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Articles 301 - 330 of 385
Full-Text Articles in Intellectual Property Law
Do We Have Too Many Intellectual Property Rights?, Richard A. Posner
Do We Have Too Many Intellectual Property Rights?, Richard A. Posner
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
The Honorable Richard A. Posner discusses the dangers presented by the propertization of intellectual property rights, particularly in the areas of copyright and patent. Unlike physical property, intellectual property rights are limited by duration, scope, and allowance of faire use. These limitations underlie the existence of a rich public domain that encourages the most valuable uses of intellectual property by reducing transaction costs and encouraging the creation of additional creative works.
Divergent Evolution Of The Patent Power And The Copyright Power, Edward C. Walterscheid
Divergent Evolution Of The Patent Power And The Copyright Power, Edward C. Walterscheid
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Patent and copyright law in the United States derives from a constitutional grant of power to Congress, which drafted the Patent and Copyright Acts. The U.S. Supreme Court has addressed the meaning of various terms in the Patent and Copyright Clause, but only addressed the constitutionality of a copyright statute in 2003. The Court has never considered the constitutionality of a patent statute. The purpose of this article is to explore Congress' and the courts' diverging interpretations of the patent and copyright powers. It explores the reasons for this divergence, tracing the historic kinship between the two powers from the …
Semiotics Of The Scandalous And The Immoral And The Disparaging: Section 2(A) Trademark Law After Lawrence V. Texas, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons
Semiotics Of The Scandalous And The Immoral And The Disparaging: Section 2(A) Trademark Law After Lawrence V. Texas, Llewellyn Joseph Gibbons
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This article explores whether the holding in Lawrence v. Texas may be extended to trademark law. Under section 2(a), some symbols may not serve as trademarks because they may be scandalous, immoral, or disparaging, which is of particular interest to the Queer community. For some, arguably at least a substantial composite of the American people, the relevant test group for scandal or immorality, under section 2(a), the mere existence of queers constitute scandal and immorality and terms of pride and endearment with which they express their sexuality in concrete form are a further example of immorality. Under these circumstances, Lawrence …
A Technical Critique Of Fifty Software Patents, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Patrick Valduriez
A Technical Critique Of Fifty Software Patents, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Patrick Valduriez
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
There has been a great deal of discussion on the desirability of software patents in the legal, economic, and technical academic literature. Case law is the basis of most of the legal literature on the topic. Typically, the basis of the economic literature on patents is the statistical analysis of large numbers of patents. The technical literature frequently hostile to patents often is based on an examination of a small number of pathologically bad patents The authors seek to overcome the inherent limitations of each category of article. The approach taken was to conduct a detailed, technical examination of the …
The Naked Licensing Doctrine Exposed: How Courts Interpret The Lanham Act To Require Licensors To Police Their Licensees & Why This Requirement Conflicts With Modern Licensing Realities & The Goals Of Trademark Law , Rudolph J. Kuss
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This Comment discusses the naked licensing doctrine, under which trademark owners may lose their trademark protection through failing to exercise control over their licensees. Even though the Lanham Act holds that abandonment of trademark rights is only appropriate when a trademark has lost its significance, courts have held that a trademark owner may abandon its rights through naked licensing when it breaches its affirmative duty to police its licensees. In other words, these courts find abandonment even when there is no evidence that the quality of the goods and services sold under the trademark has declined. This Comment argues that …
The Inconsistency Between Section 301 And Trips: Counterproductive With Respect To The Future Of International Protection Of Intellectual Property Rights?, Lina M. Monten
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This comment examines the inconsistency between continued international efforts to ensure uniform protection of intellectual property rights, most recently via the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), on the one hand; and the use of unilateral measures by the United States, specifically Section 301 of the Trade Act, to ensure greater protection for United States' intellectual property rights, on the other. This comment first discusses the historical development of international protection of intellectual property rights, specifically focusing on the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property, …
U.S. V. Rxdepot: The Battle Between Canadian Store-Front Companies, The Fda And Brand-Name Companies, Michael Rosenquist
U.S. V. Rxdepot: The Battle Between Canadian Store-Front Companies, The Fda And Brand-Name Companies, Michael Rosenquist
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Prescription drugs are taken by millions of Americans each year for everything from seasonal allergies to beating cancer. However, millions of Americans each year are without health insurance of some form of prescription drug coverage. When the costs of prescriptions are beyond those Americans' reach, where should they turn to for help? RxDepot, Inc. was a company founded by an entrepreneur, Carl Moore, who believed he had the answer to the problem. In 2002, he began opening stores in the United States where customers could bring in the prescription, have it sent to a Canadian pharmacy, and receive their prescriptions …
Message In A Bottleneck: The Need For Fcc-Mandated Interoperability Among Instant Messaging Providers, Matthew A. Goldberg
Message In A Bottleneck: The Need For Fcc-Mandated Interoperability Among Instant Messaging Providers, Matthew A. Goldberg
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
In August 2003, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) reversed a ruling it had made in 2001 regarding regulation of America Online's (AOL) instant messaging program. Instant messaging (IM) is one of the Internet's most popular technologies, used recreationally and to facilitate business transactions. It is a major worldwide communications tool with the potential to serve as a catalyst for a new generation of Internet applications based on real-time computing. In contrast to Internet technologies like e-mail and access to the World Wide Web through browser programs like Microsoft Explorer or Mozilla's Firefox, the technical underpinnings of these IM systems are …
An Umbrella Or A Canopy?: Why The 17 U.S.C. Section 512(A) Safe Harbor Should Be Read Broadly, Sven Skillrud
An Umbrella Or A Canopy?: Why The 17 U.S.C. Section 512(A) Safe Harbor Should Be Read Broadly, Sven Skillrud
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
With technology constantly changing, the interaction between copyright law and technology is always at odds, especially since the evolution of the Internet. To keep up with the ever-changing Internet, Congress enacted the Digital Millennium Copyright Act; specifically, it created four safe harbors that are intended to protect entities from copyright infringement that qualify as online service providers. However, it seems that the courts have had trouble interpreting who is covered under these safe harbors, namely, as to what entities qualify under the first safe harbor "Transitory Digital Network Communications." There are only a few cases where entities have qualified under …
The Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act: Much Ado About Something?, Antoinette Vacca
The Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act: Much Ado About Something?, Antoinette Vacca
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
The AWCPA has been in effect for thirteen years, enough time for an evaluation of its effect on those who have been working within its framework. Has the Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act of 1990 (AWCPA) met the public's interests by encouraging original and innovative design? U.S. intellectual property laws are founded on balancing benefit to the public with reward and incentive to the author, while the standards of protection under the Berne Convention are grounded in the principle that copyright is a natural right of the author. The AWCPA of 1990 adopted the Berne Standard of according protection to …
The Spawn Of Learned Hand-A Reexamination Of Copyright Protection And Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must The Story Be Told?, Gregory S. Schienke
The Spawn Of Learned Hand-A Reexamination Of Copyright Protection And Fictional Characters: How Distinctly Delineated Must The Story Be Told?, Gregory S. Schienke
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Fictional characters are the backbone of the multi-billion dollar entertainment industry. Since the early twentieth century, the owners of fictional characters have recognized that there is money to be made in derivative products featuring those characters and move swiftly to stop infringing use of those characters. Learned Hand, in passing, allowed that fictional characters could be protected through copyright law if the characters were distinctly delineated. Since then, the courts have created a piecemeal protective-strategy involving trademark and copyright law to protect fictional characters. The Seventh Circuit in Gaiman v. McFarlane, continued using the traditional analysis, that copyrightability for a …
Towards A New Core International Copyright Norm: The Reverse Three-Step Test, Daniel J. Gervais
Towards A New Core International Copyright Norm: The Reverse Three-Step Test, Daniel J. Gervais
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This paper argues that it is time to replace the existing set of copyright rights by focusing on its true policy objectives. The paper identifies what is wrong with extant norms and spotlights the apparent chasm between the policy objectives and the norms. The paper proposes a new international copyright norm based on the Berne Convention's three-step test, in harmony with the U.S. fair use doctrine. The author suggests that fair use reflects an appropriate set of criteria to balance the rights of copyright holders and the needs and interests of users, which could serve as a basis to build …
Zippo Is Dying, Should It Be Dead?: The Exercise Of Personal Jurisdiction By U.S. Federal Courts Over Non-Domiciliary Defendants In Trademark Infringement Lawsuits Arising Out Of Cyberspace, Bunmi Awoyemi
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Personal jurisdiction and the Internet has troubled the courts from the first. The analysis the court offered in Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo DOT Com, Inc. on its face appeared helpful for dealing with personal jurisdictional issues by the use of a "sliding scale": "[T]he likelihood that personal jurisdiction can be constitutionally exercised is directly proportionate to the nature and quality of commercial activity that an entity conducts over the Internet." putting aside the failure of many courts to restrict Zippo to its facts, The author argues that the Zippo court's analysis of specific personal jurisdiction in the Internet or …
Scope Of Protection: Comparison Of German And English Courts' Case Law, Sasa Bavec
Scope Of Protection: Comparison Of German And English Courts' Case Law, Sasa Bavec
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This article examines the scope of patent protection granted in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK). The author aims to review the legal framework, practice, and case law on the issue of the interpretation of patent scope in Germany and the UK. The author also discusses the legal principles applied by courts in Germany and the UK in different patent cases and examines the differences in the application of patent application. The author concludes that the only significant difference between Germany and the UK that can be identified is the inability of German courts to decide on the validity of …
The Trademark Jurisprudence Of The Rehnquist Court, Graeme B. Dinwoodie
The Trademark Jurisprudence Of The Rehnquist Court, Graeme B. Dinwoodie
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Professor Dinwoodie discusses the Rehnquist Supreme Court and its current approach to addressing trademark jurisprudence. Professor Dinwoodie concludes that although the Court has not employed a consistent methodological approach to resolving trademark problems, the opinions do suggest that there are certain values that dictate the outcomes in trademark cases before the Rehnquist Court.
Trips, Patents, And Access To Life-Saving Drugs In The Developing World, Bryan C. Mercurio
Trips, Patents, And Access To Life-Saving Drugs In The Developing World, Bryan C. Mercurio
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This article critically analyzes the agreement implementing Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration. The author briefly details the trend of linking intellectual property rights to international trade before summarizing the pertinent provisions of the TRIPs Agreement. The author then introduces the controversy surrounding access to medicines by first detailing the global events that brought the issue to the fore and then by evaluating the accomplishments and unanswered questions of the Doha Declaration. The author also discusses the agreement implementing the Paragraph 6 Mandate, critically analyzes its provisions, and addresses several lingering questions and problems unaddressed by this agreement. The author …
What Are You Looking At? Eliminating Consideration Of The General Public And The Ultimate Question In A Trade Dress Initial Interest Confusion Analysis., Paul J. Krause
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This comment addresses the concept of initial interest confusion in trade dress law and examines several different courts' approaches to the doctrine. Through the discussion, it becomes evident that while being careful to avoid bypassing an analysis of the likelihood of confusion factors, courts should also use the doctrine to determine confusion of potential purchasers. Failing to account for certain factors, such as the sophistication of the relevant consumer group, may allow courts to skew the likelihood of confusion factors in an initial interest confusion analysis. In sum, the author argues that courts should conduct a thorough analysis of likelihood …
Peer-To-Peer File Sharing And Technological Sabotage Tactics: No Legislation Required, Hillary M. Kowalski
Peer-To-Peer File Sharing And Technological Sabotage Tactics: No Legislation Required, Hillary M. Kowalski
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This comment examines the current state of downloading of copyrighted material using peer-to-peer (P2P) technology. The author overviews the P2P technology and details tactics being used by copyright holders to protect their works on the P2P networks. The author next analyzes various legal issues surrounding the copyright-protection tactics. The author concludes by examining proposed legislation designed to benefit copyright holders and asserts that Congressional intervention enabling sabotage tactics will not solve the P2P problem because such retaliatory measures will only worsen the situation by aggravating music lovers.
What Does Pruneyard Have To Do With California Internet Trade Secret Law?, Adam J. Sheridan
What Does Pruneyard Have To Do With California Internet Trade Secret Law?, Adam J. Sheridan
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This comment discusses the facts of the Bunner case and the decisions of the Sixth District and the Supreme Court. The Bunner case involves Andrew Bunner and his act of putting a link on his Web page allowing visitors to access a Digitial Video Disc (DVD) descrambler program, which allowed a computer user to decrypt DVDs. The DVD Copy Control Association sought an injunction against Bunner under the California Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA). The author analyzes the historical protection given free speech and trade secrets under California law. Looking at the Bunner case in light of Pruneyard, the author …
Market Definition In Intellectual Property Law: Should Intellectual Property Courts Use An Antitrust Approach To Market Definition?, Anna F. Kingsbury
Market Definition In Intellectual Property Law: Should Intellectual Property Courts Use An Antitrust Approach To Market Definition?, Anna F. Kingsbury
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
In her Article, Ms. Kingsbury notes that American courts do not use antitrust law's market definition approach in intellectual property cases. She discusses five potential rationales for this dichotomy: (1) intellectual property cases involve new products without defined markets; (2) market definition limits judicial flexibility; (3) courts do not want to burden intellectual property litigants with the time and expense of economic evidence; (4) judges reason from precedent, and that precedent did not consider market definition; and (5) "market" conveys a different meaning in intellectual property law than it does in antitrust law. Kingsbury presents counterarguments to these rationales and …
Protection For Indigenous Peoples And Their Traditional Knowledge: Would A Registry System Reduce The Misappropriation Of Traditional Knowledge?, Thomas J, Krumenacher
Protection For Indigenous Peoples And Their Traditional Knowledge: Would A Registry System Reduce The Misappropriation Of Traditional Knowledge?, Thomas J, Krumenacher
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This Comment examines the controversy over whether a registry system is the best way to prevent Western inventors from obtaining intellectual property protection for traditional knowledge that has been misappropriated from underdeveloped parts of the world. This dilemma exists because traditional knowledge often constitutes patentable subject matter, most indigenous peoples do not subscribe to a Western "property rights" view of the world, and exploitation of traditional knowledge has become easier through improved communication capabilities. This Comment argues in favor of a registry system to catalog traditional knowledge; patent examiners would deny patent protection to any invention that replicates traditional knowledge. …
Patenting The Biological Bounty Of Nature: Re-Examining The Status Of Organic Inventions As Patentable Subject Matter, Burton T. Ong
Patenting The Biological Bounty Of Nature: Re-Examining The Status Of Organic Inventions As Patentable Subject Matter, Burton T. Ong
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Mr. Ong discusses the controversy regarding biotechnology patents. Opponents of biotechnology patents are concerned that these patents show disrespect for life and nature, expropriate the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities, and encourage practices that threaten the environment. Proponents of biotechnology patents argue that patents are, at worst, neutral on such issues because they only grant a right to exclude; moreover, such patents encourage innovation in the public interest. Ong focuses instead on whether an individual inventor deserves an intellectual property right based on his contributions to a modified living organism or an organic substance derived from a living organism. He …
Trade Dress: Should Only The Secondary Meaning Trade Dress Standard Apply To Product Packaging? Or Should Courts Continue To Use The Inherently Distinctive Standard?, Jennifer L. Barwinski
Trade Dress: Should Only The Secondary Meaning Trade Dress Standard Apply To Product Packaging? Or Should Courts Continue To Use The Inherently Distinctive Standard?, Jennifer L. Barwinski
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
This Comment discusses the controversy over whether secondary meaning should be a prerequisite for trademark protection of product packaging, in light of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Samara Bros. The United States Supreme Court held in Wal-Mart that secondary meaning is a prerequisite for trademark protection of product design, limiting its earlier decision in Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. In discussing Wal-Mart's application to trademark protection for product packaging, this Comment focuses on the difficulty of distinguishing between product packaging and product design. This Comment argues that secondary meaning should be a prerequisite for trademark protection of product packaging; …
Counting Down Another Music Marathon: Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels And The Case Of Internet Radio, Sara J. O'Connell
Counting Down Another Music Marathon: Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels And The Case Of Internet Radio, Sara J. O'Connell
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Ms. O'Connell won the Computer Law Association's 2003 Information Technology Law Writing Competition for this article discussing the controversy over Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels ("CARPs"). A CARP sets royalty rates for the performance of copyrighted works when the copyright owner and the broadcaster have not agreed on those rates. Congress created CARPs as a way to encourage the creation of creative works and to promote public access to these creative works. Recently, a CARP recommended royalty rates for webcasting; the broadcasting of copyrighted works over the Internet. The CARP's recommendation was rejected by the Librarian of Congress, criticized by both …
The Community Trademark System: A Brief Introduction And Overview, Vincent O'Reilly
The Community Trademark System: A Brief Introduction And Overview, Vincent O'Reilly
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Mr. O'Reilly discusses several different aspects of the trademark system in the European Community. The following subjects are included in his survey: (1) application; (2) opposition; (3) cancellation; (4) appeals; and (5) enforcement. Though formal and procedural requirements dominate this discussion, O'Reilly also discusses how these requirements have been applied and how traditional trademark issues have been resolved with regard to particular trademarks. He also discusses how the Community Trademark System interacts with the preexisting national trademark systems.
Whither European Trade Mark Law? Arsenal And Davidoff: The Creative Disorder Stage, S. M. Maniatis
Whither European Trade Mark Law? Arsenal And Davidoff: The Creative Disorder Stage, S. M. Maniatis
Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review
Professor Maniatis focuses on recent case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to illustrate the present disorderly state of European trade mark law. With the advent of the Community Trade Mark within the European Union, the ECJ is in the process of shaping a new body of trade mark precedent that will influence both national registration laws and future legislative developments in trade mark and unfair competition law. The author proposes that this new course should be guided by basic principles of trade mark law rather than by compromise between adverse historical and national systems. The Article gives …