Law Commons^™

Book Reviews, Richard A. Frank

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF POLLUTION

By James Barros and Douglas Johnston

New York: Free Press, 1974. Pp. xvii, 476. $12.95.

Richard A. Frank

The Trade Act Of 1974: Section 337 Of The Tariff Act And The Public Interest, John F. Mcdermid

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The Trade Act of 1974 amended section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, and thereby substantially modified the procedures for the conduct of United States International Trade Commission investigations concerning unfair practices in import trade. The Trade Act changed the role of the ITC from that of a relatively passive adviser on potential courses of action to the President to that of final judge, subject to Presidential override and judicial review, of whether a violation of the Act has occurred. Additionally, the Trade Act provides that in the event that the violation is found, the ITC may now issue …

Recent Treaties And Statutes, Donald C. Van Pelt, Jr., George H. Carnall Ii

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, constituted a major step toward international acceptance of responsibility for the control of licit and illicit drug traffic. The Single Convention achieved a unified codification4 of existing multilateral treaties in the field' and created the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), center of illicit traffic...In an effort to carry out the principle of limiting the use of narcotic drugs to medical and scientific purposes, the Narcotics Convention of 1931 required noncontracting parties as well as parties to the Convention to furnish annual advance estimates of narcotics needed for these purposes. These estimates were examined …

Securities Regulation In The United Kingdom: A Comparison With United States Practice, Robert L. Knauss

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The most important securities market outside the United States is that of the United Kingdom. In both countries, the securities markets play a similar role and provide a viable method for the formation of capital. There are, however, a number of fundamental as well as practical differences in the methods by which the two countries have chosen to regulate their securities markets. This article will examine the current method and extent of securities regulation in the United Kingdom. In order to highlight certain aspects of the regulatory pattern and to make the system more comprehensible to American attorneys, this inquiry …

The Bases And Range Of Federal Common Law In Private International Matters, Harold G. Maier

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

During the past decade, there has been increasing attention on the part of legal scholars to the need for a clear statement outlining the divisions of state and federal power in this difficult area. In two important cases, the Supreme Court indicated renewed judicial interest in the problem. To date, however, the federal courts have not succeeded in establishing a uniform and workable guide by which the validity of state action may be judged in the absence of definitive federal policy. This deficiency has posed difficulties for state legislatures in arriving at law-making decisions and for the courts in testing …

The Effect Of International Lending Programs In The Developing Nations

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

While the effect of international lending programs in the developing countries is of considerable interest to the international lender, it is obviously of vital interest to the people and the leaders of developing countries. The effect of an international loan on the development of his country is of primary importance to the national leader. Paying the interest and amortization of such loans entails an effort, and a clear cost, to every developing nation. Therefore, the benefits derived from an international loan must be worth this effort and cost to the borrower.

In most discussions among bankers of the effect of …

An Evaluation Of The Need For Further Statutory Controls On Foreign Direct Investment In The United States, Gregory E. Andrews

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Negative opinions about the expansion of direct foreign participation in the American economy have ranged from xenophobic fears of a foreign economic takeover of the United States to more responsible concerns for the possible need to inhibit foreign penetration of certain critical industries and raw material sectors. These fears and negative reactions have been exacerbated by a paucity of available information to verify or rebut them. A number of congressional committees, therefore, have responded by scheduling investigatory hearings on foreign direct investment, while several members of Congress recently have sponsored legislation in this area. Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii), has introduced …

The Development Of The Collyer Deferral Doctrine, Peter G. Nash, Roland P. Wilder, Jr., Alan Banov

Vanderbilt Law Review

Collyer Insulated Wire' has been one of the most significant decisions by the National Labor Relations Board (Board) in recent years..That case established the principle' that the policies of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA or Act) could best be effectuated if the Board deferred resolution of disputes based primarily on the meaning and application of a collective-bargaining agreement to the grievance--arbitration provisions of the parties' agreement. While the underpinnings of Collyer are traceable to well-established NLRB and judicial precedents, the decision is nonetheless an important new "developmental step"' that has precipitated far-reaching changes in the Board's approach to processing …

Some Comments On Labor Dispute Settlement Processes, Paul H. Saunders

Vanderbilt Law Review

"A Strikeless Society on America's Horizon?" The question mark at the end of this recent headline

"A Strikeless Society on America's Horizon?" The question mark at the end of this recent headline on a syndicated newspaper column suggests appropriate skepticism about the substance therein, even thouperiod be the fullness of time for the emergence of significant new developments in labor peacemakinggh the column reported that the first eleven months of 1973 had been "the most serene labor climate in a decade with man hours lost at a 10-year low."' Well before the year-end "energy crisis" and attendant economic dislocations, however, …

Survival Of The Bargaining Agreement: The Effect Of Burns, Charles G. Bakaly, Jr., James S. Bryan

Vanderbilt Law Review

The purpose of this article is to examine some of the implications of the Burns decision for management officials contemplating a takeover and more specifically to consider the extent to which a successor employer may be bound by the provisions of its predecessor's bargaining agreement. Although the article focuses on the Burns case itself, some consideration also is given to the Court's earlier decision in John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston and to the question whether Wiley provides a means of avoiding the mandates of Burns.

The Nlrb And National Labor Policy: An Introduction, Edward B. Miller,

Vanderbilt Law Review

Each of the five articles in this symposium deals with a recent development in American labor law. Professor Sanders addresses the interesting question whether strikes have a place in future labor dispute settlement. Mr. Nash discusses at length the important new policy of NLRB deferral to arbitration under Collyer Insulated Wire. Mr. Kilberg then examines the recurring problem of discrimination in American labor organizations, and Mr. Bakaly reconsiders the important case of Burns International Security Services, Inc. v. NLRB and gives us a critical evaluation of that decision. Finally, Professor Rabin presents a comprehensive synthesis of the law relating to …

Current Civil Rights Problems In The Collective Bargaining Process: The Bethlehem & At&T Experiences, William J. Kilberg

Vanderbilt Law Review

This article explores the development, theory, and design of the government's Contract Compliance Program and the other statutory means of pursuing equal employment opportunity. Part I is a brief explanation of the Contract Compliance Program under Executive Order 11,246. Part II presents a discussion of the legal underpinnings of the affirmative action concept. Part III deals with the decision In the Matter of Bethlehem Steel Corporation, a landmark administrative hearing under procedures established by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance, and the American Telephone & Telegraph Company Memorandum of Agreement and Consent Decree,' which has been described as "the largest …

Case Digest, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

1. ADMIRALTY

STOWAGE OF CONTAINERIZED CARGO ABOVE-DECK IS NOT AN UNREASONABLE DEVIATION FROM A CLEAN BILL OF LADING UNLESS BELOW-DECK STOWAGE IS ORDINARILY CONTEMPLATED

EMPLOYEE TEMPORARILY ASSIGNED AS CREWMAN IN MOTORBOAT IS NOT A JONES ACT SEAMAN

UNITED STATES CAN CHARGE A BERTHING AGENT'S BOND FOR THE UNCOLLECTED DUTY OF A SHIP WHICH WAS HANDLED AT THE AGENT'S DOCK AND REPAIRED ABROAD

TAX ON NONMUNICIPAL PILOTS DOES NOT MAKE THE USE OF PORT PILOTS COMPULSORY

FREE STANDING ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER ATTACHED TO SKID DOES NOT CONSTITUTE A PACKAGE WITHIN COGSA

2. ALIEN'S RIGHTS

ALIENS MAY BE EXCLUDED FROM GRAND AND PETIT …

Tokyo As An International Capital Market--Its Economic And Legal Aspects, Mitsuru Misawa

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The internationalization of the Japanese capital market began in 1955, but for a considerable length of time the market served only as a source of foreign capital needed to cover the deficits in the nation's balance of payments. It was not until after 1970, when the Japanese balance of payments showed a steady surplus, that the Japanese market could accommodate the issue and acquisition of foreign securities on a full-fledged scale, and that Tokyo could become a truly international capital market. This trend, however, proved to be short-lived, for the steep rise in the cost of oil imports has recently …

Establishing An International Commercial Arbitration Council: A Preliminary Proposal, Martin Domke

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

There has been, in recent years, a substantial growth of international trade. This phenomenon has not confined itself to the more economically developed nations of the world. The developing countries, with different economic and social structures, have also participated in the increased trade activity. Moreover, it can be expected that this trend will continue in the coming years, steadily forging more and more links between countries in all parts of the world.

Growth of trade activity is necessarily accompanied by a corresponding increase in the number of disputes between parties to commercial agreements. The business community is in general accord …

The Development Of A United States Approach Toward The International Court Of Justice, Philip C. Jessup

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This article is not designed as a history of the International Court of Justice, nor as a legal analysis of the way in which the Court functions. Rather, the purpose is to describe the attitude of the United States, i.e., the Department of State, toward the actual use of the Court in a variety of situations, some of which involved important interests of the United States and others of which did not. The concentration in this article is on the jurisdiction of the Court to give advisory opinions, since it is in connection with proposals to request such opinions that …

The Regulation Of Transnational Sports Competition: Down From Mount Olympus, James A.R. Nafziger

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This article seeks first to identify the behavioral and organizational characteristics, and to clarify the shared goals of transnational sports competition. Against this background, the article will examine the formal characteristics of decision-making within the Olympic Movement, whose quadrennial Games provide the most highly developed for a for these events. Finally, four case studies are used to evaluate the Olympic organization's performance--that is, the efficacy of relevant policies, rules and procedures that are available to decision-makers to achieve the shared goals of the organization. Several modest proposals are advanced. Aside from these, however, a comprehensive prescription of alternative policies, rules …

Book Reviews, Oliver J. Lissitzyn, M. Ferid

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

THE INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION: A CASE STUDY OF A QUASI-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

By Richard Y. Chuang

Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1972. Pp. xviii, 185. $12.00.

reviewer: Oliver J. Lissitzyn

=================================

AMERICAN-GERMAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

By Ulrich Drobnig

Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications for Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law, 1972. Pp. 510. $18.00.

(No. 4 Bilateral Studies in Private International Law,

Rev. ed. of M. Domke,

American. German Private Law Relations Cases 1945-1955 (1956) ).

reviewer: M. Ferid

Recent Decisions, Patricia D. Owen, Jeffery R. Rush, Frank R. Krok, Paul P. Sanford, Edward N. Perry, Edward A. Betancourt

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Admiralty--Workmen's Compensation--Receipt of Benefits under State Workmen's Compensation Act containing Exclusive Remedy Provision does not Bar Subsequent Action against Employer for Unseaworthiness

Patricia D. Owen

======================

Common Market--Council Regulations--Regulation Stake Precedence over Provisions of Member States' Constitutions

Jeffery R. Rush

=====================

Discovery--Aid to Foreign or International Tribunals--United States Courts can Compel Testimony only on Behalf of Foreign or International Tribunals Empowered to make Binding Adjudications

Frank R. Krok

=====================

Extradition--Statute of Limitations--mere Absence is not Equivalent to Fleeing from Justice under 18 U.S.C. § 3290

Paul P. Sanford

=====================

International Court of Justice--Procedure Temporary Relief in the Form of Interim …

Recent Decisions, Stanley D. Miller, G. Cranwell Montgomery, Douglas I. Friedman

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Recent Decisions

Admiralty--Maritime Wrongful Death Action--A Maritime Wrongful Death Action for Unseaworthiness Alleging Loss of Support, Services, Society and Funeral Expenses is not Barred by Decedent's Recovery of Damages for Personal Injuries during His Lifetime

Stanley D. Miller

============================

Constitutional Law--Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure--Without Consent, Warrant or Probable Cause, A Roving Patrol Search of a Vehicle Twenty-Five Miles from Border is an Unreasonable Search and Seizure within Meaning of Fourth Amendment

G. Cranwell Montgomery

==============================

Jurisdiction--Securities Exchange Act of 1934--Section 10(b) applies to Fraudulent Transaction in Unlisted Foreign Securities when the Only Conduct within the United States is the …

Recent Developments, Craig G. Christensen

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The debacle of the Nationalist regime in China and the subsequent United States trade embargo on the People's Republic of China (China) from 1949 to 1970, resulted in the deletion or obsolescence of United States federal income tax incentives previously applicable to Sino-American trade. The benefits of these tax provisions were transferred, with the Nationalist government, to the Taiwan-based Republic of China (Taiwan). Moreover, foreign trade tax measures enacted during the economic stalemate were largely inapplicable to China, but enhanced existing trade with Taiwan and Hong Kong. Initial United States responses to the current detente with China portend increasingly significant …

Limitations On Employer Independent Action, Robert J. Rabin

Vanderbilt Law Review

An important change appears to be taking place in measuring the limitations upon an employer's independent right to run his business. Where this question was formerly tested under the National Labor Relations Act,' which defines the scope of the duty to bargain, recent developments suggest that the scope of independent employer action' henceforth will be determined through the arbitration process.This is a salutary development, since the question of the scope of independent employer action is a complicated one and ought to be resolved by application of the surest kinds of guidelines. A carefully drafted collective bargaining agreement can spell out …

Recent Cases, Author Unidentified

Vanderbilt Law Review

Labor Law--Authorization Cards--Court Suggests Board Requirement That Employer Petition for Election to Demonstrate Good Faith Upon Rejection of Authorization Cards --

Plaintiff unions' sought a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) bargaining order alleging a violation of section 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) based on defendant-employers' refusal to recognize the unions when presented with authorization cards signed by a majority of the employees.' Plaintiffs contended that the language and history of sections 8(a) (5) and 9(a)" of the NLRA and interpretative court decisions establish an employer's duty to bargain whenever the union representative presents "convincing evidence of majority …

Some Comments On Labor Dispute Settlement Processes, Paul H. Sanders

Vanderbilt Law Review

The question mark at the end of this recent headline on a syndi- cated newspaper column suggests appropriate skepticism about the substance therein, even though the column reported that the first eleven months of 1973 had been "the most serene labor climate in a decade with manhours lost at a 10-year low."' Well before the year-end "energy crisis" and attendant economic dislocations, how- ever, questions such as the following, far from being in the realm of idle conjecture, were becoming increasingly pertinent: Will the travail of this gloomy period be the fullness of time for the emer- gence of significant …

Editor's Foreword, Charles G. Burr

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law is a new undertaking at Vanderbilt Law School. The Journal is an outgrowth of the predecessor publication, The Vanderbilt International, which was established in 1967 as a bulletin of the Vanderbilt International Law Society. A number of factors, including increased student enrollment at the Law School and a growing awareness of global activities and problems, have facilitated the Journal's evolution into its present, expanded format. It is indeed appropriate that the lead article of the new publication should be authored by Judge Philip C. Jessup, who has long been the foremost advocate in the …

Foreign Banking In The United States, James A. Johnson

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Foreign banking in the United States is no longer a nominal activity. The assets of foreign bank agencies and branches tripled from 1965 to 1972, increasing to approximately 13 billion dollars. During this same time, assets of United States banks abroad rose to 75 billion dollars-an eight-fold increase.

Yet, despite this dramatic growth--which surely will continue--the United States remains the only major country in which foreign banking is not supervised at the national level. No valid constitutional or practical reasons exist to support state control. Although New York and California, which share the major portion of foreign banking at the …

The Statutory Proposal To Regulate The Jurisdictional Immunities Of Foreign States, R. Lee Bennett

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In January 1973, the Departments of State and Justice submitted to Congress a draft bill that defines the jurisdictional immunities of foreign states in United States courts. This draft legislation represents a major shift in the State Department's posture on the substantive and procedural issues of sovereign immunity that will undoubtedly stir considerable controversy within the international bar during its examination by Congress.

A survey of current United States practice regarding the immunity of foreign states reveals that reform is mandatory. At present the determination whether a foreign state is entitled to jurisdictional immunity is made by the courts, whose …

Recent Decisions, Alan L. Marchisotto, W. H. Schwarzschild Iii, Mark M. Greisberger, Richard P. Granfield, Donald B. Cameron, Jr., Isaac H. Braddock, David A. Boillot

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Recent Decisions

ADMIRALTY--COGSA--BILL OF LADING CARGO DESCRIPTION AND PACKER IDENTITY DETERMINE WHEN A CONTAINER IS A PACKAGE IN COGSA LIABILITY PROCEEDINGS

Alan L. Marchisotto

============================

ADMIRALTY--JURISDICTION OVER AVIATION TORT CLAIMS--ADMIRALTY JURISDICTION DOES NOT EXTEND TO AVIATION TORT CLAIMS IN THE ABSENCE OF A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TORT AND TRADITIONAL MARITIME ACTIVITIES

W. H. Schwarzschild III

============================

ALIENS--ALIENS MAY MAINTAIN A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (1970)

Mark M. Greisberger

============================

ANTITRUST--ARTICLE 86 OF THE EEC TREATY APPLIES TO CERTAIN CHANGES IN INTERNAL CORPORATE STRUCTURE

Richard P. Granfield

===========================

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW--EXECUTIVE POWER--PRESIDENTIAL AUTHORITY …

The Changing Framework Of Concession Agreements And The Oil Industry, Journal Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Symposium presents discussions of various aspects of the subject of the changing framework of concession agreements and the oil industry. Dr. Zuhayr Mikdashi analyzes policy considerations that influence developing nations seeking greater benefit from their resources, and presents several suggestions for increased cooperation among developing countries. Dr. Theodore Moran offers a critical evaluation of traditional United States investment policies and advocates a modified concession agreement aimed at minimizing friction between the parties. Mr. James Jensen concludes the Symposium with a comprehensive analysis of recent trends in company-state relations in the Middle East.

Recent Developments, Charles A. Schliebs

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

The traditional American "locality" test' for admiralty tort (subject-matter) jurisdiction, which posits the occurrence of the tort on navigable waters as the controlling factor, has suffered mounting criticism through the years because it has resulted in unwarranted expansion of admiralty jurisdiction. Numerous federal courts consequently have suggested the need of an additional requirement that the claim involve some sort of traditional maritime activity to invoke admiralty jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, however, used only the locality test prior to deciding Executive Jet Aviation, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, in which the Court found both the historical requirement of locality and a …