Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

Network Structures And The Properties Of Na-Ca-Sr-Borophosphate Glasses, Parker T. Freudenberger, Rebekah L. Blatt, Randall E. Youngman, Richard K. Brow

Mathematics and Statistics Faculty Research & Creative Works

Borophosphate glasses were prepared with the nominal molar compositions 16Na2O-(24-y)CaO-ySrO-xB2O3-(60-x)P2O5 (mol%), where 0≤x≤60 and y=0, 12, and 24. Information about the compositional dependence of borate and phosphate site speciation and next nearest neighbor linkages was obtained by 11B and 31P MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopies, and by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). With the initial replacement of P2O5 by B2O3, tetrahedral borate sites linked to four phosphate anions, B(ØP)4, are created in the glass structure, and the average phosphate anion becomes smaller as bridging PØP bonds are replaced by bridging PØB bonds. With further increases in the B2O3 content, borate …

Temperature, Pressure, And Adsorption Dependent Redox Potentials: Iii. Processes Of Co Conversion To Value-Added Compounds, Siyuan Fang, Yun Hang Hu

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a primary air pollutant and a poisonous species for human beings, animals, and some catalytic reactions. Meanwhile, CO is also a versatile feedstock in the chemical industry to produce high‐value chemicals and clean fuels, which has stimulated extensive research interests in exploiting efficient CO conversion processes. Redox potential is a key thermodynamic quantity in these processes whereas only standard reduction potentials at 25°Cand 1 atm are currently available. Herein, it is the first time to report the effects of temperature (0–1000°C), pressure (1–100 atm), and adsorption on the redox potentials of 18 CO conversion reactions to …

Liquid-Liquid Equilibria Of Water + Ethanol + Castor Oil And The Effect Of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Fe3o4 And Lignin/Fe3o4 Nanoparticles, Mohammad J. Hasan, Fariba Yehaneh, Amy Ciric, Peng Chen, Erick S. Vasquez, Esteban E. Ureña-Benavides

Chemical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications

Castor oil has been proposed as a renewable solvent for the liquid extraction of ethanol from water as an alternative to more traditional energy intensive distillation-based methods. The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the ternary system water + ethanol + castor oil was determined at 295.15 K using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Castor oil was herein treated as a pseudo-component with the molecular weight of the triglyceride of ricinoleic acid. The experimental data was fitted to the UNIQUAC and NRTL models to obtain parameters for castor oil, and binary interaction parameters for castor oil/ethanol and castor oil/water pairs. The separation …

Architecture Of Heptagonal Metallo-Macrocycles Via Embedding Metal Nodes Into Its Rigid Backbone, A.M.Shashika D. Wijerathna, He Zhao, Qiangqiang Dong, Qixia Bai, Zhiyuan Jiang, Jie Yuan, Jun Wang, Mingzhao Chen, Markus Zirnheld, Rockwell T. Li, Yuan Zhang, Yiming Li, Pingshan Wang

College of Sciences Posters

Metal-organic macrocycles have received increasing attention not only due to their versatile applications such as molecular recognition, compounds encapsulation, anti-bacteria and others, but also for their important role in the study of structure-property relationship at nano scale. However, most of the constructions utilize benzene ring as the backbone, which restricts the ligand arm angle in the range of 60, 120 and 180 degrees. Thus, the topologies of most metallo-macrocycles are limited as triangles and hexagons, and explorations of using other backbones with large angles and the construction of metallo-macrocycles with more than six edges are very rare.

In this study, …

Advanced Microstructural Characterization Of Functionally Graded Dental Ceramic Material For Materials-Informed Finishing, Angani Vigneswaran

Theses and Dissertations--Manufacturing Systems Engineering

Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) has gained popularity as the choice of material for dental prosthetics. Ivoclar Vivadent’s IPS e.max ZirCAD Prime dental ceramic incorporates a unique gradient technology that varies the yttria content over the thickness of the material. The top layer is composed of 5Y-TZP which is desired for its optical properties while the bottom layer is composed of a much stronger 3Y-TZP. In between the two layers, 5Y-TZP and 3Y-TZP are mixed to form a transition layer. Varying the amount of yttria allows for more esthetically pleasing translucency in the visible areas of the restoration without compromising …

Achieving Strong Chemical Interface And Superior Energy-Saving Capability At The Crosslinks Of Rubber Composites Containing Graphene Oxide Using Thiol-Vinyl Click Chemistry, Rui Zhang, Jiaye Li, Zongchao Xu, Stephen Jerrams, Shui Hu, Li Lui, Shipeng Wen, Liqun Zhang

Articles

Rapidly developments in international transportation inevitably lead to an increase in the consumption of energy and resources. Minimizing the rolling resistance of tires in this scenario is a pressing challenge. To lower the rolling resistance of tires, enhancing the interaction between fillers and rubber molecules while improving the dispersion of fillers are required to reduce the internal mutual friction and viscous loss of rubber composites. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was modified using γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) with thiol groups. A modified GO/natural rubber (MGO/NR) masterbatch with a fine dispersion of MGO was then introduced into solution-polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) …

A Partial Discharge Inception Voltage Modeling Approach, Shilpi Mukherjee, Tristan Mark Evans, David Huitink, H. Alan Mantooth

Electrical Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

A partial discharge inception voltage modeling approach promoting design-for-reliability considerations in advanced power modules is presented. As power modules are being operated at higher voltages and become more compact to meet power density demands, there is an increased risk of partial discharge, the silent precursor to electrical breakdown that degrades insulation material. The trade-off between voltage class and module compaction must be quantified. This work presents a methodology to model the tradeoff for any substrate and encapsulant material. A surface charge density-based partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) model was developed to overcome the challenges in electric field-based models. The model …

Development Of High Current Electromigration Test System For Evaluation Of Novel Solder Structures, Nicholas Pareis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Electromigration reliability of ball-grid-array (BGA) solder joints is emerging as a critical area of research for advanced microelectronic devices, especially those with high power requirements. In this study, a novel high current electromigration test system, including a temperature sensing capability, was designed and developed for the purpose of performing electromigration characterization of various BGA solder joint structures, including features designed for reduced current crowding. This study consisted of two main parts: design and development of a novel high current electromigration test system, and using this novel system for electromigration characterization of BGA solder joints. In the first portion of this …

Xps Study Of Calcium Lanthanum Sulfide Ceramics, Brian E. Butkus

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation 2023-2024

Long wave infrared (LWIR) optics that transmit in the 8 to 14 m wavelength range and, additionally, can withstand severe physical and thermal stresses are needed for advanced remote sensing, guidance and communication-based applications. However, most non-oxide transparent LWIR optics do not have the wider transmission range, nor the hardness and resistance to thermal shock needed for extreme environments. Because of these limitations, research is circling back to a promising material, calcium lanthanum sulfide (CLS), that could meet LWIR needs for extreme environments.

In this thesis, we will demonstrate the abilities of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a technique for …

Functionalization Of 1d And 2d Nanostructures And Their Applications, Yuen Yee Li Sip

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation 2023-2024

Material discovery and development has been playing a significant role in shaping human civilizations, by studying and improving materials for appealing observations to aid in our survival as well as to satisfy our curiosity. From the common earthly materials that give us strong building structures and hunting weapons to the Silicon Age that contributes to the creation of modern electronics and computers, the development of novel and enhanced materials continues to grow. Recently, a new field has emerged that is rapidly expanding the engineering circle; these are called nanomaterials. By shrinking bulk materials into structures with nanoscale dimensions, there is …

Development Of Advanced Germanium Detectors For Rare Event Physics, Sanjay Bhattarai

Dissertations and Theses

High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors are widely used in rare-event physics searches for dark matter, neutrinoless double-beta decay, and solar neutrinos. This dissertation fo- cuses on improving crystal quality by controlling the impurity concentration, dislocation density, and growth environment as well as developing advanced Ge detectors for various physics applications. The dissertation presents experimental investigations of electrical conduction mechanisms in p-type amorphous germanium (a-Ge), which is used as an elec- trical contact material in HPGe detectors. By measuring the surface leakage current from three high-purity planar Ge detectors, we determine the localization length and hopping parameters in a-Ge. The dissertation …

A Thermal, Mechanical, And Materials Framework For A Shape Memory Alloy Heat Engine For Thermal Management And Energy Recovery, Maria Chikhareva

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Shape memory alloy (SMA) heat engines possess an inherent property of sensing a change in temperature, performing work, and rejecting heat through the shape memory effect resulting from a temperature-induced phase transformation. This work presents a framework for the design and implementation of an SMA-based Stirling heat engine for maximum power or speed incorporating and combining mechanical, thermal, and material aspects. The motivation for this work comes from the growing need for reliable thermal management and energy recovery in both ground and space applications of interest to NASA and commercial space companies. In future lunar and Mars missions, an SMA …

Investigation Of Fiber Orientation And Mechanical Properties Of Pyrolysis Recycled Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Thermoset Composite, Reva N. Simmons, Harry Lee, Garam Kim

Discovery Undergraduate Interdisciplinary Research Internship

With increasing demand of carbon fiber reinforced fiber thermoset composites, establishing a sustainable cycle for these materials becomes crucial. Pyrolysis is a process of reclaiming carbon fiber from thermoset composites by thermally degrading the polymer at high temperatures allowing the fibers to be extracted. Carbon fiber reclaimed through current pyrolysis processes for thermoset composites typically loses its original shape and orientation, making it difficult to reorganize the fibers. This study investigated the feasibility of maintaining the fiber orientations for continuous fiber reinforced thermoset composite during pyrolysis by stitching the carbon fiber layup to a conformable copper mesh during the manufacturing …

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Of Bimetallic Structures, Asif Mahmud

Graduate Thesis and Dissertation 2023-2024

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a popular additive manufacturing (AM) technique that has demonstrated the capability to produce sophisticated engineering components. This work reports the crack-free fabrication of an SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structure via LPBF, along with compositional redistribution, phase transformations and microstructural development, and nanohardness variations. Constituent intermixing after LPBF was quantitatively estimated using thermo-kinetic coefficients of mass transport and compared with the diffusivity of Ni in the austenitic Fe-Ni system. The intermixing of primary solvents (Ni and Fe) in SS316L/IN718 bimetallic structures was observed for an intermixing zone of approximately 800 µm, and their intermixing coefficient was estimated …

Exposure To Pcb126 During The Nursing Period Reversibly Impacts Early-Life Glucose Tolerance, Brittany B. Rice, Keegan W. Sammons, Sara Y. Ngo Tenlep, Madeline T. Weltzer, Leryn J. Reynolds, Cetewayo S. Rashid, Hollie I. Swanson, Kevin J. Pearson

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental organic pollutants known to have detrimental health effects. Using a mouse model, we previously demonstrated that PCB126 exposure before and during pregnancy and throughout the perinatal period adversely affected offspring glucose tolerance and/or body composition profiles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the glucose tolerance and body composition of offspring born to dams exposed to PCB126 during the nursing period only. Female ICR mice were bred, and half of the dams were exposed to either vehicle (safflower oil) or 1 µmole PCB126 per kg of body weight via oral gavage on postnatal …

Nanostructured Alloy Thin Film Fabrication And Application For Zinc-Air Battery And Lithium-Ion Battery, Guanzhi Wang

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

The depletion of unsustainable fossil fuels and growing environmental issues have given rise to scientific challenges and research interests in the development of renewable energy technologies to meet the rising global energy demand. Electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies (ESCTs), such as lithium-ion batteries, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells, etc., offer a clean and sustainable strategy for utilizing energy. As the core components, the electrode materials, including anodes, cathodes, and catalysts, play a direct decisive role in the device's performance in practical application. Therefore, the development of high-performance and low-cost electrode materials is critical for the success of these …

Electroanalytical Investigations Of Microrna-Conjugated Cerium Oxide Based Nanomaterials For Biomedical Applications, Chaimae El Ghzaoui

Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023

Diabetes patients are increasingly suffering from wound-healing impairments coupled with other severe medical conditions. High levels of oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines are predominant pathologic characteristics of diabetic wounds. Applying microRNA (miRNA) in gene therapy often successfully treats various disorders by generating highly specific bio-responses. Studies revealed that microRNA146a (miR146a), a regulator of inflammation, is downregulated in diabetic wounds. However, miR203 is found to be highly-expressed in diabetic foot ulcers in positive correlation with disease severity. We have synthesized Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) since they are used in various biomedical applications due to their high enzyme-mimetic activities and reactive oxygen …

Intragranular Tungsten-Titanium Carbide Composite Ceramics Via Gas-Solid Displacement Reactions, Ryan Daniel Dempsey

Doctoral Dissertations

"Research presented herein details the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite ceramics featuring novel heterogeneous microstructures of potential interest in a variety of electrical and structural applications. Specifically, W-TiCy composite ceramics featuring tungsten nanoprecipitates located primarily within TiCy grains have been produced via sintering of intragranular nanocomposite powders produced via reaction processing-based techniques. This dissertation details the thermodynamic basis and applied kinetics of a processing scheme for fabricating nanocomposite ceramics whose morphological heterogeneity reflects that originally developed in the powder state. The first study in this series overviews the motivation for applying metallothermic displacement reactions, conducted through gaseous intermediates, to solid …

Phosphate And Borophosphate Glasses For Optical And Biomedical Applications, Parker Tracy Freudenberger

Doctoral Dissertations

"The goal of this work was to connect the network structures of phosphate and borophosphate glasses to the compositional dependence of properties related to biomedical applications. The glasses were characterized by a variety of techniques, including phosphate ion chromatography, Raman spectroscopy, and ¹¹B and ³¹P Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, which provide qualitative and quantitative information about the phosphate and borate moieties that constitute the network structures. The systematic addition of borate to a phosphate glass initially creates tetrahedral borate sites that replace P-O-P linkages with B-O-P linkages, and the properties of the resulting borophosphate glasses …

Size Distribution, Elemental Composition And Morphology Of Nanoparticles Separated From Respirable Coal Mine Dust, Shoeleh Assemi, Lei Pan, Xuming Wang, Titilayo Akinseye, Jan D. Miller

Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1

Nanoparticles, defined as particles with one dimension below 100 nm, contribute little to the total mass concentration in respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) toxicological studies, but they could have a considerable part in the adverse health effects by RCMD inhalation. It has been shown that inhaled nanoparticles can penetrate deep into the lung and could plausibly contribute to acute and chronic pulmonary diseases by triggering oxidative stress formation and inducing inflammation. RCMD nanoparticles from samples collected in an underground mine in the United States were analyzed by a particle separation technique, field-flow fractionation (FFF), for size, morphology, and elemental composition. …

Temperature Monitoring In The Refractory Lining Of A Continuous Casting Tundish Using Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors, Muhammad Roman, Hanok Tekle, Dinesh Reddy Alla, Farhan Mumtaz, Jeffrey D. Smith, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O'Malley, Rex E. Gerald, Jie Huang

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Article Explores the Prospects of using Spatially Distributed Optical Fiber Temperature Sensors based on Rayleigh Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) Technology in the Continuous Casting of Molten Steel. the Measurement Capability of the Optical Fiber Sensors in a Simulated Steelmaking Environment Was Demonstrated using a Mock Refractory-Lined Tundish, Which Was Fabricated In-House. Single-Mode Optical Fibers, Contained in Protective Stainless-Steel Tubing, Were Embedded in the Refractory Lining of the Mock Tundish. the Instrumented Tundish Was Preheated Up to a Temperature of 960 °C (Recorded at the Surface of the Working Lining) Before the Molten Steel Pour. a Low-Alloy Steel (AISI …

Constructing A Fine Dispersion And Chemical Interface Based On An Electrostatic Self-Assembly And Aqueous Phase Compound In Go/Sio2/Sbr Composites To Achieve High-Wear Resistance In Eco-Friendly Green Tires, Rui Zhang, Jiaye Li, Stephen Jerrams, Shui Hu, Shipeng Wen, Ligun Zhang

Articles

The hazard to the ecosystem caused by rubber microparticles generated from tire abrasion has been a constant concern. Therefore, to protect this ecosystem, the development of a tire tread with high abrasion resistance is especially significant. Herein, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was used to modify graphene oxide (GO) and silica (SiO2) to obtain GO and SiO2 with positive charges (NG and NS). Furthermore, NG and NS were electrostatically self-assembled by using maleic anhydride (MAH) hydrolysis, thereby obtaining composite particles (NG-NS) with “bridged structures”. Also, the NG-NS/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds possessing fine dispersion of NG-NS were prepared by the aqueous compounding method. …

Effect Of Platelet Length And Stochastic Morphology On Flexural Behavior Of Prepreg Platelet Molded Composites, Siavash Sattar, Benjamin Beltran Laredo, Sergii G. Kravchenko, Oleksandr G. Kravchenko

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Prepreg platelet molding compound (PPMC) can be used to create structural grade material with a heterogeneous mesoscale morphology. The present work considered various platelet lengths of the prepreg system IM7/8552 to study the effect of platelet length on the flexural behavior of PPMC composite. A progressive failure finite-element analysis was used to understand competing failure modes in PPMC with the different platelet length. The interlaminar and in-plane damage mechanisms were employed to describe complex failure modes within the mesostructure of PPMCs. Experimental results of the flexural tests of the PPMC with different platelet length sizes were used to validate the …

Elastic Properties Of The Non-Mixing Copper Donor Assisted Material In Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Alloys Using Nanoindentation, M. Ojha, A. H. Al-Allaq, Y. S. Mohammed, S. N. Bhukya, Z. Wu, A. A. Elmustafa

Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications

Friction stir welding of high-strength materials such as steels is the impeded by the lack of the vast heat input needed to start the process. Contact friction is considered the most dominant source of heat generation for FSW steels which tends to cause severe wear conditions of the tool hear. To relieve the extreme wear conditions that occur on the tool heads because of FSW steels, we introduce the non-mixing Cu donor stir material to friction stir welding of aluminum alloys. The elastic properties of the Cu donor assisted friction stir welded aluminum alloys are measured using nanoindentation. The hardness …

Effect Of Mechanical Activation On Carbothermal Synthesis And Densification Of Zrc, Nina Obradović, Lun Feng, Suzana Filipović, Miljana Mirković, Darko Kosanović, Jelena Rogan, William Fahrenholtz

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Zirconium carbide ceramics were prepared by carbothermal reduction of ZrO₂ and C that were mixed by high-energy ball milling. Powders were milled for times from 0 to 120 min in air. As milling time increased, the surface area of the powders increased, indicating significant particle size reduction. Milled powders were reacted at 1600 °C and then densified by spark plasma sintering at 2000 °C, which was sufficient to convert the starting powders to zirconium carbide. Unmilled powders did not reach full density. Milled powders reached full density, but ZrO₂ impurities were found for specimens prepared from powders milled …

Effect Of Annealing Time On Texture Evolution Of Fe–3.4 Wt% Si Nonoriented Electrical Steel, Yizhou Du, Ronald J. O'Malley, Mario F. Buchely, Paul Kelly

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Herein, the Effect of Annealing Time on the Texture Evolution in Fe–3.4 Wt.% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel is Investigated. Strip Samples Are Cast using a Vacuum Sampling Method, Which Simulate the Solidification Conditions of an Industrial Twin Roll Thin Strip Casting (TRSC) Process. As-Cast Samples with Different Carbon and Sulfur (C&S) Levels Are Hot Rolled (HR) with Varying Levels of Hot Deformation, Cold Rolled (CR) to 0.35 Mm Thickness, and Then Annealed at 1050 °C for Different Holding Times (1, 6, 24 H). to Fe–3.4 Wt.% Si Non oriented Electrical Steel, the Observed Texture Evolution Can Be Divided into Different …

Advancing Aluminum Casting Optimization With Real-Time Temperature And Gap Measurements Using Optical Fiber Sensors At The Metal-Mold Interface, Bohong Zhang, Abhishek Prakash Hungund, Dinesh Reddy Alla, Deva Prasaad Neelakandan, Muhammad Roman, Ronald J. O'Malley, Laura Bartlett, Rex E. Gerald, Jie Huang

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Accurate measurement of interfacial heat transfer during casting solidification is crucial for optimizing metal solidification processes. The gap between the mold wall and the casting surface plays a significant role in heat transfer and cooling rates. In this study, two innovative fiber-optic sensors are employed to measure real-time mold gaps and thermal profiles during the solidification of A356 aluminum in a permanent mold casting. The experimental setup consists of a specially designed mold system made of unheated, uncoated tool steel, which facilitates easy installation of the fiber-optic sensors. An Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensor is utilized to monitor the evolving …

Microstructure Evolution And Austenitic Grain Refinement Of Ti-Modified High Mn Steels During Solution Annealing Heat Treatment, Abhinav Karanam, Arnab Sarkar, Erik Nenzen, Viraj Ashok Athavale, Mark Watson, Laura Nicole Bartlett, Lukas Bichler

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Austenitic high manganese (Mn) steels are often used in harsh environments due to their high toughness and wear resistance. Heat treatments are performed to engineer the microstructure of the steels and optimize their performance for the desired service conditions. This study investigated the effect of titanium (Ti) and heat treatment on the microstructure of cast high Mn steel (HMS) alloys. The results reveal that Ti addition contributed to grain refinement in the as cast and heat-treated conditions. In-situ observation of microstructure evolution up to 1125 °C confirmed the stability of precipitated TiC particles, while revealing a new mechanism of grain …

In Situ High-Temperature Raman Spectroscopy Via A Remote Fiber-Optic Raman Probe, Bohong Zhang, Hanok Tekle, Ronald J. O'Malley, Jeffrey D. Smith, Rex E. Gerald, Jie Huang

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

This Study Demonstrated for the First Time an in Situ High-Temperature Fiber-Optic Raman Probe to Study the Structure of Glass and Slag Samples at Temperatures Up to 1400 °C. a Customized External Telescope Was Integrated into a Portable Fiber-Optic Raman Probe to Extend the Optical Working Distance to Allow the Probe to Work in a High-Temperature Environment. Three Samples Were Evaluated to Demonstrate the Functionality of the High-Temperature Fiber-Optic Raman Probe. Room Temperature and High-Temperature Raman Spectra Were Successfully Collected and Analyzed. in Addition, a Deconvolution Algorithm Was Used to Identify Peaks in the Spectrum that Could Then Be Related …

High Temperature Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Analysis Of Dead-Burned Magnesia Aggregates, Tyler Richards, Viraj Athavale, Jeffrey D. Smith, Ronald J. O'Malley

Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works

Dead-Burned Magnesia is a Commonly Used Material in the Manufacturing of Refractories for the Steelmaking Industry. Aggregates of Dead-Burned Magnesia Contain Secondary Phases Due to the Impurities within the Magnesite Rock Used in its Production. While These Phases Can Aid in Sintering Magnesia, They May Have Some Impact on the High-Temperature Performance of the Refractory Product. High-Temperature Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Was Utilized to Observe the Behavior of Dead-Burned Magnesia Aggregates at Elevated Temperatures (Up to 1550°C). Liquid Formation Was Detected Even at Temperatures Below 1350°C. in Some Cases, This Liquid Quickly Exuded from the Aggregate Surface. This Liquid Phase …