, the pollen viability, germination capacity and production level of these 3 apple varieties were tested in vitro. The percentage of fruit-set obtained from free, self and cross-pollination experiments performed in vivo. In order to determine the parthenocarpic fruit setting ability, the flowers were emasculated and isolated. Additionally, the fruit-sizes were determined and the number of seeds per fruit were counted in all experiments. As far as the pollen viability, production level and morphological homogenity of …
A Study On Determining Input And Cost In Tea Production In Shoreline Of Çayeli Town, Vedat Dağdemi̇r, İhsan Özçelebi̇
A Study On Determining Input And Cost In Tea Production In Shoreline Of Çayeli Town, Vedat Dağdemi̇r, İhsan Özçelebi̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study has been carried out in Rize-Çayeli production region with the purpose of determining the input and the cost in tea production. The data necessary for the study was obtained by means of the questionnaire applied in the compaines. Taking research area between December 20 th, 1992 and January 5 th, 1993. In the research area, the questionnaire out at 152 companies of which 112 were in the first group (
Forecasting Of The Long-Term Allowable Cut For The Akçasu Forestry Enterprise, Altay Uğur Gül
Forecasting Of The Long-Term Allowable Cut For The Akçasu Forestry Enterprise, Altay Uğur Gül
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
The long-term allowable cut was ensured using data of Forest Menegement Plan of the Akçasu Forest enterprise. In addition, actuel forest state was approximated to an optimal forest state within different rotation age. Three forest management units were established. A linear programming model was developed on used to test three different strategies for the black pine and beech management unit and five different strategies for the oak management unit. For the first period, the regeneration, afforestation area, allowable cut and total cut was 210.0 and 341.0 hectar, 58546.0 m 3 and 1764516 m 3 , respectively.
Genetic Relationships Of Turkish Bread Wheat Cultivars, Nusret Zenci̇rci̇
Genetic Relationships Of Turkish Bread Wheat Cultivars, Nusret Zenci̇rci̇
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Forty-two bread wheat cultivars released up to 1990 in Turkey have been investigated in order to understand their genetic relationships. Correlation, regression and principal component analyses have been applied to cultivar-to-cultivar parentage coefficients and similarity indices based on pedigree data. Correlation and regression analyses between cultivar-to-cultivar parentage coefficients and similarity indices have shown higher relationships implying that both estimates could be used interchangeably to predict genetic relationships in cultivars. Principal component analyses failed to group cultivars clearly, but some subgrouping were obtained.
Effects Of Temperature And Time Of Harvest On The Growth Andyield Of Aubergine ( Solanum Melongena L.), Ahmet Kürklü
Effects Of Temperature And Time Of Harvest On The Growth Andyield Of Aubergine ( Solanum Melongena L.), Ahmet Kürklü
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
An experimental study was conducted to define the response of aubergine to different temperatures in controlled greenhouses. Set temperatures of the greenhouses were 14, 18, 22, 26 and 30°C. In terms of vegetative growth, the plant response was the highest to the highest temperature then gradually decreasing for the lower temperatures. This was in contrast with the fruit development since as the temperature decreased from 30°C, mean fruit weight and size increased, and the total fruit yield was highest in 22°C which indicated an optimum temperature. However, there was no optimum for vegetative growth. This was found, by using a …
Effects Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Post Harvest Qualities Of Pink Tomatoes, Ali Batu, A. Keith Thompson
Effects Of Modified Atmosphere Packaging On Post Harvest Qualities Of Pink Tomatoes, Ali Batu, A. Keith Thompson
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
An experiment retail plastic packaging system was used to compare the atmospheric composition within sealed packs containing tomato fruits. A range of plastic films with different permeability properties were tested to study the effects of these conditions on the changes in postharvest qualities of tomatoes harvested at the pink stage of maturity and stored at 13 o C for 60 days. The films used were 20 micron (PE20) and 50 micron (PE50) polyethylene, 10 micron polyvinylcholoride (PVC) or 25 micron polypropylene (PP) compared with unwrapped fruit as a control. Tomatoes were evaluated for changes in colour, firmness, weight, titratable acidity, …
The Influence Of Phosphate Treatment On Chromosome Segregations And Tetrad Regularity And Using Tetrads In Determination Of Regular Meiosis Diploid ..., Bilal Deni̇z, Ayten Tufan
The Influence Of Phosphate Treatment On Chromosome Segregations And Tetrad Regularity And Using Tetrads In Determination Of Regular Meiosis Diploid ..., Bilal Deni̇z, Ayten Tufan
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This study was carried out under greenhouse conditions in 1994-1995. The influence of phosphate treatments (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4g P 2 O 5 /pot) on chromosome segregaiton at the first anaphase (AI) and tetrad regularity in plants of diploid Senu variety of meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensisHuds.) and its artificial autotetraploid were studied. In addition, the relationship was determined between balanced AI segregations and regular tetrads with respect to regular meiosis. AI segregations were often balanced in eutetraploids but the frequency of balanced groups was found to be lower than that of the diploids. The difference between diploid …
Some Factors Affecting On Determination And Measurement Oftomato Firmness, Ali Batu
Some Factors Affecting On Determination And Measurement Oftomato Firmness, Ali Batu
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Firmness is one of the most important factor for determination of tomatoes quality. Distructive measurement of tomato firmness is one of the evaluation methods of fruit firmness. The Universal Instron is most common used machine for measurement of most adeqequate fruit firmness. During destructive measurement of firmness considedation of force or deformation values as a firmness of fruits could give incorrect result and taking epicarp strength over deformation values is more accurate to concern the firmness of tomato. Two of possible minimum firmness limits were suggested for tomato fruits at the point of retail marketing or using at home. All …
Sorption Of Aldicarb Sulfoxide By Samples Of Some Calcareous Soils From Turkey, Kemal Y. Gülüt, Mahmut Sayin
Sorption Of Aldicarb Sulfoxide By Samples Of Some Calcareous Soils From Turkey, Kemal Y. Gülüt, Mahmut Sayin
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
Sorption of aldicarb and aldicarb sulfoxide was investigated spectrophotometrically on 16 soil samples. Ten of them were from the Çukurova region. The results showed that organic matter is the single soil property to give correlation with sorption of aldicarb. Clay minerals are also important in sorption but their effect is masked by fine carbonates and organic matter. CaCO 3 sorbs aldicarb weakly. Aldicarb sulfoxide was also sorbed by soil constituents very weakly.
Effect Of Paclobutrazol On Vegetative Growth And Fruit Quality Of Some Peaches Grown Insamsun, Şükriye Kurnaz Bi̇lgener, Hüsnü Demi̇rsoy, Neriman Beyhan
Effect Of Paclobutrazol On Vegetative Growth And Fruit Quality Of Some Peaches Grown Insamsun, Şükriye Kurnaz Bi̇lgener, Hüsnü Demi̇rsoy, Neriman Beyhan
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
This research was carried out in Çarsamba, Samsun during 1991-1993 by using Paclobutrazol which is a growth reter-dant, three times in a year (Spring, Summer and Autumn) to Cardinal, Redhaven and Glohaven peach varieties. It was also applied from the soil in spring. It was found that the application of Paclobutrazol from the soil was more effective than the leaf application. It's application in fall did not affect the vegetatif development. The spring and summer applications of it showed similiar effects. Application Paclobutrazol at a concentration of 1000 ppm to leaves was effective on vegetative development. Application of paclobu-trazol to …
Physical Environment Factors That Influence Human Health In Forest Product Industry, Önder Barli
Physical Environment Factors That Influence Human Health In Forest Product Industry, Önder Barli
Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry
In this study, some informations connected with physical environmental factors are given in Blacksea Region in Turkey. In addition, the results of some data obtained from environmental factors are given in woodworking industry in Turkey and other countries. The common point of all them studies, primarily, are noise, atmosferic conditions of workplace, dust, gas, steam. However, there are different kinds of problems in woodworking indusry. It is reality, that there are also the same kind of problems in this subject in Turkey. This study contains some suggestions about the woodworking industry in Turkey.
Effects Of Cytozyme Crop Plus On Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill. Plant Yield, Meliha Gemi̇ci̇, Avni Güven, Pervin Katmer
Effects Of Cytozyme Crop Plus On Lycopersicum Esculentum Mill. Plant Yield, Meliha Gemi̇ci̇, Avni Güven, Pervin Katmer
Turkish Journal of Botany
The effects of various concentrations of Cytozyme Crop Plus (CCP) on Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. plant yield have been examined in this study. Single doses of 50 and 100 ml per decare of CCP were pulverized on seedlings of 15 cm height after second flowering, which have been given normal care. In addition, 50 ml per decare has been aplied twice in a separate parcel. The data obtained from the three replicates organized according to random blocks trial pattern have been compared with the control. In the trial parcel where daily irrigation and care procedures were carried out, specific yield values …
Spectrophotometric Determination Of Chlorophyll - A, B And Totalcarotenoid Contents Of Some Algae Species Using Different Solvents, Şükran Dere, Tohit Güneş, Rıdvan Sivaci
Spectrophotometric Determination Of Chlorophyll - A, B And Totalcarotenoid Contents Of Some Algae Species Using Different Solvents, Şükran Dere, Tohit Güneş, Rıdvan Sivaci
Turkish Journal of Botany
In our study, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the total amounts of carotenoids in Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kuetzing, Ulva rigita L., Codium tomentosum (Huds.) Stackh and Cladostephus verticillatus Ag. species were determined. Methanol, acetone and diethyl ether were used as solvents. The chlorophyll amount in Cladophora glomerata L. Kuetzing, species and carotenoids in Cladostephus verticillatus Ag. were found the highest. It was observed that sonication had no much contribution to the extraction.