Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons^™

Understanding Defect Interactions In Si Ultra-Shallow P-N Junctions Formed By Very Low Energy Boron Implantation, Lakshmanan H. Vanamurthy

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

One of the biggest challenges in the scaling of CMOS devices is the formation of a highly activated, abrupt, defect free Source drain extension (SDE) region. This is especially difficult with p-FET's because of the (1) Boron diffusion co-efficient enhancement from Transient enhanced diffusion (TED) and (2) low solid solubility of

Electrical And Optical Characterization Of Carbon Nanotube Diodes, Argyrios Malapanis

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Carbon nanotubes are good candidates for future applications, including nanoelectronic and nanophotonic devices. Their quasi-one dimensional (1D) character offers appealing device properties. These include reduced carrier scattering, carrier mobility up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of materials used in state-of-the-art computer chips today, current densities rivaling those of the best semiconductors, enhanced optical absorption, and band gaps tunable with tube diameter and doping. Recent breakthroughs in research point to the possibility of placing nanotubes precisely on substrates with densities approaching that of transistors on today's computer chips in a way that's integratable with existing Si-based technology. Such …

The Effect Of Energy Deposition On Pattern Resolution In Electron Beam Lithography, Ananthan Raghunathan

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Electron beam lithography is one of the most important tools for nanofabrication. Electron beam lithography has consistently been able to offer higher resolution, typically better than 10 nm or so, compared to other techniques. In this work the contribution of electron-substrate interaction to pattern resolution is investigated.

Local Area Mask Patterning Of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography Reticles For Native Defect Analysis, Adam Lyons

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Understanding the nature and behavior of native defects on EUV reticles, particularly their printability, is of critical importance to the successful implementation of EUV lithography for high volume manufacturing, as will be demonstrated in the upcoming chapters. Previous defect characterization work has focused on the examination of programmed defects, native defects on blank reticles, and unaligned native defects on patterned reticles. Each of these approaches has drawbacks, which will be discussed in detail, and the aim of this research is to address these deficiencies by developing a method to pattern features of interest over native defects, enabling the direct observation …

Defining An Optimal Surface Chemistry For Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture In 2d And 3d, Michael Roy Zonca Jr.

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Surface chemistry is critical for growing pluripotent stem cells in an undifferentiated state. There is great potential to engineer the surface chemistry at the nanoscale level to regulate stem cell adhesion. However, the challenge is to identify the optimal surface chemistry of the substrata for ES cell attachment and maintenance. Using a high-throughput polymerization and screening platform, a chemically defined, synthetic polymer grafted coating that supports strong attachment and high expansion capacity of pluripotent stem cells has been discovered using mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as a model system. This optimal substrate, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide (DMAPMA) that is grafted on 2D …

Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition Of Ruthenium-Titanium Nitride Mixed-Phase Layers For Direct-Plate Liner And Copper Diffusion Barrier Applications, Adam James Gildea

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

Current interconnect networks in semiconductor processing utilize a sputtered TaN diffusion barrier, Ta liner, and Cu seed to improve the adhesion, microstructure, and electromigration resistance of electrochemically deposited copper that fills interconnect wires and vias. However, as wire/via widths shrink due to device scaling, it becomes increasingly difficult to have the volume of a wire/via be occupied with ECD Cu which increases line resistance and increases the delay in signal propagation in IC chips. A single layer that could serve the purpose of a Cu diffusion barrier and ECD Cu adhesion promoter could allow ECD Cu to occupy a larger …

Nb Doped Tio2 As A Cathode Catalyst Support Material For Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells, Alexander William O'Toole

Legacy Theses & Dissertations (2009 - 2024)

In order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases and reduce dependence on the use of fossil fuels, it is necessary to pursue alternative sources of energy. Transportation is a major contributor to the emission of greenhouse gases due to the use of fossil fuels in the internal combustion engine. To reduce emission of these pollutants into the atmosphere, research is needed to produce alternative solutions for vehicle transportation. Low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are energy conversion devices that provide an alternative to the internal combustion engine, however, they still have obstacles to overcome to achieve large scale …

Fabrication Of Two-Dimensional Nanostructures On Glass Using Nanosphere Lithography, Elmer Jim Wang

Wayne State University Theses

It is desired to have artificial optical materials with controllable optical properties. Optical glass is the most common optical material for various applications. This research will attempt to create a thin layer on the substrate with controllable optical properties. The thin layer is a composite material with nanoscale features and controllable refractive index. Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures will be created on the surface of optical glass using nanosphere lithography. In comparison with conventional techniques, this approach is more efficient and cost-effective for the creation of large areas of thin surface layers as an artificial material. A uniform monolayer of nanospheres will …

Oligospermines For Non-Viral Sirna Delivery, Maha Elsayed

Wayne State University Theses

In this thesis, delivery systems for siRNA delivery are introduced with special attention to non-viral vectors. Many successful vectors used in vivo were reviewed. Our work focused on the effect of different architectures of oligospermine polmers on their suitability for siRNA delivery in lung cancer cells. Different archituctures showed different polyplex structures and variable transfection efficiencies. Moreover, we presented a review on nanoimprint lithography techniques with an outlook on possible biological applications in the field of gene and drug delivery.

Near Wall Shear Stress Modification Using An Active Piezoelectric Nanowire Surface, Christopher R. Guskey

Theses and Dissertations--Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

An experimental study was conducted to explore the possible application of dynamically actuated nanowires to effectively disturb the wall layer in fully developed, turbulent channel flow. Actuated nanowires have the potential to be used for the mixing and filtering of chemicals, enhancing convective heat transfer and reducing drag. The first experimental evidence is presented suggesting it is possible to manipulate and subsequently control turbulent flow structures with active nanowires. An array of rigid, ultra-long (40 μm) TiO₂ nanowires was fabricated and installed in the bounding wall of turbulent channel flow then oscillated using an attached piezoelectric actuator. Flow velocity …

Numerical Modeling And Characterization Of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays, Johnson Joseph

Theses and Dissertations--Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Since their discoveries, carbon nanotubes have been widely studied, but mostly in the forms of 1D individual carbon nanotube (CNT). From practical application point of view, it is highly desirable to produce carbon nanotubes in large scales. This has resulted in a new class of carbon nanotube material, called the vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VA-CNTs). To date, our ability to design and model this complex material is still limited. The classical molecular mechanics methods used to model individual CNTs are not applicable to the modeling of VA-CNT structures due to the significant computational efforts required. This research is to …

The Critical Role Of Mechanism-Based Models For Understanding And Predicting Liposomal Drug Loading, Binding And Release Kinetics, Sweta Modi

Theses and Dissertations--Pharmacy

Liposomal delivery systems hold considerable promise for improvement of cancer therapy provided that critical formulation design criteria can be met. The main objective of the current project was to enable quality by design in the formulation of liposomal delivery systems by developing comprehensive, mechanism-based mathematical models of drug loading, binding and release kinetics that take into account not only the therapeutic requirement but the physicochemical properties of the drug, the bilayer membrane, and the intraliposomal microenvironment.

Membrane binding of the drug affects both drug loading and release from liposomes. The influence of bilayer composition and phase structure on the partitioning …

Nanoscale Electrochemistry By In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy, Qi Gao

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open

Nanoscale research in energy storage has recently focused on investigating the properties of nanostructures in order to increase energy density, power rate, and capacity. To better understand the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, a new and advanced in situ system was designed that allows atomic scale observation of materials under external fields. A special holder equipped with a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) probe inside a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) system was used to perform the in situ studies on mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties of nanomaterials. The nanostructures of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are characterized by electron imaging, diffraction, and chemical …

High Voltage Electrophoretic Deposition For Electrochemical Energy Storage And Other Applications, Sunand Santhanagopalan

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open

High voltage electrophoretic deposition (HVEPD) has been developed as a novel technique to obtain vertically aligned forests of one-dimensional nanomaterials for efficient energy storage. The ability to control and manipulate nanomaterials is critical for their effective usage in a variety of applications. Oriented structures of one-dimensional nanomaterials provide a unique opportunity to take full advantage of their excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties. However, it is still a significant challenge to obtain such oriented structures with great process flexibility, ease of processing under mild conditions and the capability to scale up, especially in context of efficient device fabrication and system packaging. …

Studies Of Functionalized Nanoparticles For Smart Self-Assembly And As Controlled Drug Delivery, Xiaochu Ding

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open

This dissertation is related to the studies of functionalized nanoparticles for self-assembly and as controlled drug delivery system. The whole topic is composed of two parts. In the first part, the research was conducted to design and synthesize a new type of ionic peptide-functionalized copolymer conjugates for self-assembly into nanoparticle fibers and 3D scaffolds with the ability of multi-drug loading and governing the release rate of each drug for tissue engineering. The self-assembly study confirmed that such peptide-functionalized amphiphilic copolymers underwent different self-assembly behavior. The bigger nanoparticles were more easily assembled into nanoparticle fibers and 3D scaffolds with larger pore …

The Standardization Of Printable Materials And Direct-Write Systems, Jessica Lynn Porras

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The standardization of Printable Materials and Direct-Write Systems addresses the many areas of Printing Nano Engineering that lack standards. Printing Nano Engineering is a new method of manufacturing electronics that utilize direct-write system with printing principles to manufacture electronic components.

Standards need to be developed for the different direct-write systems and printable materials in order to provide compatibility amongst printed electronics and to allow the optimization for direct-writ s e systems, and printable materials associated with these systems. There are many different types of direct-write systems in industry; each system involves different methods for printing that incorporates the limiting parameters …

Application Of Nano-Imprint Lithography For Next Generation Carbon Nanotube-Based Devices, Svitlana Fialkova

Dissertations

This research report addresses the development of 3D carbon nanostructures that can provide unique capabilities for manufacturing carbon nanotube (CNT) electronic components, electrochemical probes, biosensors and tissue scaffolds. The shaped CNT arrays were grown on patterned catalytic substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The new fabrication process for catalyst patterning based on combination of nano-imprint lithography (NIL), magnetron sputtering and reactive etching techniques was proposed and studied. The optimal process parameters for each technique were evaluated. The catalyst was made by deposition of Fe and Co nanoparticles over alumina support layer on Si/SiO₂ substrate. The metal particles were …

Computational Material Modeling For Mechanical Properties Prediction And A Methodology For Mie Gruneisen Equation Of State Characterization Via Molecular/Nano Scale Cementitious Material Constituents, Ahmed Mohamed

Dissertations

Cementitious materials have complex hierarchical structures with random features that range from nanometer (nm) to millimeter (mm) scale. Processes occurring at the nanometer scale affect the performance at larger length scales. The present work employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations as the computational modeling methodology to predict mechanical properties for both hydrated and unhydrated cementitious materials at the molecular/nano scale level. A detailed study on the effect of increasing MD simulation cell size, dynamics time duration on the predicted mechanical properties was performed. Further studies focused on understanding the effect of higher thermodynamic pressure states on predicted …

Real-Time In Vivo Imaging Of Size-Dependent Transport And Toxicity Of Gold Nanoparticles In Zebrafish Embryos Using Single Nanoparticle Plasmonic Spectroscopy, Lauren M. Browning, Tao Huang, Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu

Chemistry & Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) show distinctive plasmonic optical properties and superior photostability, enabling them to serve as photostable multicoloured optical molecular probes and sensors for real-time in vivo imaging. To effectively study biological functions in vivo, it is essential that the NP probes are biocompatible and can be delivered into living organisms non-invasively. In this study, we have synthesized, purified and characterized stable (non-aggregated) gold (Au) NPs (86.2 +/- 10.8 nm). We have developed dark-field single NP plasmonic microscopy and spectroscopy to study their transport into early developing zebrafish embryos (cleavage stage) and their effects on embryonic development …

Integration Of Memristors With Mems For Dynamic Displacement Control, Sergio Fabian Almeida Loya

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In recent years the demand for high-speed, lower power consumption and large-capacity non-volatile memories has increased. Promisingly the memristor can be used due to its special characteristic of having memory through resistance change. The memristor behavior is not limited to digital applications but it can be used in analog application as well including: memristors in chaotic circuits, amoeba's learning, neural synaptic emulation, reprogrammable and reconfigurable circuits, and for neuromorphic computers. On the other hand Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are small scale structures that can interact with the physical world due to their mechanical properties. These devices are widely used …

Surface Plasmon Polaritons And Waveguide Modes At Structured And Inhomogeneous Surfaces, Javier Polanco

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In chapter 1, properties of a p-polarized surface plasmon polariton are studied, propagating circumferentially around a portion of a cylindrical interface between vacuum and a metal, a situation investigated earlier by M. V. Berry (J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 8, (1975) 1952). When the metal is convex toward the vacuum this mode is radiative and consequently is attenuated as it propagates on the cylindrical surface. An approximate analytic solution of the dispersion relation for this wave is obtained by an approach different from the one used by Berry, and plots of the real and imaginary parts of its wave number …

Transformations, Bioavailability And Toxicity Of Manufactured Zno Nanomaterials In Wastewter, Sewwandi Rathnayake

Theses and Dissertations--Plant and Soil Sciences

In order to properly evaluate the ecological and human health risks of ZnO Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) released to the environment, it is critical to understand the likely transformation products in the wastewater treatment process and in soils receiving biosolids. To address this critical knowledge gap, we examined the transformation reactions of 30 nm ZnO MNMs in single component and multi-component systems, with phosphate and natural organic matter (NOM). We also assessed the influence of nano ZnO transformation on the bioavailability, and toxicity of ZnO transformation products to Triticum aestivum. The data revealed that ZnO MNMs react with phosphate at …

Accurate Prediction Of Spectral Phonon Relaxation Time And Thermal Conductivity Of Intrinsic And Perturbed Materials, Tianli Feng

Open Access Theses

The prediction of spectral phonon relaxation time, mean-free-path, and thermal conductivity can provide significant insights into the thermal conductivity of bulk and nanomaterials, which are important for thermal management and thermoelectric applications. We perform frequency-domain normal mode analysis (NMA) on pure bulk argon and pure bulk germanium. Spectral phonon properties, including the phonon dispersion, relaxation time, mean free path, and thermal conductivity of argon and germanium at different temperatures have been calculated. We find the dependence of phonon relaxation time τ on frequency ω and temperature T vary from ~ω^-1.3 to ~ω^-1.8 and ~T^-0.8 to ~T^{-1.8 …}

Solution-Processed Nanoparticle Super-Float-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistor As Un-Cooled Ultraviolet And Infrared Photon Counter, Yongbo Yuan, Qingfeng Dong, Bin Yang, Fawen Guo, Qi Zhang, Ming Han, Jinsong Huang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

High sensitivity photodetectors in ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) range have broad civilian and military applications. Here we report on an un-cooled solution-processed UV-IR photon counter based on modified organic field-effect transistors. This type of UV detectors have light absorbing zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) sandwiched between two gate dielectric layers as a floating gate. The photon-generated charges on the floating gate cause high resistance regions in the transistor channel and tune the source-drain output current. This ‘‘super-float-gating’’ mechanism enables very high sensitivity photodetectors with a minimum detectable ultraviolet light intensity of 2.6 photons/µm²s at room temperature as well …

Analysis Of Electrically-Forced Vibrations Of Piezoelectric Mesa Resonators, Huijing He, Guo-Quan Nie, Jin-Xi Liu, Jiashi Yang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

We study the electrically forced thickness-shear and thickness-twist vibrations of stepped thickness piezoelectric plate mesa resonators made of polarized ceramics or 6-mm class crystals. A theoretical analysis based on the theory of piezoelectricity is performed, and an analytical solution is obtained using the trigonometric series. The electrical admittance, resonant frequencies, and mode shapes are calculated, and strong energy trapping of the modes is observed. Their dependence on the geometric parameters of the resonator is also examined.

Review Of Electrochemical And Electrodischarge Machining, Kamlakar P. Rajurkar, M. M. Sundaram, A. P. Malshe

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Electrochemical and electro-discharge machining processes are the two major electro-machining processes with unique capabilities. Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) and Electrochemical Machining (ECM) offer a better alternative or sometimes the only alternative in generating accurate 3-D complex shaped macro, micro and nano features and components of difficult–to-machine materials. Technological advances reported in electrochemical and electro discharge machining processes, which reflect the state of the art in academic and industrial research and applications, are briefly reviewed in this paper.

Wire Electro-Discharge Machining Of Titanium Alloy, Farnaz Nourbakhsh, Kamlakar P. Rajurkar, Ajay P. Malshe, Jian Cao

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

This paper presents an experimental investigation of wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) of titanium alloy. The objective is to investigate the effect of seven process parameters including pulse width, servo reference voltage, pulse current, and wire tension on process performance parameters (such as cutting speed, wire rupture and surface integrity). A Taguchi L18 design of experiment (DOE) has been applied. All experiments have been conducted using Charmilles WEDM. It was also found that the cutting speed increases with peak current and pulse interval. Surface roughness was found to increase with pulse width and decrease with pulse interval. The Analysis of Variance …

Selective Detection And Automated Counting Of Fluorescently-Labeled Chrysotile Asbestos Using A Dual-Mode High-Throughput Microscopy (Dm-Htm) Method, Myoung-Ock Cho, Hyo Mi Chang, Donghee Lee, Yeon Gyu Yu, Hwataik Han, Jung Kyung Kim

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Phase contrast microscopy (PCM) is a widely used analytical method for airborne asbestos, but it is unable to distinguish asbestos from non-asbestos fibers and requires time-consuming and laborious manual counting of fibers. Previously, we developed a high-throughput microscopy (HTM) method that could greatly reduce human intervention and analysis time through automated image acquisition and counting of fibers. In this study, we designed a dual-mode HTM (DM-HTM) device for the combined reflection and fluorescence imaging of asbestos, and automated a series of built-in image processing commands of ImageJ software to test its capabilities. We used DksA, a chrysotile-adhesive protein, for selective …

Photovoltaic Device, Jinsong Huang, Bin Yang, Yongbo Yuan

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

An apparatus includes a substrate; and a photoactive layer disposed on the substrate. The photoactive layer includes an electron acceptor material; an electron donor material; and a material having dipoles.

Scaling Of The Coercive Field In Ferroelectrics At The Nanoscale, R. V. Gaynutdinov, M. Minnekaev, S. Mitko, A. L. Tolstikhina, A. Zenkevich, Stephen Ducharme, Vladimir M. Fridkin

Stephen Ducharme Publications

The scaling of the coercive field in ferroelectric films at the nanoscale is investigated experimentally. The scaling in the films of copolymer vinylidene fluoride and BaTiO3 with thickness equal by the order of value to the critical domain nucleus size 1–10 nm reveals deviation from the well-known Kay–Dunn law. At this thickness region coercive field does not depend on thickness and coincides with Landau–Ginzburg–Devonshire value.