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Articles 3421 - 3450 of 3973
Full-Text Articles in Systems Science
Inputting Strategy Simulation Of Multi-Ramp Coordinated Control Signal For Urban Expressway, Mingbao Pang, Zemin Xia, Yanhai Luan
Inputting Strategy Simulation Of Multi-Ramp Coordinated Control Signal For Urban Expressway, Mingbao Pang, Zemin Xia, Yanhai Luan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the analysis of the driver's reaction when the urban expressway is in traffic jamming state and stated preference survey (SP) investigating, the key parameters' variation trends when the driving behavior adjusts and the possible path changing probability for a driver in each state are determined. A cellular automaton model of coordinated control section on urban expressway is established, where the driving behaviors are described accurately. The characteristics of traffic flow is discussed via the simulation experiments after inputting coordination control signals with different on-ramp numbers upstream of jamming point. The effects of each coordinated control modes on …
Study On Multi-Objective Collaborative Optimization Of Switched Reluctance Motor Based On Chaos Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm, Xiaoping Zhang, Shenghua Rao, Zhang Zhu, Zhao Xuan
Study On Multi-Objective Collaborative Optimization Of Switched Reluctance Motor Based On Chaos Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm, Xiaoping Zhang, Shenghua Rao, Zhang Zhu, Zhao Xuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is difficult to get the best solution due to its complicated process and high professional requirement. Therefore, a collaborative multi-objective optimization method based on chaotic fruit fly algorithm is proposed in the paper. The initial solution is obtained by traditional design method, and the performance is verified by finite element analysis (FEA). The extreme learning machine (ELM) is applied to obtain the non-parameter model of SRM based on the sample data from FEA. The chaotic fruit fly algorithm is proposed for design optimization. Simulation results demonstrate that better coefficient of torque ripple and efficiency can …
Research Of Nonlinear Time Series Prediction Method For Motion Capture, Tianyu Huang, Yunying Guo
Research Of Nonlinear Time Series Prediction Method For Motion Capture, Tianyu Huang, Yunying Guo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In this paper, we study the nonlinear time series prediction method for action capture. A prediction method based on the capture data is studied and implemented by analyzing human motion data to solve the data loss and correction problem caused by sensor failure. Based on this research purpose, the simulation experiment assumes that a sensor in the sequence of actions fails, then uses eight kinds of machine learning methods, and evaluates them with six indexes. The prediction results of different methods are compared and the predicted motions are visualized. Through the experiments, data prediction accuracy by random forest, decision …
Construction And Utilization Of Simulation Meta-Model Based On Influence Diagram Game, Zhong Lin, Mingan Tong, Li Sheng
Construction And Utilization Of Simulation Meta-Model Based On Influence Diagram Game, Zhong Lin, Mingan Tong, Li Sheng
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To overcome the shortcomings of the meta-model, the dynamic influence diagram game is used as simulation meta-model. A construction process and the utilization for structured dynamic influence diagram game (DIDG) are presented. The necessary simulation data are gathered for the construction of a DIDG that presents the changes in simulation state with chance nodes. The decision alternatives and objectives of the decision problem are included in the DIDG as decision and utility nodes. The adversary’s action is represented by an explicit decision node in which case an influence diagram game results. The constructed DIDG is solved to …
Area And Centerline Distribution On Stealth Design Of S-Shaped Inlet, Le Zhang, Zhou Zhou, Xiaoping Xu
Area And Centerline Distribution On Stealth Design Of S-Shaped Inlet, Le Zhang, Zhou Zhou, Xiaoping Xu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Based on the conformal inlet’s size requirement of flying wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), s-shaped inlets are designed with super-ellipse equation, and they are also designed in three typical centerline and area distributions of “beginning fast and end slow”, “beginning and end the same”, and “beginning slow and end fast”. The numerical simulation is verified on electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the inlet with straight cavity based on multilevel fast multipole method (MLFMM), and the stealth analysis is also carried out. And then the mechanism is analyzed combining with electric current distribution. Results indicate that with the inlet terminator open, …
Real-Time Collision Detection Of Coastline In Navigation Simulator, Qianfeng Jing, Helong Shen, Yin Yong, Xiuwen Liu
Real-Time Collision Detection Of Coastline In Navigation Simulator, Qianfeng Jing, Helong Shen, Yin Yong, Xiuwen Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to develop real-time collision detection module of coastline in navigation simulator, a mesh preprocessing method for coastline data is applied. The principle of meshing is established and the coastline data is meshed based on the clipping algorithm. The mesh data is stored into an appropriate data structure. The collision detection algorithm and test program are developed based on Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). The ship contour points and the mesh expansion method are applied to avoid error in special cases which could also improve the accuracy of collision detection. The results show that the method reduces much time …
Cell-Devs Social Interaction Modeling And Simulation For Emergency Evacuation Systems, Yanhong Wang, Wang Xia, Shaowei Wang
Cell-Devs Social Interaction Modeling And Simulation For Emergency Evacuation Systems, Yanhong Wang, Wang Xia, Shaowei Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: This paper aims to present a Cell-DEVS model for emergency evacuation systems, which behave uncertainty and are intricately driven by the social factors. The model introduces social interaction factors such as familiarity degrees, individual vision, communication and conduction, and velocity zones as the state variables, describing the relationship between the evacuees and environment, as well as the interactions with each other. The algorithm optimization enhances reality of simulation. The RESTful CD++ is applied as middleware to execute remote simulation. The results confirm the existence of social interaction. This work benefits to the architecture design, evacuation planning and …
Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis Strategy For Switch Of Three Level Inverter, Yanxia Shen, Beibei Miao
Open Circuit Fault Diagnosis Strategy For Switch Of Three Level Inverter, Yanxia Shen, Beibei Miao
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Fault diagnosis of switch is the premise of reliable operation of three-level-inverter under the fault of the switch. Taking simple open circuit fault of the diode neutral point clamped (NPC) three level inverter as an example, the open circuit fault diagnosis method based on the combination of online and offline diagnoses is proposed. The fault phase is detected by the mean value of the bridge arm phase voltages. In the time domain, the fault switch tube is diagnosed by the maximum and minimum values of the load phase voltages. In the frequency domain, the amplitude of the fault signal …
Mesh Morphing Process For Facial Plastic Surgery Simulation, Jinfang Li, Rifu Li, Hanwu He, Junlong Xu, Jiayuan Liu, Li Hang
Mesh Morphing Process For Facial Plastic Surgery Simulation, Jinfang Li, Rifu Li, Hanwu He, Junlong Xu, Jiayuan Liu, Li Hang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to present the result of facial plastic surgery accurately, we propose a mesh morphing process method based on the grayscale texture in this paper. A grayscale texture is created by selecting the region of interest (ROI), and a set of texture coordinate is computed for the vertices in real time to establish the mapping relationship between the vertices and the grayscale texture. In order to make the morphing smooth, we blur the grayscale texture with the mean blurred processing algorithm and control the blur effect by the number of iterations. The advantages of this algorithm are as …
Modeling Of Wheat Ears Growth Based On Bezier Surface, Junxiao Xue, Chenyang Sun, Mingliang Xu, Yin Hui, Haiyu Yu
Modeling Of Wheat Ears Growth Based On Bezier Surface, Junxiao Xue, Chenyang Sun, Mingliang Xu, Yin Hui, Haiyu Yu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Simulation model of wheat growth has important theoretical significance and application value for wheat growth regulation and management. Study the growth of wheat ears from heading to maturity. We propose an unified modeling method for the grain, lemma and palea of wheat ears based on Bezier surface. Meanwhile, all the models are re-polygonized so that it can be easier to detect the collision. The method can simulate the growth of wheat ear with relatively high modeling efficiency. Experiment results show that the proposed method has very good modeling effect and the modeling of wheat ear at different growth stages …
Integrated Generating Algorithm Of Centroidal Capacity Constrained Power Diagram, Liping Zheng, Lu Chang, Ruiwen Cai, Zhiqiang Gui
Integrated Generating Algorithm Of Centroidal Capacity Constrained Power Diagram, Liping Zheng, Lu Chang, Ruiwen Cai, Zhiqiang Gui
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Power diagram is the weighted Voronoi diagram. Centroidal capacity constrained power diagram (CCCPD) can be obtained by imposing capacity constraint and centroid constraint to the ordinary power diagram. To increase the convergence speed of existing CCCPD algorithms which optimize the weight and location of site interlacedly, an improved algorithm is proposed which optimizes all variables integratedly. Research results exhibit that the performance of the proposed algorithm is 40% higher than the traditional method.
Fusing Local And Global Features For Human Action Recognition, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong
Fusing Local And Global Features For Human Action Recognition, Tang Chao, Miaohui Zhang, Li Wei, Cao Feng, Xiaofeng Wang, Xiaohong Tong
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Recognizing human actions according to video features is an important research topic in a wide scope of applications. In this paper, we propose a robust human motion detection method that combines canny operator with the combination of local and global optic flow methods. Meanwhile, this paper presents a simple but efficient action recognition algorithm using fusion visual features. The mixed features fuse two action descriptors, namely centre distance-based space time interest point and curvature function-based Fourier descriptors. The frame-based human action classifier is developed using random forests algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed method is accurate, efficient and …
Method Research On Collaborative Simulation Of Multi-Resolution Models, Gaofeng Zhang, Yujie Ji
Method Research On Collaborative Simulation Of Multi-Resolution Models, Gaofeng Zhang, Yujie Ji
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The collaborative simulation of multi-resolution models is an effective method to meet the requirement of “wide-area confrontation and local high imitation” in combat simulation. The generalized supporting platform for multi-resolution models collaborative simulation is constructed, and the collaborative simulation mechanism with mirror entity and control right dynamic migration as core technology is proposed, which can effectively solve the problem of interconnection and homomorphic mapping between multi-resolution models, as well as collaborative operation consistency issues. Under the support of this technique, the joint operation among different resolution models in a tactical deduction simulation system is stable, efficient and consistent. This …
Research On Open Cell Effect Based On Vacation Queueing Model, Wenwen Pan, Bingyu An, Zangbo Chi, Mingmin Zhang, Zhuxin Hu
Research On Open Cell Effect Based On Vacation Queueing Model, Wenwen Pan, Bingyu An, Zangbo Chi, Mingmin Zhang, Zhuxin Hu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: The paper analyzes the related influence factors when closed residential area is open to its surrounding roads. Using the traffic flow theory, the evaluation system of AHP and vacation queuing model based on Markov chain are established. After describing and quantifying the road traffic impact about the open community, we put forward some suggestions about the open of closed residential community. At the same time, the evaluation and improvement rate are proposed under different conditions such as changing the structure of the community, changing the surrounding road structure and changing the traffic flow off. In consideration of traffic lights, …
Key Techniques Of Remote Visualization Of 3d Seismic Volume Supporting Multi-User, Lianen Ji, Zhao Ni, Shiyi Liang, Huang Bo
Key Techniques Of Remote Visualization Of 3d Seismic Volume Supporting Multi-User, Lianen Ji, Zhao Ni, Shiyi Liang, Huang Bo
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: During the remote visualization of large-scale seismic volume for multi-user concurrent interaction, traditional task scheduling approaches could lead to large amount of I/O operation and repetitive calculation of volume texture blocks. So, a more efficient multi-task scheduling strategy was proposed, which rearranged the schedule order of volume rendering tasks through computing their viewpoint correlation. Furthermore, an optimized design of LRU based on parallel protection lock was made. In order to improve the network transmission efficiency and quality of seismic visualization image simultaneously, and to meet the requirement of users to observe the region of interest (ROI) preferentially, the …
Rgbd Image Co-Segmentation Via Saliency Detection And Graph Cut, Xiaoyang Li, Lili Wan, Henan Li, Shenghui Wang
Rgbd Image Co-Segmentation Via Saliency Detection And Graph Cut, Xiaoyang Li, Lili Wan, Henan Li, Shenghui Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem that it is difficult to accurately segment images with similar colors in the foreground, we propose a RGBD image co-segmentation algorithm that utilizes saliency detection and graph cut. Our algorithm not only achieves the co-segmentation of multiple images, but also uses depth data to solve the foreground and background confusion problem caused by color similarity. Depth is incorporated into a superpixel segmentation algorithm to change each RGBD image into a set of superpixel blocks. A graph model of superpixels is constructed and saliency detection is used to extend the seed nodes area. The …
Real-Time Video Webgis With Virtual-Reality Fusion, Yihao Yu, Tan Chong, Zhou Zhong, Wu Wei
Real-Time Video Webgis With Virtual-Reality Fusion, Yihao Yu, Tan Chong, Zhou Zhong, Wu Wei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: At present, smart cities have already become an important trend of urban governance in the information era. As an effective display method to the smart cities, augmented virtual environment technology has long been a common concern of researchers. However most of current augmented virtual environment technologies have the disadvantages of high hardware requirements, poor cross-platform capability, so it is difficult to promote to the common users. To solve this problem, in this paper, we put forward a fusion method based on WebGL, which combines the real-time monitor video stream with the 3D geographic scene, resulting in an augmented …
Research On Parametric Modeling Of Radar Electronic Warfare Visual Simulation, Jinliang Guo, Zhang Yang, Xiaoyan Li, Xue Yuan
Research On Parametric Modeling Of Radar Electronic Warfare Visual Simulation, Jinliang Guo, Zhang Yang, Xiaoyan Li, Xue Yuan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the versatility of electronic warfare scene simulation and reduce the repeated development, a parametric modeling approach was proposed. Based on the visual simulation development model of Vega Prime, the modular simulation architecture was designed to provide a unified design structure for parametric modeling. The method of parameter extraction and description was researched to standardize the design of simulation model parameters. Parameter constraint rules were researched to associate model parameters, avoid the conflict between parameters, and simplify parameter instantiation. A parametric visual simulation system of electronic warfare was designed and implemented. The parametric modeling process …
Physically-Based Interactive Virtual Clothing Animation Simulation, Shi Min, Junzheng Wang, Tianlu Mao, Yaning Liu
Physically-Based Interactive Virtual Clothing Animation Simulation, Shi Min, Junzheng Wang, Tianlu Mao, Yaning Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Realistic effective clothing animation simulation involves many factors, including the lifelike animation rendering, stable animation modeling, interaction control of the adjustable parameter and so on. An interactive clothing animation method based on physics is studied. According to the content feature of model and animation resources, we design an effective way of storage and provide the interface to adjust the parameters interactively. We build implicit constraint dynamics system, accelerated collision detection and the constrained optimization calculation model, and calculate clothing animation. The simulation based on Unity 3D engine is rendered to present garment animation simulation effect under different virtual light. …
Research On Augmented Reality Method Based On Unmarked Recognition, Li Qian, Shangbing Gao, Zhigeng Pan, Zhengwei Zhang, Chenghua Fang, Shengquan Wang
Research On Augmented Reality Method Based On Unmarked Recognition, Li Qian, Shangbing Gao, Zhigeng Pan, Zhengwei Zhang, Chenghua Fang, Shengquan Wang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As a kind of technology of superposing the virtual objects upon reality scene, AR (Augment Reality) expands the information quantity of the actual scene by virtual information. Aiming at the deficiency of previous AR application methods, the AR application method of unmarked recognition based on the optimized filtering was proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, filtering was used for image preprocessing to solve the poor matching efficiency problems of the past recognition algorithms, then three-dimensional model was established in two-dimensional images and the model was rendered in the two-dimensional plane. The experimental results show that, compared with …
Research On Inner And Outer Loop Control Of Active Suspension With Linear Motor, Farong Kou, Fang Tao, Ren Quan, Chen Long
Research On Inner And Outer Loop Control Of Active Suspension With Linear Motor, Farong Kou, Fang Tao, Ren Quan, Chen Long
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to improve the dynamic performance of active suspension with linear motor, the control strategy of LQR control and quasi proportional resonance control was designed. A two-degree-of-freedom vehicle model with active suspension and a linear motor mathematical model were established, and the correctness of the linear motor model was verified by experiments. The influence of the inner loop controller parameters on the controller performance and the response characteristics of the linear motor were analyzed by Matlab/simulink, and the parameters of the inner and outer loop controller were determined. The PID control and quasi proportional resonant control were …
Virtual Vascular Stent Implantation Model Based On Fbs, Chenxi Huang, Yongtao Hao, Haowei Xing, Chen Fei
Virtual Vascular Stent Implantation Model Based On Fbs, Chenxi Huang, Yongtao Hao, Haowei Xing, Chen Fei
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Vascular stent intervention can expand the narrow coronary artery. Doctors analyze the patient's two-dimensional vascular images based on experience and select the stent. In this paper, vascular stent implantation is modeled and analyzed by Function-Behavior-Structure. The stent model is established by virtual reality modeling language and the stent implantation process is simulated. By combining FBS product design method with the virtual reality interaction technology, the virtual stent selection and implantation are adjusted until getting the best result. The prototype system can establish a personalized implantation model. The stent is selected accurately based on the specificity of patient's …
Operational Evaluation Of Traffic Guidance Systems Based On Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, Keshuang Tang, Hengjia Zhang, Yixie Bowen
Operational Evaluation Of Traffic Guidance Systems Based On Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, Keshuang Tang, Hengjia Zhang, Yixie Bowen
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To study the optimization effect of variable message sign-based traffic guidance system on the utilization efficiency of transportation resource, the multi-agent-based model is used to develop simulation and evaluation platform. The simulation experiments of three typical traffic guidance strategies are carried out. The effect of guidance is evaluated by the indexes as average driving time, average searching time for parking lot and parking failure rate. The result shows that the driving and parking guidance can help reduce the average driving time and the parking failure rate respectively. The influence of the traffic guidance system on the traffic operation status …
Analysis Of Fuzzy Control Constant Current Charging Characteristic For Breaking And Making Capacitor Of Permanent Magnet Circuit Breaker, Peng Jin, Xianbing Wang, Xiangao Wang, Xichen Ye, Wang Huan
Analysis Of Fuzzy Control Constant Current Charging Characteristic For Breaking And Making Capacitor Of Permanent Magnet Circuit Breaker, Peng Jin, Xianbing Wang, Xiangao Wang, Xichen Ye, Wang Huan
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to realize the precise control of breaking and making capacitors constant current charging for the permanent magnet (PM) circuit breaker, a fuzzy constant current charging technology of breaking and making capacitors is put forward. On the basis of analyzing the working characteristics for breaking and making capacitors constant current charging, the membership functions of current deviation e, deviation changing rate ec and output variable u for breaking and making capacitors constant current and fuzzy control rules are set up. The establishment of a two-dimensional lookup table replacing the complex fuzzy control algorithm can effectively improve the …
Study On The Effect Of Salt Fog On Polluted Insulator Under Switching Impulse, Jianghai Geng, Zhong Zheng, Jiang Shuo, Fangcheng Lü, Yunpeng Liu, Songsong Zhou
Study On The Effect Of Salt Fog On Polluted Insulator Under Switching Impulse, Jianghai Geng, Zhong Zheng, Jiang Shuo, Fangcheng Lü, Yunpeng Liu, Songsong Zhou
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: Water is mixed with soluble conductive material in haze so that the air has certain conductivity, resulting in extra mixed pollution components on the surface of the existing polluted insulator. In this paper, with the XP10-160 ceramic suspension insulator being used as the sample, the switching impulse test of the clean and polluted insulator is carried out by simulating high conductivity fog under the natural environment by salt fog method. This paper analysis the flashover characteristics of switching impulse under different salt density and water fog conductivity. The effect of high conductivity fog on the field intensity distribution of …
Research On Modeling And Simulation Of Ac/Dc Hybrid Power Distribution System, Ye Peng, Li Shan, Sun Feng, Han Yue, Zhang Tao, Jiajue Li
Research On Modeling And Simulation Of Ac/Dc Hybrid Power Distribution System, Ye Peng, Li Shan, Sun Feng, Han Yue, Zhang Tao, Jiajue Li
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: As DC loads and power supply are more and more applications in the grid, AC/DC power distribution system is the future development trend of the low voltage power grid. The modeling and simulation of AC/DC hybrid power distribution system are studied in this paper. Considering the power control, DC bus voltage control and DC power supply and load access, the hierarchical control model of voltage source converter for AC / DC hybrid distribution system and the control strategy of each layer are proposed, and on this basis, the mathematical model of each module is established. Based on PSCAD electromagnetic …
Design And Realization Of Behavior Tree In Weapon Equipment Virtual Maintenance Training System, Wensheng Xu, Wu Bo, Jianhong Jiang
Design And Realization Of Behavior Tree In Weapon Equipment Virtual Maintenance Training System, Wensheng Xu, Wu Bo, Jianhong Jiang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: To solve the problem of long development period of virtual maintenance training system for complicated weapon equipment, the 3D modeling, the behavior modeling and the decision modeling of virtual maintenance were studied. The behavior trees design model was applied to analyze, design and develop the system which was tested in the maintenance case of marching tensioning device of a certain weapon equipment. The scripting unit and the running efficiency of the behavior trees model in the case were tested. The test results showed that this design method with behavior tree model has better scalability and model description clarity, and …
Airframe Damage Region Division Evaluation Method Based On Boundary Grid Gradient, Shuyu Cai, Lizhong Shi
Airframe Damage Region Division Evaluation Method Based On Boundary Grid Gradient, Shuyu Cai, Lizhong Shi
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to provide decision support for efficiently choosing and evaluating airframe damage region division methods, the characteristic of airframe damage region was analyzed, evaluating indicator of damage image division-boundary grid gradient was established. By introducing entropy method, combining with indicator of boundary grid gradient, the optimization of TOPSIS was presented, and the evaluation system of airframe damage region division was completely established. Airframe damage region division evaluation experiments were performed by different gray level entropy threshold of damage division image. Experimental results showed that, the proposed method efficiently represented division status of damage adjacency region, and avoided the …
Deep Learning Method For Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images With Small Samples, Xiangbin Shi, Zhong Jian, Cuiwei Liu, Liu Fang, Deyuan Zhang
Deep Learning Method For Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images With Small Samples, Xiangbin Shi, Zhong Jian, Cuiwei Liu, Liu Fang, Deyuan Zhang
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem of large information dimension and fewer labeled training samples of hyperspectral remote sensing images, this paper proposes a hyperspectral remote sensing image classification framework HSI-CNN, which reduces the number of model parameters while maintaining the depth of neural network. Image pattern invariance and spectral channel contribution rate are analyzed, and the spectral redundancy information is reduced by principal component analysis. A full convolution neural network structure suitable for small sample hyperspectral remote sensing images is designed and the amount of network parameters is effectively reduced. Three kinds of HSI-CNN structures are proposed …
Saliency Feature Extraction Method Based On Multi-Scale Region Covariance, Shimin Wang, Jihua Ye, Mingwen Wang, Jiali Zuo, Changhong Liu
Saliency Feature Extraction Method Based On Multi-Scale Region Covariance, Shimin Wang, Jihua Ye, Mingwen Wang, Jiali Zuo, Changhong Liu
Journal of System Simulation
Abstract: In order to solve the problem that the saliency detection target boundary is vague, the paper proposes a saliency feature extraction method based on multi-scale region covariance. This method firstly extracts the multi-scale features of an image, then combines region covariance to extract the image bottom features, calculates the image’s multi-scale uncertainty weights, and the weights are optimized for the final saliency features, which are obtained by fusion. In the paper, our proposed model compares the experimental results with the commonly used feature extraction algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is closer to the actual …