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Articles 871 - 900 of 1494
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Research On Magnetic Device Model Of Nonlinear Inductance Combined With Transformer And Inductor, Hongzhu Li, Jiayue Sun, Qingjie Qi, Wang Qiao
Research On Magnetic Device Model Of Nonlinear Inductance Combined With Transformer And Inductor, Hongzhu Li, Jiayue Sun, Qingjie Qi, Wang Qiao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A modeling method of magnetic device combining transformer and inductance was put forward. The modeling method reflects characteristics of magnetic and electric circuit simultaneously, and reflects parasitic parameters with capacitance. And the physical concepts of parameters are clear in the model. The interface model reflecting magnetic and electric circuit was established through ideal transformer based on electromagnetic theory, and nonlinear inductance simulation model reflecting hysteresis effect through derivation was obtained. The hysteresis loop of inductance actual simulation and that from magnetic core manual agreed well, proving the correctness and effectiveness. By modeling method in the proposed magnetic device, coupling …
Performance Evaluation Of Bayesian Estimator With Consistency Validation, Zuolei Sun, Li Ying, Zhang Bo, Zhang Wen
Performance Evaluation Of Bayesian Estimator With Consistency Validation, Zuolei Sun, Li Ying, Zhang Bo, Zhang Wen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Considering the lack of sound evaluation method for Bayesian estimator design, an approach employing consistency as the core criterion was proposed. By studying the unbiasedness and whiteness of innovation sequence yielded during observation update routine, the normalized innovations square (NIS) was constructed, and then the chi-square test being able to detect the Posterior's consistency was carried out on NIS. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can identify the inappropriate parameter configuration for both linear and nonlinear systems, therefore the performance of the estimators can be evaluated.
Research On Credibility Of Function Validation To C2 System Of Land Force, Yaxin Tan, Yongchun Xia, Fan Rui, Haitao Zhi
Research On Credibility Of Function Validation To C2 System Of Land Force, Yaxin Tan, Yongchun Xia, Fan Rui, Haitao Zhi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The function verification of C2 system of land force is a way to check its satisfaction level to real fighting in the system application. The verification is caught out after the force has received these equipment. In order to complete the verification, the environment with virtual force and real software was built by modeling and simulation method, so that the verification could be carried out under the condition which is similar to true combat. In this environment, the interaction between real human and virtual force by the C2 software could help to complete the verification. Focusing on the credibility …
Optimization Scheme Of Average Time For Finding Idle Channel In Cognitive Radio System, Qiao Pei, Liyuan Xiao, Yanyan Han, Gao Ling
Optimization Scheme Of Average Time For Finding Idle Channel In Cognitive Radio System, Qiao Pei, Liyuan Xiao, Yanyan Han, Gao Ling
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In cognitive radio system, periodic spectrum sensing was taken by secondary users to prevent the interference to primary users. Supposed that there are many primary user channels, when the current primary user occupies channel, secondary users do spectrum handover. During spectrum handover, the time of finding an idle channel is a random variable. In order to speed up spectrum handover, the system used equal gain combining cooperative spectrum sensing to inspect an idle channel. This pattern optimized the sensing time of the single user channel, in order to get the best effect of the average time in finding idle …
Mechanism For Green Multicast Routing Protection In Multi-Granularity Transport Networks, Junling Shi, Xingwei Wang, Huang Min
Mechanism For Green Multicast Routing Protection In Multi-Granularity Transport Networks, Junling Shi, Xingwei Wang, Huang Min
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A mechanism for green multicast routing protection was designed, where the constraint of quality of service (QoS), energy consumption and the survivability to single link or node failure were under consideration. The node model which supported the exchange of multi-granularity services was built to meet the energy saving requirement in multi-granularity services, and the analysis of energy consumption was introduced with the formulas of energy consumption defined. Based on the physical topology, a multi-layer auxiliary graph was proposed, which was used to allocate and release resources. The fuzzy mathematics method was used to present QoS by the membership degree. …
Evolutionary Game-Based Spectrum Sharing Scheme In Cognitive Radio Network, Huanhuan He, Xingwei Wang, Huang Min
Evolutionary Game-Based Spectrum Sharing Scheme In Cognitive Radio Network, Huanhuan He, Xingwei Wang, Huang Min
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the waste of resources caused by the static spectrum allocation policy, cognitive radio technology can be used to dynamically and efficiently manage spectrum, and spectrum sharing becomes the key issue. To make secondary users to share spectrum fairly, an evolutionary game-based spectrum sharing scheme in cognitive radio network was proposed. Because cognitive radio network was dynamic and heterogeneous, the wireless channel was unreliable and affected by environment easily, the knowledge of fuzzy mathematics was introduced to characterize the parameters related to the secondary user satisfaction degree, and the Gas Brownian Motion Optimization algorithm was …
Study Of Model And Simulation On Ceramic Tile Polishing Energy Consumption, Haidong Yang, Chengdun Guo, Li Hong, Guosheng Liu, Jiawen Wu
Study Of Model And Simulation On Ceramic Tile Polishing Energy Consumption, Haidong Yang, Chengdun Guo, Li Hong, Guosheng Liu, Jiawen Wu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Currently, there are many defects in the production line of ceramic polishing, such as over polishing and high energy consumption, so it is an urgent mission to optimize the technical processes in order to cut down the energy consumption. Material removal equations and energy usage model were established based on the kinematic mechanism process and Preston equation. Simulation experiments were done by the above equations and model, so as to depict the evolution in both quality and power consumption. The impact of transmission speed of belt, lateral swing speed, disc rotation speed and other kinematic parameters on over polishing …
Research On Modeling And Scheduling Of Cluster Tools With Reentrant Process, Chunrong Pan, Li Liang
Research On Modeling And Scheduling Of Cluster Tools With Reentrant Process, Chunrong Pan, Li Liang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Cluster tools reconfigured are increasingly adopted in wafer fabrication. With single-wafer processing technology, the productivity and quality of semiconductor manufacturing have been improved. The configurations of cluster tools and constraints of operation processes were proposed. Due to the increase of processing requirements of wafer revisiting, the scheduling of cluster tools becomes more complicated. Thus, modeling, performance analyzing and scheduling of cluster tools with reentrant process were reviewed. Meanwhile, an illustrative example was given to show the feasibility of simulation scheduling. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of research methods available, approaches and future directions which would be effective for …
Robust Model And Optimization Of Anti-Impact Performance For Mems Ring Gyroscope, Jiang Tao, Sun Lin
Robust Model And Optimization Of Anti-Impact Performance For Mems Ring Gyroscope, Jiang Tao, Sun Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to reduce the influence of parameter variation on anti-impact performance of micro mechanical gyroscope, a kind of MEMS ring gyroscopes was chosen as the research object, applying the method of explicit dynamic finite element analysis and design of experiment, influence of parameter variation was studied with significant analysis, and reasonable design parameters were decided. Mathematical model of anti-impact robustness optimization for ring gyroscope was established, in which maximum impact stress and performance variation were minimized as the optimal goal. Ultimately, the optimal solution set could be obtained by means of pareto multi-objective genetic algorithm. Simulation results show …
Gep Automatic Clustering Algorithm With Dynamic Penalty Factors, Chen Yan, Kangshun Li, Yang Lei
Gep Automatic Clustering Algorithm With Dynamic Penalty Factors, Chen Yan, Kangshun Li, Yang Lei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Various problems such as sensitive selection of initial clustering center, easily falling into local optimal solution, and determining numbers of clusters, still exist in the traditional clustering algorithm. A GEP automatic clustering algorithm with dynamic penalty factors was proposed. This algorithm combines penalty factors and GEP clustering algorithm, and doesn't rely on any priori knowledge of the data set. And a dynamic algorithm was proposed to generate the penalty factors according to the distribution characteristics of different data sets, which is a better solution for the impact of isolated points and noise points. According to four dataset, penalty factors' …
Algorithms For Join Queries In Multiple Wireless Sensor Networks, Shangfeng Mo, Yongjian Fan, Xiaoliang Wang, Qingchun Yu, Yinglong Li
Algorithms For Join Queries In Multiple Wireless Sensor Networks, Shangfeng Mo, Yongjian Fan, Xiaoliang Wang, Qingchun Yu, Yinglong Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The perception layer of Internet of Things (IoTs) is mainly composed of Multiple Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs). Data query processing is a very important research area in MWSNs. Join queries can monitor similar network environments in different positions. In general join algorithm, each ordinary node sends its join attribute value to the database server. The database server finds out the result set which meets the join conditions. In distributed join algorithm, the ordinary nodes predict their filters of next round and the database server obtains the global, common filters. The nodes which meet the join conditions send their data …
Generate Network’S Disjoint Mps Based On Simevents Simulation, Tang Jian, Fuli Ai, Faming Shao, Jiaojiao Zhang
Generate Network’S Disjoint Mps Based On Simevents Simulation, Tang Jian, Fuli Ai, Faming Shao, Jiaojiao Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The disjoint MPs (Minimal Path sets) algorithm proposed was improved from the point of signal transmission. The CoA network was transformed into a corresponding signal network, which was composed of forward and backward transmitting paths. According to the basic principle of disjoint MPs algorithm, a set of signal transmitting and rewriting rules, including forward and backward processing rules, were designed to make the disjoint MPs could be generated by means of DES (Discrete Event Simulation). The basic realizing idea was studied in SimEvents, in which, the entities acted as the information carriers, and the nodes as the …
Novel Algorithm Of High-Speed Target Isar Imaging Based On Stretch Method, Wenmao Luo, Yingliu Cui
Novel Algorithm Of High-Speed Target Isar Imaging Based On Stretch Method, Wenmao Luo, Yingliu Cui
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The pulse compression result will be distorted while the target moves very fast and it cannot get right ISAR images. A novel algorithm based on chirp-Fourier transform was proposed to solve this problem. In the scheme, every echo’s differential frequency signal of stretch processing was calculated by chirp-Fourier transform to estimate the target’s location and speed, and the target’s precious speed could be averaged by the estimations during the whole dwell time. Then the penalty function could be constructed to eliminate the intra and inter-pulse motion, and it could get right ISAR images. Because the chirp-Fourier transform was …
Design And Realization Of Radar Warning Receiver Modeling System, Limin Liu, Cheng Cheng, Zhuangzhi Han
Design And Realization Of Radar Warning Receiver Modeling System, Limin Liu, Cheng Cheng, Zhuangzhi Han
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: According to the structure of the mainstream modern airborne radar warning receiver, a modeling method of radar warning receiver simulation system was proposed, and it realized by SystemVue. The system consists of radar signal interception, parameter estimation and signal sorting, and pulse description words can be obtained at last. The application of sorting method based on detection of single source point in the system improves the robustness. Simulation results verify the scheme feasibility.
Robust Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Method With Machine Breakdowns, Guohui Zhang, Lihui Wu, Nie Li, Yongcheng Wang
Robust Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Method With Machine Breakdowns, Guohui Zhang, Lihui Wu, Nie Li, Yongcheng Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: There are many uncertain events in the actual production process of flexible job shop, which affect the normal production and scheduling to achieve objective. According to the factor of the machine breakdown, two robustness measures combined with flexible job shop scheduling characteristics were proposed. One is considered as the initial schedule and the actual schedule makespan deviation, the other one is considered as each machine idle time and work load. The genetic algorithm was used to solve the problem, and the two parts chromosome coding was designed to avoid generating the illegal solution. Through the establishment of the probability …
Single Sign-On Model Based On Trusted-Daa Connection, Xiaohui Yang, Lijun Jiang, Wang Hong, Siyuan Chang
Single Sign-On Model Based On Trusted-Daa Connection, Xiaohui Yang, Lijun Jiang, Wang Hong, Siyuan Chang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Traditional single sign-on (SSO) models adopt SSL connections in the cloud computing environments, while there exist several problems such as certificates cannot be updated in time, certificate updating needs a third party CA, etc.. To solve above problems, TPM was introduced between cloud identity providers and cloud service providers, and a trusted DAA connection (T-D-SSL) was designed by adopting the DAA authentication method to implementation cross platform trusted authentication, secure channel establishment, and certificate updating operation. Combining with T-D-SSL, SAML2.0, and ID-FF1.2, a new SSO model of the cloud computing environments was proposed, which could make sure the system …
Simulation Research On Model Parameter Identification Based On Prediction Error, Hongquan Wu, He Chi, Zhang Ping, Shuen Wang, Hongqiang Wei, Chu Jin, Zhang Peng
Simulation Research On Model Parameter Identification Based On Prediction Error, Hongquan Wu, He Chi, Zhang Ping, Shuen Wang, Hongqiang Wei, Chu Jin, Zhang Peng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Parametric differential method is often used to extract resistance coefficient in the process of trajectory simulation research for aerial bomb. The method exists following problems: high precise original data required and influenced by measurement error easily, which would cause serious error in identification result and even lead to the radiation during identification. In order to solve these problems, a method of extracting resistance coefficient based on prediction error was modeled. While coordinate was used as observations, simulation research of model parameter identification was carried out for some bomb. Precision of calculation for two models was calculated and analyzed …
Power Modeling And Simulation For D/A Network In R-C Hybrid Sar Adc, Xingyuan Tong, Zhang Yang
Power Modeling And Simulation For D/A Network In R-C Hybrid Sar Adc, Xingyuan Tong, Zhang Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: D/A conversion network of SAR (SAR: Successive Approximation Register) ADC was discussed. The energy model of the capacitor array in R-C hybrid D/A network was established by using MATLAB. With the combination of resistor string’s static power and capacitor array’s switching power, the power model of the R-C hybrid network in SAR ADC was proposed based on a 65nm CMOS process. Furthermore, by considering matching requirement for the passive components, 12-bit R-C hybrid D/A networks with “5+7”, “6+6” and “7+5” type of structures were simulated and compared. The research can provide significant guidance for circuit design and optimization of …
Research On Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor Of Electromagnetic Catapult Of Carrier-Based Aircraft, Xijun Liu, Kunlun Zhang, Guoqing Liu
Research On Double-Sided Linear Induction Motor Of Electromagnetic Catapult Of Carrier-Based Aircraft, Xijun Liu, Kunlun Zhang, Guoqing Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the low efficiency of current steam catapults of carrier-based aircraft, the authors proposed the electromagnetic catapult of carrier-based aircraft using double-sided linear induction motor. The authors analyzed the technical requirements of the catapult of carrier-based aircraft through the kinetic equations, analyzed the drive source of the catapult - long primary double-sided linear induction motor - through the physical model and equivalent circuit, derived the relationship between required thrust and the design parameters of the electromagnetic catapult, and provided specific design parameters. Using computer simulation analysis, the authors analyzed the impact of secondary length, motor pole …
All-Digital Simulation Technique With Application To On-Orbit Spacecraft Maintenance And Servicing, Gaoxiang Ouyang, Li Xin, Dong Xin, Chengmin Sun, Yang Xin
All-Digital Simulation Technique With Application To On-Orbit Spacecraft Maintenance And Servicing, Gaoxiang Ouyang, Li Xin, Dong Xin, Chengmin Sun, Yang Xin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the demand for the on-orbit maintenance, a new simulation technique was developed. The simulation contained on-orbit failures reproduction and location, onboard software upgrade and patch. A virtual technology was used to construct all virtual hardware environment, imitate their function and simulate the real satellite control system. This all-digital platform implemented precise multi-type faults injection, internal state monitoring and data stream intervention very well. So it could roundly simulate and test the software upgrade of the attitude and orbit control systems. It could also be used in the high-fidelity simulation of satellite-ground synchronous operation and maintenance, especially it …
Effect Of Assembly Force On Gas Diffusion Layer For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Yibo Zhou, Jianjian Wang
Effect Of Assembly Force On Gas Diffusion Layer For Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Yibo Zhou, Jianjian Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: A three-dimensional multi-flow channel proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model has been developed to investigate the deformation of gas diffusion layer (GDL) with different assembly force and different contact ratio of channel. The results indicate that the GDL under the land part changes significantly while the central region under the flow channel almost has no deformation with increasing assembly force. When the contact ratio of channel is not 100%, the deformation of GDL is not symmetrical due to the shear stress, and the thickness of GDL under the flow channel even exceeds its initial thickness, which produces the …
Simulation-Based An Exploratory Analysis Of Drone Air Strike On Saudi Oilfields, Jiajun Zhang, Xiaochao Qian, Jinpeng Zhou, Xuanling Wang, Zhifeng Lu
Simulation-Based An Exploratory Analysis Of Drone Air Strike On Saudi Oilfields, Jiajun Zhang, Xiaochao Qian, Jinpeng Zhou, Xuanling Wang, Zhifeng Lu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The incident of air strike in Sandi Arabia in September 2019 is taken as an example，A rapid analysis method for crisis events based on simulation is proposed. Combining the simulation with the exploratory analysis, the uncertainty of crisis events is comprehensively analyzed and dealt with. According to the public information of the incidents details from Sandi Arabia, Yemen, the combat situation of the air strike is replayed based on the wargaming. The rationality and authenticity of the details in the event statement is verified and can also provide reference to the development and combat research of the “Low, Small …
Multi-Tank Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm And Simulation For Ship Stability Realization, Xiong Yong, Xuanzhuo Liang, Zhang Jia
Multi-Tank Adaptive Scheduling Algorithm And Simulation For Ship Stability Realization, Xiong Yong, Xuanzhuo Liang, Zhang Jia
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Aiming at the influence of the oil tank on the floating state and stability of the ship, the multi-tank adaptive dispatching control algorithm to maintain the stability of the ship is studied. The automatic floating state adjustment simulation system of the ship is realized by the WinCC (Windows Control Center) configuration software. For the system architecture, the Boolean logic table is used to construct the connection relationships of the oil tanks, pumps and pipelines, and the amount of oil exchange between the cabins is calculated according to the floating equation, and the balance of the floating state in the …
Simulation-Based Effectiveness Evaluation For System-Of-System Under Multi-Equipment Collaboration, Ma Ning, Shenglin Lin
Simulation-Based Effectiveness Evaluation For System-Of-System Under Multi-Equipment Collaboration, Ma Ning, Shenglin Lin
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Complex coordination exists among the various equipment in the system-of-system (SoS) operational process. The influence relationship among the various indexes is ignored in the traditional effectiveness evaluation methods. Aiming at this, a new effectiveness evaluation approach for the SoS is proposed. Numerous evaluation data is analyzed, based on the association rules mining, to obtain the influence among the effectiveness indexes. The networked evaluation index system is constructed, and the effectiveness integration evaluation is realized based on the analytic network process. The feasibility and validity of the proposed method are verified by evaluating the effectiveness of an air defense SoS.
Identification Method For Fractional-Order Systems Based On Haar Wavelet Operational Matrix, Yuanlu Li, Li Teng, Baoying Liu
Identification Method For Fractional-Order Systems Based On Haar Wavelet Operational Matrix, Yuanlu Li, Li Teng, Baoying Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Studies have shown that the dynamical systems can be more accurately described by the fractional-order systems because its order can be any number. That’s why the fractional-order systems are being paid more and more attention. However, how to create a fractional-order system is still in the exploratory stage. Considering the nonlocal features of the fractional differentiation, a method for the fractional-order system identification is proposed by taking the Haar wavelet operational matrix. The proposed method can reduce the dimension of the operational matrix by abandoning the high frequency coefficients of the input and output signals so that the buffer …
Virtual-Point-Light Sampling Algorithm Based On Indirect Illumination Clustering Of Visible Scene Region, Chen Sheng, Chunyi Chen, Qiwei Xing, Chaozhi Yang
Virtual-Point-Light Sampling Algorithm Based On Indirect Illumination Clustering Of Visible Scene Region, Chen Sheng, Chunyi Chen, Qiwei Xing, Chaozhi Yang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Focusing on the accuracy of indirect illumination calculation, an improved view-sensitive virtual point light (VPL) sampling method is proposed. The visible shading points are clustered according to the positions and normal vectors. The product of the contribution of VPLs on the representative visible shading points and the number of VPLs belonging to the same class is calculated, and the sum of the products is treated as the estimation of the indirect illumination which constructs the cumulative distribution function (CDF). On the basis of the CDF, the VPLs of calculating the indirect illumination on every visible shading point are selected. …
Augmented Reality Interactive Media System For Ancient Buildings Based On Servomotor, Xingquan Cai, Zhe Yang, He Xin, Chen Chao
Augmented Reality Interactive Media System For Ancient Buildings Based On Servomotor, Xingquan Cai, Zhe Yang, He Xin, Chen Chao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Augmented reality is usually limited to the screen devices, and is difficult to realize the stereoscopic dynamic interaction of multiplayer. A large screen interactive display method based on the servo motor is prsented. The serial communication program to control the scanning reciprocating mode of the servo is designed. By using the edge detection methods and deep normal texture processing, the line draft of the ancient buildings is rendered. By combining the hardware and presentation application modules, the user interaction capabilities and seasonal effects is added to the showcase application modules. The experimental results show that the interactive media system …
Adaptive Differential Crisscross Optimization Algorithm For Dynamic Economic Emission Dispatch Considering Wind Power, Panpan Mei, Lianghong Wu, Hongqiang Zhang, Huiying Wang
Adaptive Differential Crisscross Optimization Algorithm For Dynamic Economic Emission Dispatch Considering Wind Power, Panpan Mei, Lianghong Wu, Hongqiang Zhang, Huiying Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Because of the randomness and fluctuation of the wind power, the large scale wind power integration makes the economic emission dispatch of power systems more complicated. By fusing the advantages of the differential evolution algorithm with the parameter self-adaption and crisscross optimization, a hybrid intelligent optimization algorithm called ADE-CSO is proposed to solve the dynamic economic emission dispatch considering wind power integration. A constraint handling technology is introduced to satisfy the feasibility of the power balance and ramp limits. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a typical test case of five generator bus system is conducted and …
Classification Of Chest X-Ray Disease Based On Convolutional Neural Network, Huang Xin, Fang Yu, Mengdan Gu
Classification Of Chest X-Ray Disease Based On Convolutional Neural Network, Huang Xin, Fang Yu, Mengdan Gu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The artificial intelligence technology can effectively assist the chest X-ray diagnosis. On the basis of the analysis of Chinese reports of chest X-rays, a labeling method of the thoracic disease classification for the chest abnormal parts is proposed and a dataset of the thoracic disease classification labels is complied. The thoracic disease classification is evaluated through four kinds of convolutional neural networks, AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet and DenseNet and through three kinds of training methods, direct training, ImageNet pre-training and Chest X-14 pre-training. The result shows that the more complicated convolutional neural network with the more parameters, the better performance …
Study On Evacuation Cellular Automaton Model Considering Avoidance Behavior, Yinghua Song, Zhang Yu, Feizhou Huo, Lü Wei, Yaping Ma
Study On Evacuation Cellular Automaton Model Considering Avoidance Behavior, Yinghua Song, Zhang Yu, Feizhou Huo, Lü Wei, Yaping Ma
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To study the avoidance behavior in the evacuation process, a cellular automaton model considering avoidance behavior is established. The model divides the evacuees into avoiders and transferees, and reflects the avoidance behavior by changing the selected probability of evacuees. The impact of the avoidance behavior on the efficiency and evacuation process in different personnel ratios and different initial positions is analyzed. The results show that the avoidance behavior can optimize the evacuation sequence, improve the evacuation efficiency and reduce the risk of evacuation process. The evacuation time is significantly reduced when the probability of avoidance exceeds the thread value, …