Law Commons^™

Policy Issues In Primary Industries, Zuhayr Mikdashi

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Business and government have espoused a variety of policies to exploit market forces to their advantage. This article explores the policies involved with important issues affecting relationships among protagonists in primary industries and offers some suggestions. The first section deals with "freeing" the supply of key information not normally accessible to less developed countries(LDC's). Sections two and three relate to two aspects of international trade: easing hardships resulting from interruptions in re-source flows; and redistributing gain from resource industries among trading countries. The final two sections of the article deal with development financing, and with the accommodation of foreign investments …

Judicial Deference In The Submerged Lands Cases, Jonathan I. Charney

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

When the Constitution established three branches of government, it did not create three hermetically sealed areas of responsibility. The executive, legislative and judicial branches are required to govern through a certain degree of accommodation. One area in which the need for accommodation between the judicial branch and the other two branches was recognized at an early stage is cases containing questions bearing on foreign relations.' Under the Constitution it appears that the conduct of the foreign relations is vested in the Executive with a secondary role for the Congress, but that the courts have no role to play in this …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. ACT OF STATE ACT OF STATE

Doctrine precludes Payment of Insurance Policy's Cash Surrender Value in Contravention of the Law of the Nation Governing the Contract

2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Secretary of the Interior may suspend Gas and Oil Leases to Conserve Maritime Natural Resources

3. ADMIRALTY

Libel in Rem against Vessel demise Chartered to the United States is not within Court's Jurisdiction under Suits in Admiralty Act when Ship is Outside United States Territorial Waters

Status as Crew Member of and a Relatively Permanent Connection with a Floating Structure required for Recovery Under the Jones Act

Employer may not …

Book Reviews, Richard W. Edwards, Jr.

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Studies in International Law is a collection of articles written by Dr. Mann between 1942 and 1972. All have previously appeared except "About the Proper Law of Contracts between States," which discusses the effect of a clause in a loan agreement between Denmark and Malawi providing that the agreement "shall be governed by Danish law." The largest piece, 139 pages, in this thick volume is a reprint of Mann's edited lectures on "The Doctrine of Jurisdiction in International Law" delivered at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1964.

All the articles relate to points of contact between public international …

International Lending: The Case For Developing Nations, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

As is peculiarly appropriate for any conference dealing with a rapidly developing and constantly changing area of international economic activity, both the speakers and the participants at this meeting raised more questions than were answered. A principal theme, illustrated by the papers reproduced here, was the need for careful consideration of the problem--legal and commercial-- involved in international lending on the basis of specific information concerning its effect, its promise and the needs involved. Generalizations concerning activities in developing countries are increasingly ineffective as guides to government or business policy or academic inquiry. Recent events in the Middle East confirm …

The Protection Of Art In Transnational Law, Alan Marchisotto

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Over the years, governments have been faced with preservation problems posed by war, theft and uncontrolled access to cultural sites. In addition, they have become increasingly sensitive to the unrestricted exodus of culturally important works of art. Their attempts to deal with these problems have raised serious questions about the nature of state responsibility in this field, about the criteria employed to define a particular cultural heritage and to classify certain work as falling within it, and about the right of nations to claim exclusive control of designed works of art. The difficulty in answering these questions has been compounded …

Recent Treaties And Statutes, Charles H. Manning, Annette Adams, Alan D. Mazer

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Foreign Investment--The Canadian Foreign Investment Review Act--An Act to Screen Foreign Investment in Canada--Allowing those Investments of Significant Benefit to Canada

Charles H. Manning

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International Economics--Caribbean Common Market--Caribbean Countries Band together to Promote Regional Cooperation and Achieve Economic Integration

Annette Adams

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Panama Canal Treaty--Statement of Principles provides Guidelines for Negotiation of New Panama Canal Treaty in Complete Abrogation of 1903 Treaty as Amended--Joint Statement of the Honorable Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State of the United States of America, and His Excellency Juan Antonio Tack, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Panama, on February 7, 1974 …

Changes In The Investment Climate In Developing Nations, Jack Baranson

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The changes of the 1960's point to two important trends in the 1970's--the continuing erosion of the foreign investment base and an expanding drive toward technological self-reliance. These tendencies have important implications for future operational modes of multinational corporations and for further adjustments in the world economy. First, developing countries will continue their efforts to eliminate foreign ownership and control of their industries and their preference for licensing arrangements and management services will continue to erode the foreign investment base. Secondly, developing countries will not be satisfied with the transfer of manufacturing techniques and related management systems. They will want …

Multiple Jurisdiction--Will It Save Or Destroy The Oceans? Political Analysis Of A Legal Problem, Charles F. Doran

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The recent trend of claims to the ocean and its riches has led far beyond the liberal twelve nautical mile territorial sea limit that the United States is prepared to recognize. In particular, two documents, the Declaration of Santo Domingo, proposing a "patrimonial sea" of 200 miles, and the draft articles on an "exclusive economic zone" of 200 miles submitted by Kenya, are likely to find much favor at the substantive session of the Third Law of the Sea Conference to be held at Caracas in the summer of 1974. Emerging from conflicts of interest, which have gradually eroded the …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Case Digest

1. ACT OF STATE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE APPLIES TO INFORMAL ACTIONS OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS IF THE GOVERNMENTAL AGENT ACTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF HIS AUTHORITY

2. ADMIRALTY SIGNIFICANT--RELATIONSHIP-TO-MARITIME-ACTIVITY TEST USED TO DETERMINE ADMIRALTY TORT JURISDICTION

3. ALIEN'S RIGHTS REGULATIONS EXCLUDING RESIDENT ALIENS FROM EMPLOYMENT IN FEDERAL COMPETITIVE CIVIL SERVICE VIOLATE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE OF FIFTH AMENDMENT

4. AVIATION MENTAL DISTRESS ATTACHES TO AN AIR CARRIER'S STRICT LIABILITY FOR BODILY INJURY UNDER THE WARSAW CONVENTION

5. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION CONGRESS MAY GRANT CITIZENSHIP TO FOREIGN-BORN CHILDREN OF CITIZEN FATHERS, WHILE DENYING SAME TO OFFSPRING OF CITIZEN MOTHERS

6. …

Book Reviews, Edward H. Wall, Poeliu Dai

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

THE FUNCTION OF JUDICIAL DECISION IN EUROPEAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION By C.J. Mann The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1972.Pp. xiv, 567.

Edward H. Wall

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INTERNATIONAL PEACEKEEPING AT THE CROSSROADS: NATIONAL SuPPORT-EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS By David W. Wainhouse with the assistance of Frederick P. Bohannon, James E. Knott, Anne P. Simons. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.Pp. 634. $22.50.

Poeliu Dai

French Nuclear Testing And Article 41--Another Blow To The Authority Of The Court?, Jerome B. Elkind

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

On the 23rd of July 1973, at 9:00 a.m. New Zealand time, members of the crew of the New Zealand vessel, Otago, witnessed a nuclear explosion on one of the islands in the Mururoa atoll. The blast, a small one in the low kiloton range, marked the beginning of the eighth series of French atmospheric nuclear tests, which have been conducted in the Pacific since July 1966 when France moved its nuclear test site from the Reggane Firing Ground in the Sahara. Since that time the French nuclear tests have been a perennial sore spot in the diplomatic relations between …

Legal And Institutional Barriers To United States--Soviet Trade: Soviet Perspective, Christopher Osakwe

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Traditionally, law, economics, and politics have always been interrelated elements. Within this interaction economics and politics have often alternated as the leading determinant of future development, whereas law has acted as an appendage of both or, at least, as a catalyst for future political and economic changes in the given society. This analysis of the close interaction between law, economics, and politics applies not only domestically but also internationally. If foreign policy is nothing but a continuation of domestic policy by other means, it follows that the foreign policy of a particular nation is shaped by a variety of factors …

Stock Options And The Tax Reform Act Of 1969: The Question Of Continued Utility, John W. Bonds, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

This Note attempts its own exploration of the compensatory utility of stock options, beginning with brief sketches of the early tax law relating to options; the developing legislative, regulatory,and judicial refinements; and, the state of the law immediately prior to the Tax Reform Act. The basic operating provisions of the new Act and the proposed regulations are then examined as they relate to both statutory and nonstatutory stock options. After out-lining the goals that employers and employees seek by using stock options, the Note's conclusion attempts to analyze the degree to which those goals may still be attained in light …

A Primer Of Opinion Writing For Law-Clerks, George R. Smith

Vanderbilt Law Review

Not all appellate judges make the drafting of tentative opinions a part of their law clerks' duties. The practice, however, is increasing, perhaps as a result of the mounting case loads that now occupy the time of most appellate courts. Opinion writing by law clerks is certainly so widespread today that no symposium devoted to the duties of law clerks would be complete without some discussion of the subject. Except for the matter of final responsibility for the opinion, the problems that confront a law clerk in the preparation of an opinion include those that confront the judge himself in …

Recent Cases, Vanderbilt Law Review

Vanderbilt Law Review

Civil Rights--Private Education-Racially Discriminatory Admissions Policies Violate Right to Contract Provision of 42 U.S.C. § 1981

Plaintiffs, ' blacks who had been denied admission solely on the basis of their race to two all-white private schools that received no state aid,' sought damages and injunctive relief in federal district court contending that these rejections violated section 1981 of 42 U.S.C. by denying them the same right to contract as enjoyed by white citizens.

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Copyright--Telecommunications--CATV Importation of Distant Television Signals Constitutes Infringement Under Sections One (c) & (d) of the Copyright Act

Plaintiffs,' creators and producers of television programs,brought a …

Sample Instructions To Law Clerks, Frederick G. Hamley, Ruggero J. Aldisert

Vanderbilt Law Review

Sample Instructions to Law Clerks

Sample A -- Law Clerks for Judges of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals

Frederick G. Hamley

General Responsibilities

1. You should therefore adopt a professional attitude at the outset. 2. You will need to employ industrious work habits. 3. Cultivate efficient, time-saving ways of doing your work. 4. Make this a year of continuing legal education and an intensive training period. 5. You will come into possession of information concerning the processing of appeals which must remain secret until the opinions are filed. 6. Your prime loyalty is to your judge. 7. All of …

Prehearing Research And Screening In The Michigan Court Of Appeals: One Court's Method For Increasing Judicial Productivity, T. John Lesinski, N. O. Stockmeyer, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

An overview of the organization and duties of the Michigan Court of Appeals may aid in understanding the function and operation of its prehearing system. The Michigan Court of Appeals is an intermediate appellate court of statewide jurisdiction.' It hears appeals taken as a matter of right from both civil and criminal judgments of inferior courts,' and has original jurisdiction in specified habeas corpus, superintending control, apportionment, quo warranto, and mandamus proceedings. The court also hears appeals by leave, including applications for delayed appeal not timely filed as of right, appeals from state administrative agencies (principally workmen's compensation awards), and …

Choosing Law Clerks In Massachusetts, Robert Braucher

Vanderbilt Law Review

About the summer of 1875" Chief Justice Horace Gray of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts "began a practice, which he continued until the end of his judicial career, of employing a young graduate of the Harvard Law School as a secretary. At first he paid the expense of this from his own purse, but before he had been many years at Washington" as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States "the Government provided for the appointment of a clerk for each of the justices of the Supreme Court. His colleagues generally appointed as their clerks stenographers …

Observations Of An Appellate Judge:The Use Of Law Clerks, Eugene A. Wright

Vanderbilt Law Review

Time-judicial time-is our most valuable commodity. We must employ it effectively and efficiently if we are to keep abreast of new developments in the law, new areas of litigation, and modern procedural improvements and to dispose of increasing backlogs of appealed cases. Circuit judges, each authorized two law clerks, have become increasingly dependent upon the help of their staffs to meet the demands of their expanding workload. The role of the law clerk is to aid the experienced judge in his ultimate task, decision-making. An appellate judge will have a varied background of skills and experience. Often he brings to …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Criminal Law-Confessions-- Government Can Satisfy Its Burden of Proving Waiver of Miranda Rights By Showing Warnings Given, Signed Waiver, and Proof of Defendant's Capacity to Understand the Warnings

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Criminal Procedure--Grand Jury-Attorney Work Product Consisting of Written Summaries and Personal Recollections of Interviews Is Privileged Against Disclosure at Federal Grand Jury Investigations

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Public Employees --Freedom of Association-Discharge of Non-policy-making Public Employees on Ground of Political Affiliation Infringes Employees' Freedom of Association

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Torts--Wrongful Death-Common--Law Cause of Action for Wrongful Death Exists Under Massachusetts Law

A Comparative Description Of The New York And California Criminal Justice Systems: Arrest Through Arraignment, Floyd F. Feeney, James R. Woods

Vanderbilt Law Review

The purpose of this article is to outline by comparative description the arrest and related court processes for handling criminal defendants in New York City and Oakland, California. Hopefully the description will shed light on problem areas shared by both systems and will suggest ways of alleviating these problems. This article discusses the period from arrest through the first judicial appearance in each system. A later study, not yet completed, will detail the sequence between the first judicial appearance and the beginning of trial. For the purposes of convenience and because the term is widely used both in California and …

The Supreme Court's Jurisdiction--Reform Proposals, Discretionary Review, And Writ Dismissals, James F. Blumstein

Vanderbilt Law Review

With judicial reform a matter of intense public debate, it is essential that one understand the political consequences that may result from the adoption of various reform measures. Moreover, it is important to recognize that an evaluation of any proposed change must proceed from one's conception of the role of the Supreme Court in our society and one's perception of the foundations of its legitimacy. Similar considerations also must shape one's analysis of the rule of four and the Court's practice of dismissing certiorari as improvidently granted. While discretionary review increasingly has politicized a large portion of the Court's work, …

American Independence And The Law: A Study Of Post-Revolutionary South Carolina Legislation, James W. Ely, Jr.

Vanderbilt Law Review

Joseph Brevard, a South Carolina judge, observed in 1814 that "the laws of a country form the most instructive portion of its history." Certainly the successive printed collections of state statutes are among the most reliable and readily available sources for early American legal history. While statutes on their face do not reveal the extent to which they proved effective, the fact remains that to a unique degree statute law, as the product of the legislative process, mirrors the considered values and ideals of a society. Yet the legal history of South Carolina, and indeed that of most southern states, …

California V. Larue: The Twenty-First Amendment As A Preferred Power, Robert D. Kamenshine

Vanderbilt Law Review

While the twenty-first amendment rationale of LaRue appears to pose a threat to certain individual rights, that amendment has been recognized by at least one state supreme court as a legitimate vehicle for combating racial discrimination in private clubs'--an area of discrimination generally regarded as beyond the reach of government and probably involving fundamental rights of association and privacy. Because of the dual potential of the state power found in the twenty-first amendment and the questionable desirability of the use of that power, this article evaluates the LaRue decision, explores its unusual twenty-first amendment rationale, considers alternative approaches the Court …

Book Reviews, Arthur D. Austin, John N. Hazard

Vanderbilt Law Review

The Case Against Oligopoly: A New Perspective--

Campaigns of corporate aggrandizement have always attracted a wide assortment of camp followers, with politicians and academics among the most persistent. To the politician, corporate size is a convenient and headline-provoking punching bag (and, during election time, a plentiful source of funding), while many a professor has established a reputation--and made money--by criticizing, extolling, or analyzing its various components. In a series of public hearings, the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly, with Dr. John Blair as chief economist, produced a subdued blend of both callings. Drawing heavily but not exclusively from the …

Recent Development: Comment, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)' provides that certain classes of employees are excluded from the Act's coverage of bargaining unit formation and employee activity. The National Labor Relations Board has added to this unprotected category two classifications of employees--those who are engaged in management policy formulation or effectuation (managerial employees) and those who assist management in the formulation of labor relations policies (confidential employees)--because of their close affiliation with management. The concept of managerial employee, however, has not been defined precisely and thus has given rise to considerable confusion when applied in various factual settings. In two recent Board …

Labor Law--The National Labor Relations Board Redefines And Restricts The Scope Of Managerial Employee Classification, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA)' provides that certain classes of employees are excluded from the Act's coverage of bargaining unit formation and employee activity. The National Labor Relations Board has added to this unprotected category two classifications of employees--those who are engaged in management policy formulation or effectuation (managerial employees) and those who assist management in the formulation of labor relations policies (confidential employees)--because of their close affiliation with management. The concept of managerial employee, however, has not been defined precisely and thus has given rise to considerable confusion when applied in various factual settings. In two recent Board …

Recent Cases, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Remedies--Fair Labor Standards Act--Private Damage Suit Unavailable to Redress Violations of Child Labor Provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act

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Securities Regulation--Commercial Paper-Promissory Notes with Maturity Not Exceeding Nine Months but Offered to Public as Investment Are "Securities" Within Section 3(a)(10) of the 1934 Act

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Securities Regulation-Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5-- A Reorganization in the Form of a Tripartite Merger in Which There Is No Change in the Total Assets Represented by a Share of Stock Does Not Involve a"Purchase or Sale" Within the Meaning of Section 10(b)of The Securities Exchange …

Recent Developments, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Law Review

Preservation of internal union solidarity through the exercise of disciplinary power over members has been recognized as an essential prerequisite to maintenance of a strong bargaining position vis-a-vis management.' Therefore, courts have afforded unions relative freedom to discipline members who violate rules of internal union government. Somewhat different principles of union discipline, however, are applied to members who occupy supervisory positions with the employer.' The employee-member is loyal primarily to his union, but the loyalty of the supervisor-member ultimately is two-dimensional:' he is loyal to the union by virtue of his union membership and to the employer by virtue of …