Law Commons^™

St. Mary's Honor Center V. Hicks: The Title Vii Shifting Burden Stays Put, Norma G. Whitis

Loyola University Chicago Law Journal

No abstract provided.

Desegregation As A Two-Way Street: The Aftermath Of United States V. Fordice, Chaka M. Patterson

Cleveland State Law Review

As a result of the problems encountered by these various proposals, I propose a plan of my own that preserves HBUs to the extent that they are desegregated along with the white institutions rather than just eliminated. In this way, the burdens of integration are shared in both communities by both sets of institutions. More specifically, with respect to higher education in Mississippi, I propose the following solution to address the current situation: first, Mississippi should close or merge some of the HWUs but not the HBUs for the reasons previously articulated and then adopt a two tier system of …

Shaky Grounds: The Case Against The Case Against Antidiscrimination Laws, Peter Siegelman

Faculty Articles and Papers

Reviewing: Richard Epstein, Forbidden Grounds: The Case against Employment Discrimination Laws. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.

The Right Not To Endorse Gay Rights: A Reply To Sunstein, Craig M. Bradley

Indiana Law Journal

No abstract provided.

A Paradigm For Sexual Harassment: Toward The Optimal Level Of Loss, Marie T. Reilly

Faculty Scholarship

This article proposes a paradigm that draws from the common-law rule of negligence. It defines actionable sexual conduct in the workplace in terms of the cost of precautionary conduct and the increased safety such precaution would have yielded. Like the rule of negligence, the proposed paradigm creates incentives for men and women to take steps to prevent sexual conduct loss to the point at which the cost of an additional increment of precaution is equal to the value of the reduction in risk of loss. This point is the optimal level of precaution. After this point, additional precaution might further …

Cultural Differences And Discrimination: Samoans Before A Public Housing Eviction Board, Richard O. Lempert, Karl Monsma

Articles

In Hawaii Samoans are a stigmatized ethnic group. We examine how this group is treated by a public housing eviction board. Statistical analysis suggests Samoans are discriminated against in financial cases. Interviews indicate, however, that Samoans are disadvantaged largely because their excuses are not persuasive and would not be regardless of the ethnicity of the tenants making them. In this sense Samoans are treated "like any other tenant," and illegal discrimination, as defined by the Four- teenth Amendment, has not occurred. But Samoans make unpersuasive excuses more often than other tenants because excuses that are reasonable in the context of …

Can Wrongs Be Rights? Why A "Conservative" Might Support Legal Protection For Gay And Lesbian People, Marie Failinger

Faculty Scholarship

This article addresses the moral argument about what the state should do to protect the civil rights of those who identify as gay or lesbian. It does not address morality but rather focuses on civil rights, arguing that the two issues are different and should thus be thought of differently by Christians. Using an analogy, the author offers an entrance point to the discussion of homosexual rights by concerning the rights of a smoker. It covers (1) what is at stake in offering protection to homosexual people, (2) the civic argument for civil rights, and (3) the moral balancing argument …

St. Mary's Honor Center V. Hicks: Questioning The Basic Assumption, Deborah Calloway

Faculty Articles and Papers

No abstract provided.

“Endgame”: Competency And The Execution Of Condemned Inmates—A Proposal To Satisfy The Eighth Amendment's Prohibition Against The Infliction Of Cruel And Unusual Punishment, Roberta M. Harding

Law Faculty Scholarly Articles

The first section of this Article provides a brief historical overview of the proscription against executing the incompetent and the proffered rationales. This section also examines key factors contributing to the increase in the number of mentally dysfunctional condemned inmates. Then the Article explores the traditional competency-to-execute model that remains in use. This analysis will include a discussion of specific issues, such as: the term used to describe the requisite mental affliction, how that term is defined in order to identify who may ultimately benefit from the rule in Ford v. Wainwright, what standard is appropriate to determine whether …

Private Rights In Public Places: A Weighty Issue, Shari J. Ronkin

University of Miami Law Review

No abstract provided.

Operation Rescue Versus A Woman's Right To Choose: A Conflict Without A Federal Remedy?, Randolph M. Mclaughlin

Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications

This article discusses the need for federal protection of women seeking abortion-related services and the denial of protection of those women by the Supreme Court's narrow holding in Bray. Part II examines the precedents leading up to the Bray decision. A review of these cases demonstrates that Operation Rescue is a national conspiracy aimed at eliminating the right to abortion. The group uses physical force and blockades clinics in order to deny women and health care workers access to these facilities. In light of the inability or unwillingness of local law enforcement agencies to provide access to the clinics and …

Recognizing Violence Against Women: Gender And The Hate Crimes Statistics Act, Elizabeth Pendo

All Faculty Scholarship

This article argues that acts of gender-based violence should be recognized under the Hate Crimes Statistics Act of 1990, and that certain types of violence against women, such as rape, are fundamentally gender-based. Part I examines the existing definition of hate crimes under the HCSA, and the exclusion of the majority of violence against women. Part II suggests gender should be included as a category under the HCSA because of the similar effects of violence directed at women due to gender, and violence directed at members of other groups because of their group identity. Using acquaintance rape as an example, …

Force African-American Fathers To Parent Their Delinquent Sons - A Factor To Be Considered At The Dispositional Stage, Lundy Langston

Journal Publications

What species can survive and function when a substantial segment of its young male population is harnessed by the burdens of substance abuse, unemployment, and incarceration? Empirical data suggests that these maladies have infected African-American males at a rate alarmingly disproportionate to that of other races. This trend, if it continues, suggests that America is creating a dysfunctional class. In this Article the term "dysfunctional" refers to a predicament wherein African-American males engage in violent activities.' Their conduct may be attributable to their inability to contribute to the family or smaller groups which form the foundation of the social order …

Speech: The Handover, Desmond Tutu

Archbishop Desmond Tutu Collection Textual

The speech that Archbishop Tutu made in Pretoria South Africa during the handing over of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission final report to President Thabo Mbeki. Handwritten notes throughout typewritten speech.

Toward A More Perfect Union: A Federal Cause Of Action For Physician Aid-In-Dying, Todd David Robichaud

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

Part I of this Note investigates the possible foundations of a constitutional right to physician aid-in-dying triggering section 1983 protection and the opposing state interests in preventing suicide. Part II examines the nature and scope of and obstacles to a request for section 1983 relief. Finally, Part III focuses on the public policy implications associated with recognizing a federal cause of action.

The Individuals With Disabilities Education Act: A Parent's Perspective And Proposal For Change, Martin A. Kotler

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

For two years, beginning in the fall of 1991, I was involved in an ongoing legal battle with the Delaware County, Pennsylvania Intermediate Unit No. 25 regarding the "appropriateness" of preschool programming for my son. To a large degree, the following Article has its origin in that battle.

Nevertheless, the point of this Article is neither to get even for wrongs, real or imagined, nor to utilize these pages to supplement the already extensive briefs and formal arguments made in that case. Rather, I believe that my position as a law professor, lawyer, litigant, and parent of a disabled child …

Verbal Sexual Harassment As Equality-Depriving Conduct, Keith R. Fentonmiller

University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform

Part I of this Note argues that commentators like Browne and some courts have mischaracterized the harm of verbal sexual harassment as mere "offense." Rather, the true harm of a sexually hostile environment created by words and expressive conduct extends beyond offense, emotional distress, and economic displacement; at bottom, the harm is equality-deprivation.

Part II explains how a sexually hostile environment is equality-depriving by arguing that words which create a sexually hostile environment must be understood in historical and social context. Words can be used not only to communicate ideas but also to perform acts of coercion and sexual abuse. …

Representing The Lesbian In Law And Literature, Anne B. Goldstein

Faculty Scholarship

This Essay addresses the question "what is involved in representing a lesbian? in two contexts, law and literature. Its premise is that the work of novelists is enough like the work of lawyers that lawyers can learn how to represent lesbian clients better by studying books with lesbian characters. This is a preliminary, anecdotal, and impressionistic effort. The Author relies upon several systematic surveys of the field and her seven years' experience as a litigator and eight years' further reading and reflection about the problems and strategies of representing lesbians.

The Essay begins by exploring the general problem of representing …

Dealing With Sexual Harrassment In The Workplace: The Promise And Limitations Of Human Rights Discourse, Fay Faraday

Osgoode Hall Law Journal

This paper examines the value of liberal rights in launching a political movement against sexual harassment, while reassessing their limitations for changing the practice of harassment. For rights to benefit women, decision makers must mean the same thing women do when speaking of sexual harassment. The paper analyzes how dominant ideology misshapes the delivery of rights against sexual harassment, normalizes male aggression, and reconstructs the struggle into one not about power but about taste, free speech, and a conflict between abstract rights. The paper examines how other rights discourses can empower women to combat harassment in a proactive way.

Legal Indeterminacy, Judicial Discretion And The Mexican-American Litigation Experience: 1930-1980, George A. Martinez

Faculty Journal Articles and Book Chapters

This article explores a jurisprudential point: legal indeterminacy in the context of Mexican-American civil rights litigation. The article argues that because of legal uncertainty or indeterminacy the resolution of key issues was not inevitable. Judges often had discretion to reach their conclusions. In this regard, the article concludes that the courts generally exercised their discretion by taking a position on key issues against Mexican-Americans. The article points out that exposing the exercise of judicial discretion and the lack of inevitability in civil rights cases is important for two major reasons. At one level, exposing the exercise of judicial discretion is …

Withrow V. Williams And Collateral Review Of Miranda Violations: The Supreme Court Rejects The Rule Of Stone V. Powell Under A Revised View Of Applicable Prudential Concerns, John K. Byrum Jr.

University of Richmond Law Review

More than fifty years before ratification of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution, Lord Camden observed: [I]t is very certain, that the law obligeth no man to accuse himself; because the necessary means of compelling self-accusation, falling upon the innocent as well as the guilty, would be both cruel and unjust; and it should seem, that search for evidence is disallowed upon the same principle. There, too, the innocent would be confounded with the guilty. Over one hundred years later, in Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court affirmed this relationship between Fourth and Fifth Amendment liberties, holding that …

The Civil Rights Act Of 1991, Retroactivity, And Continuing Violations: The Effect Of Landgraf V. Usi Film Products And Rivers V. Roadway, Leonard Charles Presberg

University of Richmond Law Review

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (the Act) made significant changes to the major employment discrimination statutes. In addition to restoring the law that was in effect prior to a number of Supreme Court decisions which eroded the civil rights statutes, the Act also added remedies that were omitted from previous legislation. One important area that was unclear at the time of the Act's passage was the issue of retroactivity. In light of the Act's unclear legislative history, ambiguous statutory language, and seemingly contradictory Supreme Court precedent, the Act's retroactive nature has been widely litigated and discussed.

United States V. Virginia: The Case Of Coeducation At Virginia Military Institute, Julie M. Amstein

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

No abstract provided.

Will The "Real" Battered Woman Please Stand Up? In Search Of A Realistic Legal Definition Of Battered Woman Syndrome, A.Renée Callahan

American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law

No abstract provided.

Universal Versus Islamic Human Rights: A Clash Of Cultures Or A Clash With A Construct?, Ann Elizabeth Mayer

Michigan Journal of International Law

This article examines the recent trend proposing that Islam and Islamic culture mandate a distinctive approach to human rights. It offers critical assessments of selected civil and political rights in two recent products of this trend: (1) the 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, issued by the Organization of the Islamic Conference and endorsed by Iran and Saudi Arabia; and (2) the rights provisions in the Saudi Arabian Basic Law promulgated in 1992. These legislative initiatives will be examined in conjunction with constructs of an Islamic culture necessarily at odds with international human rights norms. These constructs have …

Gay Rights Through The Looking Glass: Politics, Morality, And The Trial Of Colorado's Amendment 2, Suzanne B. Goldberg

Faculty Scholarship

Courts have long struggled to resolve the question of how far a community may go in exercising its power to treat minority members differently. Popular prejudice, "community morality" and invidious stereotypes repeatedly have had their day in court as judges work to reconcile equal protection and privacy rights with their own attitudes about the place of people of color, women and gay people in society. In the early 1990s, the tension between the American ideal of equality and the reality of human diversity starkly emerged. A national wave of citizen-sponsored initiatives seeking to amend state constitutions and local charters to …

Violence Against Lesbians And Gay Men, Suzanne B. Goldberg, Bea Hanson

Faculty Scholarship

Faggot! Dyke! Pervert! Homo!" Just words? Or rhetoric that illuminates and fuels hatred of lesbians and gay men? How often are these words supplemented by the use of a bat, golf clubs, a hammer, a knife, a gun? Studies indicate that lesbians and gay men experience criminal victimization at rates significantly higher than other individuals and are the most frequent victims of bias crime.

Since lesbians and gay men live all across the country – in large cities, small towns, and rural areas – we can be targets of bias crime no matter where we live. From the attacks against …

Unpacking And Applying Shaw V. Reno, Thomas C. Goldstein

American University Law Review

No abstract provided.

Homelessness At The Millennium, Peter W. Salsich

All Faculty Scholarship

This article discusses the government’s response to what appeared at the time to be an overnight explosion of the homeless population in big cities and small towns as a result of major economic and social changes of the early 1980s. In order to respond effectively to underlying problems of homelessness, it explores solutions that are more comprehensive than merely building shelters. The author argues that while homelessness has a direct link to poverty, the government must also address more complex causes including, the lack of adequate mental health care, substance abuse, a decline in the availability of affordable housing, and …

Urban Housing: A Strategic Role For The States, Peter W. Salsich

All Faculty Scholarship

The author argues that states have both the capacity and the opportunity to play a leading role in revitalizing national housing policy. At a time when federal housing programs were declining, state administered housing programs came to the forefront. Detailing the growth of state administered housing policies, the article notes that creative, diverse, flexible, and community planned affordable housing programs being funded by states. States also have opportunities for leadership in housing through coordinated application of state zoning powers in conjunction with state administration of federal housing programs. In conclusion, the article recommends gradually phasing out centralized federal housing in …