Life Sciences Commons^™

Regulation Of Septum Formation By The Bud3–Rho4 Gtpase Module In Aspergillus Nidulans, Haoyu Si, Daniela Justa-Schuch, Stephan Seiler, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The ability of fungi to generate polarized cells with a variety of shapes likely reflects precise temporal and spatial control over the formation of polarity axes. The bud site selection system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents the best-understood example of such a morphogenetic regulatory system. However, the extent to which this system is conserved in the highly polarized filamentous fungi remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional characterization and localization of the Aspergillus nidulans homolog of the axial bud site marker Bud3. Our results show that AnBud3 is not required for polarized hyphal growth per se, but is involved in septum …

An In Vitro Method For The Analysis Of Infection-Related Morphogenesis In Fusarium Graminearum, William R. Rittenour, Steven D. Harris

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen of many cereal crops. With its genetic tractability, ease of culture, genome sequence availability and economic significance, F. graminearum has become the subject of intensive molecular research. Although molecular tools have been developed to enhance research into virulence determinants of F. graminearum, simple assays for infection-related development are lacking. As such, the objective of this study was to develop an in vitro protocol for the analysis of infection-related morphogenesis in F. graminearum. We demonstrate that two morphologically distinct hyphal structures are produced by F. graminearum during the invasion of detached wheat glumes: subcuticular hyphae …

Population- And Genome-Specific Patterns Of Linkage Disequilibrium And Snp Variation In Spring And Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.), Shiaoman Chao, Jorge Dubcovsky, Jan Dvorak, Ming-Cheng Luo, P. Stephen Baenziger, Rustam Matnyazov, Dale R. Clark, Luther E. Talbert, James A. Anderson, Susanne Dreisigacker, Karl Glover, Jianli Chen, Kim Campbell, Phil L. Bruckner, Jackie C. Rudd, Scott Haley, Brett F. Carver, Sid Perry, Mark E. Sorrells, Eduard D. Akhunov

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are ideally suited for the construction of high-resolution genetic maps, studying population evolutionary history and performing genome-wide association mapping experiments. Here, we used a genome-wide set of 1536 SNPs to study linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population structure in a panel of 478 spring and winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) from 17 populations across the United States and Mexico.

Results: Most of the wheat oligo pool assay (OPA) SNPs that were polymorphic within the complete set of 478 cultivars were also polymorphic in all subpopulations. Higher levels of genetic differentiation were observed among wheat …

Century-Old Mystery Of Puccinia Striiformis Life History Solved With The Identification Of Berberis As An Alternate Host, Yue Jin, Les J. Szabo, Martin Carson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The life history of Puccinia striiformis remains a mystery because the alternate host has never been identified. Inoculation of grasses using aeciospores from naturally infected Berberis chinensis and B. koreana resulted in infection on Poa pratensis, producing uredinia typical of stripe rust caused by P. striiformis. Analyses using real-time polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequence confirmed the rust fungus as P. striiformis. Pycnia and aecia were produced on B. chinensis, B. holstii, B. koreana, and B. vulgaris after inoculation using germinating telia of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. Wheat inoculated with aeciospores from B. chinensis resulted in …

Isolation Of The Phycodnavirus Pbcv-1 By Biological Laser Printing, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Peter K. Wu, James Gurnon, Justin C. Biffinger, Bradley R. Ringeisen, James L. Van Etten

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The Phycodnaviridae family of viruses is diverse genetically but similar morphologically. These viruses infect eukaryotic algal hosts from both fresh and marine waters, and are an important component of aqueous environments. They play important roles in the dynamics of algal blooms, nutrient cycling, algal community structure, and possibly gene transfer between organisms. As such, it is important to identify new viruses within the Phycodnaviridae family. Biological laser printing (BioLP) was used to isolate single virus particles from solution. BioLP prints droplets containing a single virus particle directly onto a host medium, thereby enabling viruses to be isolated from unmodified samples. …

Microarray Analysis Of Paramecium Bursaria Chlorella Virus 1 Transcription, Giane M. Yanai-Balser, Garry A. Duncan, James D. Eudy, Dong Wang, Xiao Li, Irina V. Agarkova, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1), a member of the family Phycodnaviridae, is a large double-stranded DNA, plaque-forming virus that infects the unicellular green alga Chlorella sp. strain NC64A. The 330-kb PBCV-1 genome is predicted to encode 365 proteins and 11 tRNAs. To monitor global transcription during PBCV-1 replication, a microarray containing 50-mer probes to the PBCV-1 365 protein-encoding genes (CDSs) was constructed. Competitive hybridization experiments were conducted by using cDNAs from poly(A)- containing RNAs obtained from cells at seven time points after virus infection. The results led to the following conclusions: (i) the PBCV-1 replication cycle is temporally …

Initial Events Associated With Virus Pbcv-1 Infection Of Chlorella Nc64a, Gerhard Thiel, Anna Moroni, David Dunigan, James L. Van Etten

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Chlorella viruses (or chloroviruses) are very large, plaque-forming viruses. The viruses are multilayered structures containing a large double-stranded DNA genome, a lipid bilayered membrane, and an outer icosahedral capsid shell. The viruses replicate in certain isolates of the coccal green alga, Chlorella. Sequence analysis of the 330-kbp genome of Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1), the prototype of the virus family Phycodnaviridae, reveals <365 protein-encoding genes and 11 tRNA genes. Products of about 40% of these genes resemble proteins of known function, including many that are unexpected for a virus. Among these is a virus-encoded protein, called Kcv, which forms a functional K+ channel. This chapter focuses on the initial steps in virus infection and provides a plausible role for the function of the viral K+ channel in lowering the turgor pressure of the host. This step appears to be a prerequisite for delivery of the viral genome into the host.

Isolation Of The Phycodnavirus Pbcv-1 By Biological Laser Printing, Lisa A. Fitzgerald, Peter K. Wu, James R. Gurnon, Justin C. Biffinger, Bradley R. Ringeisen, James L. Van Etten

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The Phycodnaviridae family of viruses is diverse genetically but similar morphologically. These viruses infect eukaryotic algal hosts from both fresh and marine waters, and are an important component of aqueous environments. They play important roles in the dynamics of algal blooms, nutrient cycling, algal community structure, and possibly gene transfer between organisms. As such, it is important to identify new viruses within the Phycodnaviridae family. Biological laser printing (BioLP) was used to isolate single virus particles from solution. BioLP prints droplets containing a single virus particle directly onto a host medium, thereby enabling viruses to be isolated from unmodified samples. …

Deep And Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Of Rice Plants Infested By The Beet Armyworm (Spodoptera Exigua) And Water Weevil (Lissorhoptrus Oryzophilus), R. C. Venu, M. Sheshu Madhav, M. V. Sreerekha, Kan Nobuta, Yuan Zhang, Peter Carswell, Michael J. Boehm, B. C. Meyers, Kenneth L. Korth, Guo-Liang Wang

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus) are two important insect pests in rice production. To identify insect-responsive genes in rice, we performed a deep transcriptome analysis of Nipponbare rice leaves infested with both beet armyworm and water weevil using massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS). Many antisense, alternative, and novel transcripts were commonly and specifically induced and suppressed in the infested tissue. Key genes involved in the defense metabolic pathways such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathways were up-regulated in the infested leaves. To validate theMPSS results, we analyzed …

Morphological And Molecular Characterization Of Discocriconemella Inarata, An Endemic Nematode From North American Native Tallgrass Prairies, Thomas O. Powers, Timothy Harris, Rebecca Higgins, Lisa Sutton, Kirsten S. Powers

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Discocriconemella inarata, a plant parasitic nematode species originally discovered in a virgin tallgrass prairie in northwest Iowa, was re-examined by molecular and morphological analyses of topotype material. This species has never been recorded in cultivated fields and could potentially serve as an indicator for high quality prairie habitats. DNA sequence from a conserved 3’ portion of the 18S ribosomal gene exhibited an identical match between D. inarata topotype specimens and topotype specimens of Mesocriconema xenoplax from Fresno, California. Higher resolution sequence analyses using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and a portion of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (cytb) …

A Unique Role For The Host Escrt Proteins In Replication Of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus, Daniel Barajas, Yi Jiang, Peter D. Nagy

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

Plus-stranded RNA viruses replicate in infected cells by assembling viral replicase complexes consisting of viral- and host-coded proteins. Previous genome-wide screens with Tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus (TBSV) in a yeast model host revealed the involvement of seven ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) proteins in viral replication. In this paper, we show that the expression of dominant negative Vps23p, Vps24p, Snf7p, and Vps4p ESCRT factors inhibited virus replication in the plant host, suggesting that tombusviruses co-opt selected ESCRT proteins for the assembly of the viral replicase complex. We also show that TBSV p33 replication protein interacts with Vps23p ESCRT-I …

Remote Sensing To Detect The Movement Of Wheat Curl Mites Through The Spatial Spread Of Virus Symptoms, And Identification Of Thrips As Predators Of Wheat Curl Mites, Abby R. Stilwell

Department of Entomology: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, transmits three viruses to winter wheat: wheat streak mosaic virus, High Plains virus, and Triticum mosaic virus. This virus complex causes yellowing of the foliage and stunting of plants. WCMs disperse by wind, and an increased understanding of mite movement and subsequent virus spread is necessary in determining the risk of serious virus infections in winter wheat. These risk parameters will help growers make better decisions regarding WCM management. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the capabilities of remote sensing to identify virus infected plants and to establish the potential …

Education In Plant Pathology Present Status And Future Challenges, James Macdonald, Caitilyn Allen, David Gadoury, William Jacobi, Segenet Kelemu, James Moyer, Tim Murray, Kevin Ong, Charles Pearson, John Sherwood, Ann Vidaver

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Plant pathology is largely a mission driven discipline that seeks to increase the fundamental understanding of host–pathogen interactions and the etiology of plant diseases for the purpose of preventing or mitigating crop loss. This is an important mission because all nations face serious challenges in their efforts to prevent disease on plants cultivated for food, fiber, ornamental use, timber, and fuel, as well as those growing in native ecosystems. In 1994, it was estimated that global losses due to plant diseases ranged from 9.7 to 14.2% of potential yield (12).

Viral Vectors Useful In Soybean And Methods Of Use, Said A. Ghabrial, Chunquan Zhang, Honcgang Gu

Plant Pathology Faculty Patents

The invention provides Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) vectors useful for expression of heterologous proteins in plants such as soybean. The BPMV vectors are also useful for virus-induced gene silencing. The invention also provides methods for expressing a heterologous polypeptide in a plant such as soybean. The invention additionally provides methods for virus-induced gene silencing, particularly in a soybean plant, which can be used to determine the function of a gene of interest.

Defective Interfering Rnas: Foes Of Viruses And Friends Of Virologists, Kunj Bihari Pathak, Peter D. Nagy

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

Defective interfering (DI) RNAs are subviral RNAs produced during multiplication of RNA viruses by the error-prone viral replicase. DI-RNAs are parasitic RNAs that are derived from and associated with the parent virus, taking advantage of viral-coded protein factors for their multiplication. Recent advances in the field of DI RNA biology has led to a greater understanding about generation and evolution of DI-RNAs as well as the mechanism of symptom attenuation. Moreover, DI-RNAs are versatile tools in the hands of virologists and are used as less complex surrogate templates to understand the biology of their helper viruses. The ease of their …

Inhibition Of Rna Recruitment And Replication Of An Rna Virus By Acridine Derivatives With Known Anti-Prion Activities, Zsuzsanna Sasvari, Stéphane Bach, Marc Blondel, Peter D. Nagy

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Small molecule inhibitors of RNA virus replication are potent antiviral drugs and useful to dissect selected steps in the replication process. To identify antiviral compounds against Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a model positive stranded RNA virus, we tested acridine derivatives, such as chlorpromazine (CPZ) and quinacrine (QC), which are active against prion-based diseases.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we report that CPZ and QC compounds inhibited TBSV RNA accumulation in plants and in protoplasts. In vitro assays revealed that the inhibitory effects of these compounds were manifested at different steps of TBSV replication. QC was shown to have an effect …

The Genome Of Nectria Haematococca: Contribution Of Supernumerary Chromosomes To Gene Expansion, Jeffrey J. Coleman, Steve D. Rounsley, Marianela Rodriguez-Carres, Alan Kuo, Catherine C. Wasmann, Jane Grimwood, Jeremy Schmutz, Masatoki Taga, Gerard J. White, Shiguo Zhou, David C. Schwartz, Michael Freitag, Li-Jun Ma, Etienne G. J. Danchin, Bernard Henrissat, Pedro M. Coutinho, David R. Nelson, Dave Straney, Carolyn A. Napoli, Bridget M. Barker, Michael Gribskov, Martijn Rep, Scott Kroken, István Molnár, Christopher Rensing, John C. Kennell, Jorge Zamora, Mark L. Farman, Eric U. Selker, Asaf Salamov, Harris Shapiro, Jasmyn Pangilinan, Erika Lindquist, Casey Lamers, Igor V. Grigoriev, David M. Geiser, Sarah F. Covert, Esteban Temporini, Hans D. Vanetten

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

The ascomycetous fungus Nectria haematococca, (asexual name Fusarium solani), is a member of a group of >50 species known as the "Fusarium solani species complex". Members of this complex have diverse biological properties including the ability to cause disease on >100 genera of plants and opportunistic infections in humans. The current research analyzed the most extensively studied member of this complex, N. haematococca mating population VI (MPVI). Several genes controlling the ability of individual isolates of this species to colonize specific habitats are located on supernumerary chromosomes. Optical mapping revealed that the sequenced isolate has 17 chromosomes ranging from 530 …

Triticum Mosaic Virus: A Distinct Member Of The Family Potyviridae With An Unusually Long Leader Sequence, Satyanarayana Tatineni, Amy D. Ziems, Stephen N. Wegulo, Roy French

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The complete genome sequence of Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a member in the family Potyviridae, has been determined to be 10,266 nucleotides (nt) excluding the 3′ polyadenylated tail. The genome encodes a large polyprotein of 3,112 amino acids with the “hall-mark proteins” of potyviruses, including a small overlapping gene, PIPO, in the P3 cistron. The genome of TriMV has an unusually long 5′ nontranslated region of 739 nt with 12 translation initiation codons and three small open reading frames, which resemble those of the internal ribosome entry site containing 5′ leader sequences of the members of Picornaviridae. Pairwise …

Diseases Of Floriculture Crops In South Carolina: Evaluation Of A Pre-Plant Sanitation Treatment And Identification Of Species Of Phytophthora, Ernesto Robayo Camacho

All Theses

This project was composed of two separate studies. In one study, the species of Phytophthora that have been found associated with diseased floriculture crops in South Carolina and four other states were characterized and identified using molecular (RFLP fingerprints and DNA sequences for ITS regions and cox I and II genes), morphological (sporangia, oogonia, antheridia, oospores, and chlamydospores), and physiological (mating behavior and cardinal temperatures) characters. In addition, sensitivity to the fungicide mefenoxam was determined. In all, 87 isolates from 63 host plants that were collected over a 13-year period (1996 through 2008) were examined. Host plants came from 46 …

Effect Of Growth Stage On The Relationship Between Tan Spot And Spot Blotch Severity And Yield In Winter Wheat, Stephen N. Wegulo, Julie A. Breathnach, P. Stephen Baenziger

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Foliar fungal diseases frequently cause significant economic losses in the hard red winter wheat production areas of the Great Plains of the United States. In 2007, field experiments were conducted in four environments in Nebraska, USA to determine the crop growth stage at which severity of tan spot and spot blotch was most strongly related to yield in winter wheat. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides in controlling tan spot and spot blotch and to determine the effect of fun¬gicide application timing on disease intensity and yield. Disease severity assessed at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 60 (flower¬ing) …

Evolution Of A Subtilisin-Like Protease Gene Family In The Grass Endophytic Fungus Epichloë Festucae, Michelle K. Bryant, Christopher L. Schardl, Uljana Hesse, Barry Scott

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Subtilisin-like proteases (SLPs) form a superfamily of enzymes that act to degrade protein substrates. In fungi, SLPs can play either a general nutritive role, or may play specific roles in cell metabolism, or as pathogenicity or virulence factors.

RESULTS: Fifteen different genes encoding SLPs were identified in the genome of the grass endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these SLPs belong to four different subtilisin families: proteinase K, kexin, pyrolysin and subtilisin. The pattern of intron loss and gain is consistent with this phylogeny. E. festucae is exceptional in that it contains two kexin-like genes. Phylogenetic analysis …

Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1 And Salicylic Acid Act Redundantly To Regulate Resistance Gene-Mediated Signaling, Srivathsa C. Venugopal, Rae-Dong Jeong, Mihir Kumar Mandal, Shifeng Zhu, A. C. Chandra-Shekara, Ye Xia, Matthew Hersh, Arnold J. Stromberg, Duroy Navarre, Aardra Kachroo, Pradeep Kachroo

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

Resistance (R) protein-associated pathways are well known to participate in defense against a variety of microbial pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) and its associated proteinaceous signaling components, including enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), non-race-specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1), phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), senescence associated gene 101 (SAG101), and EDS5, have been identified as components of resistance derived from many R proteins. Here, we show that EDS1 and SA fulfill redundant functions in defense signaling mediated by R proteins, which were thought to function independent of EDS1 and/or SA. Simultaneous mutations in EDS1 and the SA-synthesizing enzyme SID2 compromised hypersensitive response and/or …

An Icosahedral Algal Virus Has A Complex Unique Vertex Decorated By A Spike, Mickaël V. Cherrier, Victor A. Kostyuchenko, Chuan Xiao, Valorie D. Bowman, Anthony J. Battisti, Xiaodong Yan, Paul R. Chipman, Timothy S. Baker, James L. Van Etten, Michael G. Rossmann

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus-1 is an icosahedrally shaped, 1,900-Å-diameter virus that infects unicellular eukaryotic green algae. A 5-fold symmetric, 3D reconstruction using cryoelectron microscopy images has now shown that the quasiicosahedral virus has a unique vertex, with a pocket on the inside and a spike structure on the outside of the capsid. The pocket might contain enzymes for use in the initial stages of infection. The unique vertex consists of virally coded proteins, some of which have been identified. Comparison of shape, size, and location of the spike with similar features in bacteriophages T4 and P22 suggests that the spike …

Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Monophyletic Origin Of The Ergot Alkaloid Gene Dmaw In Fungi, Miao Liu, Daniel G. Panaccione, Christopher L. Schardl

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

Ergot alkaloids are indole-derived mycotoxins that are important in agriculture and medicine. Ergot alkaloids are produced by a few representatives of two distantly related fungal lineages, the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae. Comparison of the ergot alkaloid gene clusters from these two lineages revealed differences in the relative positions and orientations of several genes. The question arose: is ergot alkaloid biosynthetic capability from a common origin? We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to gain insights into the evolution of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. The 4-γ,γ-dimethylallyltryptophan synthase gene, dmaW, encodes the first step in the pathway. Amino acid sequences deduced …

A Nonsense Mutation In A Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene Is Responsible For The Sorghum Brown Midrib6 Phenotype1[W][Oa], Scott E. Sattler, Aaron J. Saathoff, Eric J. Haas, Nathan A. Palmer, Deanna L. Funnell-Harris, Gautam Sarath, Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

brown midrib6 (bmr6) affects phenylpropanoid metabolism, resulting in reduced lignin concentrations and altered lignin composition in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Recently, bmr6 plants were shown to have limited cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl aldehydes (monolignals) to monolignols. A candidate gene approach was taken to identify Bmr6. Two CAD genes (Sb02g024190 and Sb04g005950) were identified in the sorghum genome based on similarity to known CAD genes and through DNA sequencing a nonsense mutation was discovered in Sb04g005950 that results in a truncated protein lacking the NADPH-binding and C-terminal …

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Allow Reduced Application Rates Of Chemical Fertilizers, A. O. Adesemoye, H. A. Torbert, J. W. Kloepper

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The search for microorganisms that improve soil fertility and enhance plant nutrition has continued to attract attention due to the increasing cost of fertilizers and some of their negative environmental impacts. The objectives of this greenhouse study with tomato were to determine (1) if reduced rates of inorganic fertilizer coupled with microbial inoculants will produce plant growth, yield, and nutrient uptake levels equivalent to those with full rates of the fertilizer and (2) the minimum level to which fertilizer could be reduced when inoculants were used. The microbial inoculants used in the study were a mixture of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria …

Chlorella Viruses Prevent Multiple Infections By Depolarizing The Host Membrane, Timo Greiner, Florian Frohns, Ming Kang, James L. Van Etten, Anja Käsmann, Anna Moroni, Brigitte Hertel, Gerhard Thiel

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

Previous experiments established that when the unicellular green alga Chlorella NC64A is inoculated with two viruses, usually only one virus replicates in a single cell. That is, the viruses mutually exclude one another. In the current study, we explore the possibility that virus- induced host membrane depolarization, at least partially caused by a virus-encoded K+ channel (Kcv), is involved in this mutual exclusion. Two chlorella viruses, PBCV-1 and NY-2A, were chosen for the study because (i) they can be distinguished by real-time PCR and (ii) they exhibit differential sensitivity to Cs+, a well-known K+ channel blocker. PBCV-1-induced host membrane depolarization, …

Crop Updates - 2009 Katanning, Murray Scholz, Peter Newman, Glenn Adam, Trevor Bell, Michael Whitehead, W. K. Anderson, Chris Gazey, J. Andrew, R. Pearce, Bill Bowden, Wayne Pluske, Jeremy Lemon, D. C. Edmeades, J. J. Russell, Blakely H. Paynter, David Ferris, Abul Hashen, Catherine Borger, Stephen B. Powels, Qin Yu, Mechelle Owen, Roberto Busi, Sudheesh Manalil, Sally Peltzer, David Minkey, Raj Malik

Crop Updates

This session covers seventeen papers from different authors

1. GM canola – How will it affect the way I farm? Murray Scholz, 2008 Nuffield scholar, Southern NSW

2. Eight years of IWM smashes tyegrass seed banks by 98% over 31 focus paddocks, Peter Newman, Glenn Adam & Trevor Bell, Department of Agriculture and Food

3. The global economic climate and impacts on agriculture, profile on Michael Whitehead Rabobank New York

4. Lessons from five years of cropping systems research, W.K. Anderson, Department of Agriculture and Food

5. Case study of a 17year old agricultural lime trial, C. Gazey, Department of Agriculture …

   ---

   Go to article

A Discontinuous Rna Platform Mediates Rna Virus Replication: Building An Integrated Model For Rna-Based Regulation Of Viral Processes, Baodong Wu, Judit Pogany, Hong Na, Beth L. Nicholson, Peter D. Nagy, K. Andrew White

Plant Pathology Faculty Publications

Plus-strand RNA viruses contain RNA elements within their genomes that mediate a variety of fundamental viral processes. The traditional view of these elements is that of local RNA structures. This perspective, however, is changing due to increasing discoveries of functional viral RNA elements that are formed by long-range RNA-RNA interactions, often spanning thousands of nucleotides. The plus-strand RNA genomes of tombusviruses exemplify this concept by possessing different long-range RNA-RNA interactions that regulate both viral translation and transcription. Here we report that a third fundamental tombusvirus process, viral genome replication, requires a long-range RNA-based interaction spanning approximately 3000 nts. In vivo …

Proceedings Of The 36th Annual Meeting, Southern Soybean Disease Workers (March 11-12, 2009, Pensacola Beach, Florida), Clayton A. Hollier, Jason Bond, Stephen R. Koenning

Southern Soybean Disease Workers: Conference Proceedings

Contents

Contributed papers (Jason Bond, moderator)

Effects of Diseases on Soybean Yields in the United States, 1996 to 2006. Allen Wrather and Steve Koenning

Evaluation of Soybean Cultivars for Resistance to Soybean Phomopsis Seed Decay in the Mississippi Delta. Shuxian Li, Debbie Boykin, Gabriel Sciumbato, Allen Wrather, Grover Shannon, and David Sleper

The impact of timing and fungicides on soybean disease management. Boyd Padgett, Myra Purvis, Allen Hogan, and Clayton Hollier

Foliar Fungicide Impact on Frogeye Leaf Spot, Yield and Net Returns in Mississippi Soybeans. Tom Allen, Ben Spinks, Billy Moore, Alan Blaine, and Dan Poston

SCE 08: Standards for …