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Articles 2191 - 2220 of 3234

Full-Text Articles in Mechanical Engineering

Utilization Of Molten Nitrate Salt Nanomaterials For Heat Capacity Enhancement In Solar Power Applications, Ramaprasath Devaradjane Jan 2013

Utilization Of Molten Nitrate Salt Nanomaterials For Heat Capacity Enhancement In Solar Power Applications, Ramaprasath Devaradjane

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Concentrated solar power (CSP) system use general thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity and thus the system efficiency is mainly determined by the working temperature of heat transfer fluid (HTF). Organic-based HTFs (e.g., mineral oil, ethylene glycol, etc.) were firstly used for this application. However, this has limited the working temperature of CSP around 300 °C since these organic material starts to decompose below 400 °C. Typical liquid salts are thermally stable to high temperatures (500~600 °C). Using these salts as HTF can significantly increase the working temperature and as a result the system efficiency can also be highly enhanced. For …


Design And Analysis Of A Compression Molded Carbon Composite Wheel Center, Vinoth Kumar Dhananjayan Jan 2013

Design And Analysis Of A Compression Molded Carbon Composite Wheel Center, Vinoth Kumar Dhananjayan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Importance of closed mold and short fibers in the manufacture of carbon composite parts was realized based on a study of existing manufacturing processes for thermoset resins as these can improve production volumes, cost reduction of the part, production of near net shape parts eliminating secondary operations and production of parts with near isotropic properties due to random fiber orientation. Compression molding process is the most preferred process as this addresses the problems of fiber damage effectively because of the minimal flow in the material. A brief study was done on the compression molded carbon composite parts in the industry. …


Integrated Modeling Approach For Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Power Generating System, Jeongpill Ki Jan 2013

Integrated Modeling Approach For Solid Oxide Fuel Cell-Based Power Generating System, Jeongpill Ki

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems have been recognized as the most advanced power generation system with the highest thermal efficiency with a compatibility with a wide variety of hydrocarbon fuels, synthetic gas from coal, hydrogen, etc. As a result of research focused on numerical studies for a tubular type- or a planar type-SOFC, fuel flexibility, design aspects of SOFC, materials, start-up process, and so on, SOFC technologies are remarkably being developed.Currently, most research activities are limited to a component level characterization of single fuel cell stack or material research for catalyst, electrolyte, sealing process, etc. In other words, approaches …


Development Of Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd) Based Erosion Models For Oil And Gas Industry Applications, Deval Pandya Jan 2013

Development Of Computational Fluid Dynamics (Cfd) Based Erosion Models For Oil And Gas Industry Applications, Deval Pandya

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Erosion prediction plays a critical role in different oil and gas industry segments including drill bit manufacturing, measurement & logging while drilling (M&LWD), and reservoir engineering/completions tools. Recently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to predict erosion due to multiphase flows in complex geometries. Currently used CFD-based erosion models are able to predict erosion regions fairly accurately in various applications but they are highly inaccurate when it comes topredictions of quantities like erosion rate. Predicted quantities within an order of magnitude of the measured values are common and may be considered acceptable for many applications in the industry simply because …


Advanced Materials Characterization Based On Full Field Deformation Measurements, A Paige Carpentier Jan 2013

Advanced Materials Characterization Based On Full Field Deformation Measurements, A Paige Carpentier

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Accurate stress-strain constitutive properties are essential for understanding the complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. Among such materials, glass-fiber- and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites play a critical role in advanced structural designs. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slows down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to the prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. This work shows that simple short-beam shear (SBS) specimens are well-suited for measurement of multiple constitutive properties for composite materials and …


Multi-Objective Design Optimization Of Beol/Fbeol Region During Chip Attachment To Substrate, Hardik Parekh Jan 2013

Multi-Objective Design Optimization Of Beol/Fbeol Region During Chip Attachment To Substrate, Hardik Parekh

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Semiconductor industry has recognized the need to replace traditional Al/SiO2 interconnects with Cu/Low-k interconnects in the mainstream electronics devices following the latter's impact on power, RC delay, and cross-talk reduction. However due to lower elastic modulus, strength, and poor adhesion characteristic, reliability of the Cu/Low-k interconnects turns out to be a concern for its integration in the back-end-of-line (BEoL). Flip-chip attachment process (cooling from ~200C to room) can result in critical damage in nano-scale Cu/Low-k interconnects. The objective of this study is to improve the reliability of Cu/Low-k interconnects during die attach reflow process for a specific die to substrate …


Design And Control Of A Smart Bed For Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Zachary Govier Brush Jan 2013

Design And Control Of A Smart Bed For Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Zachary Govier Brush

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

This work details the design, simulation, and experimental testing of a mechanically actuated smart hospital bed for the prevention of pressure ulcers in hospital patients. The smart hospital bed, or Smartbed, is designed to improve the “turning” process currently performed by health care workers, ensuring that patients are turned consistently and decreasing the labor requirement for caregivers. The mechanical structure of the bed is described, along with its advantages over current Smartbed products. Next, dynamic models of the Smartbed actuating systems are discussed along with descriptions of the devised single-unit and overall bed control systems. The control equations determined in …


Design And Evaluation Of A Chemical Reactor For The Pyrolysis Wood Pellets, Pawarat Bootpakdeetam Jan 2013

Design And Evaluation Of A Chemical Reactor For The Pyrolysis Wood Pellets, Pawarat Bootpakdeetam

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Currently there is interest in converting waste biomass into valuable products, such as fuels and specialty chemicals. However, the product composition, yield, the energy required to run the reaction, and the required residence time are all factors influence the economics of the process. Estimate of these factors at the laboratory scale is important for evaluating whether a pilot or demonstration scale study is warranted. In this work, a bench-scale chemical reactor was designed and constructed to conduct the batch pyrolysis of pelletized biomass. The reactor was tested using pine wood pellets as the feedstock. The feedstock weight to reactor volume …


Optimal Design Of Beams, Shivakumar Samala Jan 2013

Optimal Design Of Beams, Shivakumar Samala

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Beams are basic structural components that are capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Unlike Euler-Bernoulli beams, Timoshenko beams undergo both shear deformation and rotational effects, making it suitable for analyzing the behavior of thick or short beams, composite beams and beams that are subjected to high frequency excitation when their wave length becomes shorter. This thesis work focuses on optimal design of straight and tapered Timoshenko beams under static and dynamic constraints for rectangular and circular cross sections. In this work Timoshenko beam static and dynamic equations were studied. The finite element method was used for static and …


Study Of The Capabilities Of Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics (Ewod Dmf) Towards The High Efficient Thin-Film Evaporative Cooling Platform, Jagath B. Yaddessalage Jan 2013

Study Of The Capabilities Of Electrowetting On Dielectric Digital Microfluidics (Ewod Dmf) Towards The High Efficient Thin-Film Evaporative Cooling Platform, Jagath B. Yaddessalage

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

With the current technological advancement, the size of the electronic components is being reduced to smaller and compact sizes. In the meantime, the packaging density and power consumption is ever increasing. To tackle this challenge, an efficient cooling technology is required.Thin-film evaporation is a very efficient cooling technology. A practical application using thin-film evaporation is a spray cooling which is known as the cooling method that can handle very high heat flux. However, a random spray of coolant cannot guarantee a thin coolant film, therefore either local dry-out or flooding may occur, which hampers cooling efficiency significantly. Moreover, bulky spraying …


Airdata Sensor Based Position Estimation And Fault Diagnosis In Aerial Refueling, Hakki Erhan Sevil Jan 2013

Airdata Sensor Based Position Estimation And Fault Diagnosis In Aerial Refueling, Hakki Erhan Sevil

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Aerial refueling is the process of transferring fuel from one aircraft (the tanker) to another (the receiver) during flight. In aerial refueling operations, the receiver aircraft is exposed to nonuniform wind field induced by tanker aircraft, and this nonuniform wind field leads to differences in readings of airdata sensors placed at different locations on the receiver aircraft. There are advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon. As an advantage, it is used as a mechanism to estimate relative position of the receiver aircraft inside the nonuniform wind field behind the tanker. Using the difference in the measurements from multiple identical sensors, …


A Semi-Analytical Approach To Obtain Physical Fields In Heterogeneous Materials, Thanuuj S. Pathapallli Jan 2013

A Semi-Analytical Approach To Obtain Physical Fields In Heterogeneous Materials, Thanuuj S. Pathapallli

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dissertations - Archive

Predicting the macroscopic response of heterogeneous materials has been the subject of extensive research in the engineering community, even more so, in the composites guild. With analytical solutions being almost impossible to obtain for such open ended problems, and numerical techniques being computationally expensive, semi-analytical methods are highly sought after. This dissertation is one such effort aimed at presenting a semi-analytical approach that serves as a confluence of effective analytical and numerical techniques, to solve for engineering fields in a heterogeneous material characterized by inclusions embedded in a matrix medium. The approach essentially involves the analytical derivation of permissible functions, …


Thermo-Mechanical Analysis Of Nano-Imprint Lithography, Bhavik C. Patel Jan 2013

Thermo-Mechanical Analysis Of Nano-Imprint Lithography, Bhavik C. Patel

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Nanoimprint Lithography is being explored by the semiconductor industries for future high volume fabrication of silicon chips, memory devices and patterned media. Nanolithography and Microlithography has played pivotal role in the field of manufacturing microchips and integrated circuits in semiconductor devices. There is an urge to investigate Nanoimprint lithography, a high-throughput, low-cost and nonconventional lithographic method. Thermal management is a critical area that is necessary to be administrated. As recent advancements are being observed in the field of electronic packaging for thermal optimization, likewise steps are also important in this fabrication process. This process involves a heat that is generated …


Compressibility Effects On The Non-Linear Receptivity Of Boundary Layers To Dielectric Barrier Discharges, Marie F.C. Denison Jan 2013

Compressibility Effects On The Non-Linear Receptivity Of Boundary Layers To Dielectric Barrier Discharges, Marie F.C. Denison

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

The reduction of drag and aerodynamic heating caused by boundary layer transition is of central interest for the development of hypersonic vehicles. Receptivity to flow perturbation in the form of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave growth often determines the first stage of the transition process, which can be delayed by depositing specific excitations into the boundary layer. Weakly ionized Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) actuators are being investigated as possible sources of such excitations, but little is known today about their interaction with high-speed flows. In this framework, the first part of the thesis is dedicated to a receptivity study of laminar compressible …


Rotordynamic Performance Of A Rotor Supported By Three Pad Hybird Foil Bearings With Controlled Air Injection, Sandesh Gudemane Jan 2013

Rotordynamic Performance Of A Rotor Supported By Three Pad Hybird Foil Bearings With Controlled Air Injection, Sandesh Gudemane

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Air Foil Bearings have found their place in the commercial applications of turbo machinery. They are cleaner and more reliable at high speeds than their conventional counterparts (Rolling Element Bearings). Low drag friction and apparently no contact during the operation results in a better service life and superior rotor-dynamic performance of the air foil bearings (AFBs). With these advantages AFB has proved to be a suitable option for oil-free turbo-machinery. Further development in AFBs suggest that pressurizing these bearings externally results in remarkably better load carrying capacity, heat dissipation and a more stable rotor. These externally air pressurized bearings which …


Improving Cooling Efficiency Of Servers By Replacing Smaller Chassis Enclosed Fans With Larger Rack-Mount Fans, Bharath Nagendran Jan 2013

Improving Cooling Efficiency Of Servers By Replacing Smaller Chassis Enclosed Fans With Larger Rack-Mount Fans, Bharath Nagendran

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

As a common practice in the data center industry, chassis fans are used to direct air flow independent from neighboring servers. However, these fans are less efficient compared to larger rack level counterparts and also operate at higher sound levels. In this study, a novel approach is proposed whereby the smaller chassis enclosed fans are replaced with an array of larger fans, installed behind the stacked servers that share air flow. As a baseline study for comparison of the current scenario, a CPU dominated 1.5U Open Compute server, with four 60mm fans installed within the server, is characterized experimentally for …


Comparative Analysis Of Widely Used Air Containment Systems In Commercial Data Centers For Maximum Cooling Performance, Kasturi Rangan Rajagopalan Jan 2013

Comparative Analysis Of Widely Used Air Containment Systems In Commercial Data Centers For Maximum Cooling Performance, Kasturi Rangan Rajagopalan

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Many data centers implement containment systems to improve cooling system performance. Literature review shows that Hot Aisle Containment System (HACS) have higher supply air temperature set point than Cold Aisle Containment Systems (CACS) [1]. CACS in data centers have claims to support higher density loads when compared to HACS systems [2]. Data center owners suggest that containment of a group of racks can be a very effective technique to improve cooling performance. On the other hand, others suggest that fewer area for containment is better than no containment in data centers that favours the partially contained architectures of HACS and …


Real Time Temperature Prediction In A Data Center Environment Using An Adaptive Algorithm, Vishok Amar Kumar Jan 2013

Real Time Temperature Prediction In A Data Center Environment Using An Adaptive Algorithm, Vishok Amar Kumar

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Most organizations around the world rely on information systems to run their operations. Data centers are hence a crucial aspect of most organizational operations to ensure business continuity. Disruption in the working of a system can impair the business largely and hence optimizing the environment in which the servers and storage devises of a data center are housed becomes extremely challenging. Most industries design the data center infrastructure to handle peak load conditions thus ensuring a continual functionality of its hosted environment. However, the cost of maintaining such a system is very high. This gives rise to the need of …


A Computational Model To Characterize Different Flow Regimes For Microscale Re-Entry Satellites, Sudharsan Thiruvenkadam Jan 2013

A Computational Model To Characterize Different Flow Regimes For Microscale Re-Entry Satellites, Sudharsan Thiruvenkadam

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

Atmospheric re-entry vehicles experience different flow regimes during flight due to the change in atmospheric density along the re-entry trajectory. This change in density creates non-equilibrium regions on the order of mean free path, called Knudsen layer. In the design of atmospheric re-entry vehicles, the flux variations near the wall of the re-entry vehicles are of critical importance. Traditional CFD simulations that use Navier-Stokes equations fail to predict the flow in the Knudsen layer. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method is accurate for all flow regimes, and correctly models the Knudsen layer but is computationally expensive. The computational cost …


Consensus Protocols In Networked Multiagent Systems For Cluttered And Hostile Environments, Gerardo De La Torre, Eric N. Johnson, Tansel Yucelen Jan 2013

Consensus Protocols In Networked Multiagent Systems For Cluttered And Hostile Environments, Gerardo De La Torre, Eric N. Johnson, Tansel Yucelen

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Consensus refers to the agreement of networked agents upon certain quantities of interest and has widespread applications in diverse areas in science and engineering. This paper focuses on a new consensus protocol for networked multiagent systems operating in cluttered and hostile environments. Specifically, a consensus optimization algorithm is introduced that renders the Laplacian potential to be a nonincreasing function while minimizing a cost function and satisfying state and cost constraints. In addition, we show how to choose this cost function and the aforementioned constraints in order to decay the Laplacian potential to zero strictly. The proposed framework depends on a …


Neuropredictive Control And Trajectory Generation For Slung Load Systems, Gerardo De La Torre, Eric N. Johnson, Tansel Yucelen Jan 2013

Neuropredictive Control And Trajectory Generation For Slung Load Systems, Gerardo De La Torre, Eric N. Johnson, Tansel Yucelen

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper presents a neuropredictive trajectory generation architecture for slung load systems. The presented architecture integrates the real-time trajectory generation method with a system uncertainty identifying neural network. It is shown that the effect of system uncertainty on a model predictive control approach can be mitigated by the use of neural networks. A numerical example of an uncertain slung load system is shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented framework.


Consensus Protocols For Networked Multiagent Systems With Relative Position And Neighboring Velocity Information, Gerardo De La Torre, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnson Jan 2013

Consensus Protocols For Networked Multiagent Systems With Relative Position And Neighboring Velocity Information, Gerardo De La Torre, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnson

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

The consensus problem appears frequently in the coordination of multiagent systems in science and engineering and involves the agreement of networked agents upon certain quantities of interest. In this paper, we focus on a new consensus protocol for networked multiagent systems. The proposed control protocol consists of a standard term capturing relative position information and a new term capturing neighboring velocity information. In particular, the addition of the latter term results in an increase of the rate of system convergence while maintaining a fixed graph structure and without increasing the maximum eigenvalue of the graph Laplacian. Furthermore, in certain cases, …


Constraint Enforcement Methods For Command Governor Based Adaptive Control Of Uncertain Dynamical Systems, Simon P. Schatz, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnsony, Florian Holzapfelz Jan 2013

Constraint Enforcement Methods For Command Governor Based Adaptive Control Of Uncertain Dynamical Systems, Simon P. Schatz, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnsony, Florian Holzapfelz

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Recently, research has been conducted in order to improve the transient behavior of adaptively controlled uncertain nonlinear dynamical systems. In this paper, an adaptive control architecture is extended in order to achieve predictable transient performance in the presence of state constraints. The methodology at hand is based on a robust command governor framework, which is a dynamical system adjusting the trajectory of a given command in order to track a certain desired closed-loop reference model both in transient time and steady-state. Specifically, the command, which is applied on the reference model and the actual system, is changed by the command …


Trajectory Generation For Stair Ascent Walking Using Rayleigh Oscillator, T. Afzal, Andrew B. Wright, Kamran Iqbal Jan 2013

Trajectory Generation For Stair Ascent Walking Using Rayleigh Oscillator, T. Afzal, Andrew B. Wright, Kamran Iqbal

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

This paper describes a trajectory generation technique for stair-ascent walking. The knee, hip and ankle joint trajectory during stair ascent are generated using mutually coupled, nonlinear oscillators. The parameters of the oscillators are tuned using the harmonic balance method, which converts the nonlinear differential equations to a set of algebraic equations. Fourier analysis of data generated by stair-ascent walking is performed to extract the amplitude and the phase of the dominant frequency components for each joint trajectory. The solution for the oscillator is assumed to be a sinusoidal wave and then by harmonic balance method the parameters of the oscillator …


The Effect Of Sensor Mass, Sensor Location, And Delamination Location Of Different Composite Structures Under Dynamic Loading, Albert Darien Liu Jan 2013

The Effect Of Sensor Mass, Sensor Location, And Delamination Location Of Different Composite Structures Under Dynamic Loading, Albert Darien Liu

Master's Theses

This study investigated the effect of sensor mass, sensor location, and delamination location of different composite structures under dynamic loading. The study pertains to research of the use of accelerometers and dynamic response as a cost-effective and reliable method of structural health monitoring in composite structures. The composite structures in this research included carbon fiber plates, carbon fiber-foam sandwich panels, and carbon-fiber honeycomb sandwich panels. The composite structures were manufactured with the use of a Tetrahedron MTP-8 heat press. All work was conducted in the Cal Poly Aerospace Structures/Composites Laboratory. Initial delaminations were placed at several locations along the specimen, …


Adaptive Nonlinear Control For Autonomous Ground Vehicles, William Spencer Black Jan 2013

Adaptive Nonlinear Control For Autonomous Ground Vehicles, William Spencer Black

Open Access Theses

We present the background and motivation for ground vehicle autonomy, and focus on uses for space-exploration. Using a simple design example of an autonomous ground vehicle we derive the equations of motion. After providing the mathematical background for nonlinear systems and control we present two common methods for exactly linearizing nonlinear systems, feedback linearization and backstepping. We use these in combination with three adaptive control methods: model reference adaptive control, adaptive sliding mode control, and extremum-seeking model reference adaptive control. We show the performances of each combination through several simulation results. We then consider disturbances in the system, and design …


Gaseous Corrosion In Hard Disk Drive: A Computational Study, Hardik Shah Jan 2013

Gaseous Corrosion In Hard Disk Drive: A Computational Study, Hardik Shah

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Theses - Archive

HDD is the largest digitally encoded data storage device. HDD is used to store digital data in data centers, computers and laptops. A typical HDD consists of a casing, an actuator arm, actuator axis, head, platters, power connectors, and jumper pins. The platter is made up of non-magnetic material and is covered by magnetic material, which stores the data. The magnetic heads are mounted on a moving actuator arm to read and write the data. One of the modes of failure of a HDD is corrosion. The parts of the HDD are corroded by coming in contact with the contaminants. …


Discussion Of Christine C. Shepard, Vera N. Agostini, Ben Gilmer, Tashya Allen, Jeff Stone, William Brooks And Michael W. Beck. Reply: Evaluating Alternative Future Sea-Level Rise Scenarios, Natural Hazards, 2012 Doi:10.1007/S11069-012-0160-2, A. Boretti Jan 2013

Discussion Of Christine C. Shepard, Vera N. Agostini, Ben Gilmer, Tashya Allen, Jeff Stone, William Brooks And Michael W. Beck. Reply: Evaluating Alternative Future Sea-Level Rise Scenarios, Natural Hazards, 2012 Doi:10.1007/S11069-012-0160-2, A. Boretti

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

No abstract provided.


Robustness Of A Derivative-Free Adaptive Control Law In The Presence Of Unmodeled Dynamics, Tansel Yucelen, Anthony J. Calise Jan 2013

Robustness Of A Derivative-Free Adaptive Control Law In The Presence Of Unmodeled Dynamics, Tansel Yucelen, Anthony J. Calise

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Although adaptive control theory offers mathematical tools to achieve required system performance without excessive dependence on modeling, its application to safety-critical systems can be limited by the presence of unmodeled dynamics. This paper examines the robustness to unmodeled dynamics of a recently developed derivative-free adaptive control law. In contrast to derivative-based adaptive laws it is shown, using a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, that robustness to unmodeled dynamics is improved by increasing the adaptation gain. This is accomplished by including a bias term in the set of basic functions employed by the adaptive control law. It is shown that derivative-based adaptive laws do …


Hybrid Protocols For Maintaining Connectivity Of Multiagent Systems, Gerardo De La Torre, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnson Jan 2013

Hybrid Protocols For Maintaining Connectivity Of Multiagent Systems, Gerardo De La Torre, Tansel Yucelen, Eric N. Johnson

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This paper focuses on a new connectivity control architecture for networked multiagent systems based on hybrid protocols. Specifically, for a group of agents subject to Δ-disk proximity graphs, we consider the consensus problem while preserving connectedness with a priori given bounds on the control inputs. The bounds on the control inputs are shown not to depend on potential functions or system states. Instead, the bounds are user selected continuous functions. By using the proposed framework, we show that the maximum distance among neighboring agents decreases strictly, and hence the connectivity problem is solved while satisfying the consensus objective. © 2013 …