Materials Science and Engineering Commons^™

A Total Life Cycle Approach For Developing Predictive Design Methodologies To Optimize Product Performance, Buddhika M. Hapuwatte, Ibrahim S. Jawahir

Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing Faculty Publications

Sustainable products must be designed by considering how design decisions impact their total life cycle (TLC) sustainability content. Even more so important when designing products to incorporate the technological elements of sustainable manufacturing, the 6Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Redesign and Remanufacture), to achieve Circular Economy (CE). This paper presents the preliminary work of an ongoing research project on developing a novel framework incorporating predictive models with TLC considerations. This unique approach develops and integrates models with associated risks, and optimizes for maximizing the sustainability benefits due to design decisions. Such predictive capability is extremely useful for process planning, where …

Sustainable Production Through Balancing Trade-Offs Among Three Metrics In Flow Shop Scheduling, Amin Abedini, Wei Li, Fazleena Badurdeen, Ibrahim S. Jawahir

Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing Faculty Publications

In sustainable manufacturing, inconsistencies exist among objectives defined in triple-bottom-lines (TBL) of economy, society, and environment. Analogously, inconsistencies exist in flow shop scheduling among three objectives of minimizing total completion time (TCT), maximum completion time (MCT), and completion time variance (CTV), respectively. For continuous functions, the probability is zero to achieve the objectives at their optimal values, so is it at their worst values. Therefore, with inconsistencies among individual objectives of discrete functions, it is more meaningful and feasible to seek a solution with high probabilities that system performance varies within the …

Designing And Redesigning Products, Processes, And Systems For A Helical Economy, Ryan Bradley, Ibrahim S. Jawahir

Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing Faculty Publications

The Circular Economy (CE) concept has promised to unlock trillions of dollars in business value while driving a significant reduction in the world’s resource consumption and anthropogenic emissions. However, CE mainly lives in ambiguity in the manufacturing domain because CE does not address the changes needed across all of the fundamental elements of manufacturing: products, processes, and systems. Conceptually, CE is grounded in the concept of closed-loop material flows that fit within ecological limits. This grounding translates into a steady state economy, a result that is not an option for the significant portion of the world living in poverty. Therefore, …

Rotary Friction Welding Versus Fusion Butt Welding Of Plastic Pipes – Feasibility And Energy Perspective, Ramsey F. Hamade, Tarek R. Andari, Ali H. Ammouri, Ibrahim S. Jawahir

Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing Faculty Publications

According to the Plastics Pipe Institute, butt fusion is the most widely used method for joining lengths of PE pipe and pipe to PE fittings “by heat fusion” (https://plasticpipe.org/pdf/chapter09.pdf). However, butt-welding is not energy-cognizant from the point of view of a phase-change fabrication method. This is because the source of heating is external (heater plate). The initial heating and subsequent maintenance at relatively high temperature (above 200 C for welding of high-density polyethylene pipe) is energy intensive. Rotary friction welding, on the other hand focuses the energy where and when as needed because it uses electric motor to generate mechanical …

Cmas/Volcanic Ash Infiltration Performance Of Yttria Rich-Zirconia Thermal Barrier Coatings Produced By Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition, Juan Jose Gomez Chavez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

For many years the use of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) in gas turbine engines has allowed a significant increase in engine operating temperatures which are above the Ni-based super alloys' melting point. The base material for TBCs is the state of the art 7 wt % yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) which provides the thermal protection. Current industry demands for increased engine efficiency has pushed TBCs to the limits where significant technological constrains have been identified. One of the main ones represents the high temperature corrosion of the TBC material due to the ingestion of silicate based airborne particles commonly referred …

Tailoring The Mechanical And Optical Properties Of Silicon-Niobium-Nitride Composite Coatings, Cristian Orozco

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Nitride nanocomposite thin films have generated significant attention as a result of their robust mechanical properties, excellent triobology, and good chemical (corrosion) stability. Due to their excellent hardness and high wear resistance NbN coatings have found use in a wide variety of applications such as the coating of cutting tools and to strengthen the surface mechanical properties of superconducting cavities. The mechanical properties of NbN can be further improved through mixing with Si3N4, leading to the formation of a nanocomposite structure. NbN-Si3N4 nanocomposite coatings have been actively studied due to their high hardness, high elastic modulus, and high resistance to …

Exploration And Optimization Of Biomaterials And Cells Required For The Fabrication Of A "Cardiac Patch", Shweta Anil Kumar

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Cardiac failure induced by myocardial infarction is believed to be one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Affecting more than 26 million people worldwide, its prevalence has been observed to increase steadily. Myocardial infarction, which intitially begins as the occlusion of of a coronary artery, results in the death of millions of cardiomyocytes by obstructing blood flow to the serviced regions of the myocardium. The dead myocardium is replaced by a dense,collagenous scar which reduces the contractility of the heart, gradually leading to heart attacks. Most of the existing treatment therapies are palliative in …

A Study Of The Effect Of Heat Treatment On 3d Printed Pla Impact Strength, Suresh Thota

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Environmental conditions have a significant effect on the mechanical properties of various materials. Environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity have a major impact on mechanical properties of materials such as compressive strength, tensile strength, bending strength and impact strength. The purpose of this research is to study how temperature and humidity affect the impact strength of 3D printed PLA plastic. Impact strength is the ability of a material to absorb energy subjected to an impact load by a pendulum. In this research, 3D printing was employed to produce PLA specimens which were later used for different experimental testings. For …

Mechanical Properties Of 3d Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate, William Cahyadi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Several studies have been conducted on FDM 3d printed materials such as PLA (Polylactic Acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), however, not for ASA (Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate). The use of ASA has been increasing due to its resistance to UV, heat, and some chemicals. The resistance to UV prevents the material from degrading its material properties in common outdoor conditions, whereas resistance to heat and oil prevents the material from discoloration. This combination of effects allows designers to use ASA in outdoor applications, however, material properties for ASA in the FDM 3d printing manufacturing process are not well defined. It …

Cadmium Sulfide-Buffered Pv Systems: Assessing The Environmental, Health, And Economic Impacts, Maqsood Ali Mughal, Rajesh Sharma

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

As the world’s population continues to grow, global energy crises are expected to rise in the future, thus accelerating the demand for renewable energy technology, particularly solar photovoltaics. The energy sector will face an increasingly complex array of interlocking challenges - technological, environmental, health, economic, and regulatory. In this paper, we study CdS, a widely used buffer material in thin film photovoltaics, to assess and monetize environmental, health, and socio-economic externalities associated with the use of the material. Currently, CdS has a significant advantage over other alternate buffer materials in terms of efficiency and low-cost production of large-area processing of …

Performance Of Plunge Depth Control Methods During Friction Stir Welding, Jinyoung Yoon, Cheolhee Kim, Sehun Rhee

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

Friction stir welding is a preferred solid state welding process for Al/Fe joints, and in friction stir lap welding, the plunge depth is the most critical parameter for joint strength. We compared three plunge depth control methods, namely conventional position control, offset position control, and deflection compensation control in the friction stir lap welding of 3 mm-thick Al 5083-O alloy over 1.2 mm-thick DP 590 steel. The desired plunge depth was 0.2 mm into the steel sheet. However, the pin did not reach the steel surface under conventional position control due to deflection of the vertical axis of the welding …

Improvement Of The Tribological Characteristics Of Aisi 8620, 8640 And 52100 Steels Through Thermo-Reactive Treatments, Rafael Magalhães Triani, Fábio Edson Mariani, Lucas Fuscaldi De Assis Gomes, Pedro Gabriel Bonella De Oliveira, George E. Totten, Luiz Carlos Casteletti

Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations

The production of vanadium and niobium carbides (VC and NbC) layers on AISI 8620, 8640, and 52100 steels may increase hardness and wear resistance of substrates. Thermochemical treatments were performed at 1000 °C for 2 and 4 h. The characterization of the treated samples was carried out by means of Knoop microhardness tests, “calotest” type microadhesive wear test, layer adhesion test according to VDI 3198 standard, and X-ray diffraction. Compact and uniform layers of VC and NbC were obtained in all treatments, with hardness up to 2500 HK and microadhesive wear resistance far superior to that of the substrates, indicating …

Investigation Of Chip-Form And Tool-Wear In Turning Of Hardened Af9628 Alloy Under Various Cooling And Lubrication Conditions, Jason Wolf

Theses and Dissertations--Manufacturing Systems Engineering

Next generation defense and commercial applications for structural steels require new alloys that eliminate or reduce critical elements from their composition to lower cost and improve manufacturability, while maintaining or exceeding high strength and toughness requirements. A new alloy, denoted as AF9628, has recently been developed for this purpose and its manufacturing characteristics and the material response in component manufacturing must be fully understood.

In the present study, hardened AF9628 alloy was turned with a coated carbide cutting tool under fixed cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut parameters. This work focuses on chip-form and tool-wear analysis to understand, …

Uv-Curable Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Polyurethane Coating, Shiyin Yu

Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

This thesis explored a series of organic-inorganic hybrid polyurethane oligomers with varying molecular weights and functional groups (acrylate and/or silane) that were cured with a single ultraviolet (UV) trigger but two photo-initiators. Upon UV irradiation, the free-radical initiator initiated a free-radical reaction for acrylate cross-linking, and the photo-latent base initiated a sol-gel reaction for condensation of the silanes. This study explored the cure extent of both reactions by FTIR for acrylates and silanes and a weight-loss method for silanes as a function of functional group concentration and time. The general film properties were also studied. The results showed that the …

Development Of Functional Ionic Liquids For Separation And Recovery Of Rare Earth Elements, Mostafa Khodakarami

Doctoral Dissertations

“This research focused on the design and synthesis of task-specific ionic liquids for enhanced extraction and separation of rare earth elements (REEs). Two novel ammonium-based functional ionic liquids (FILs) with oxygen donating groups: trioctyl(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)ammonium dihexyl diglycolamate, [OcGBOEt][DHDGA], and tricaprylmethylammonium dihexyl diglycolamate, [A336][DHDGA] were synthesized and tested for the recovery and separation of selected REEs from aqueous solutions. Functionalities with different denticities were incorporated into both anionic and cationic parts of ionic liquids, which are solely composed of incinerable atoms including C, H, O, and N. The structural, physical, and chemical properties of the synthesized FILs were studied using nuclear magnetic …

Three-Dimensional Nanotube Arrays For Solar Energy Harvesting And Production Of Solar Fuels, Wipula P. R. Liyanage

Doctoral Dissertations

"Over the past decade extensive research has been carried out on photovoltaic semiconductors to provide a solution towards a renewable energy future. Fabricating high-efficiency photovoltaic devices largely rely on nanostructuring the photoabsorber layers due to the ability of improving photoabsorption, photocurrent generation and transport in nanometer scale. Vertically aligned, highly uniform nanorods and nanowire arrays for solar energy conversion have been explored as potential candidates for solar energy conversion and solar-fuel generation owing to their enhanced photoconversion efficiencies.

However, controlled fabrication of nanorod and especially nanotube arrays with uniform size and shape and a pre-determined distribution density is still a …

Nanoscale Solidification Of Metals By Atomistic Simulations: From Nucleation To Nanostructural Evolution, Avik Mahata

Doctoral Dissertations

"Homogeneous nucleation during solidification in Al (fcc), Fe (bcc) and Mg (hcp) is studied by million-atom molecular dynamics (MD) utilizing the second nearest neighbor modified embedded atom method (2NN-MEAM) potentials. Spontaneous homogenous nucleation from the melt was produced without any influence of pressure, free surface effects and impurities. We also study the effect on the simulation size on homogenous nucleation and the heterogeneity in homogenous nucleation. The heterogeneity in homogenous nucleation originates from the twins, grain boundaries and short range order in the liquid during the initial stages of solidification.

To study the solid-liquid coexistence in binary Al alloys, interatomic …

Build Strategy Investigation Of Ti-6al-4v Produced Via A Hybrid Additive Manufacturing Process, Lei Yan

Doctoral Dissertations

“Till now, laser metal deposition (LMD) has been developed with the capability of near-net shape high-performance metal parts fabrication, especially complicated titanium alloys, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys. However, LMD processed parts usually do not meet end-use requirements without post treatments. In-process part quality inspection and inner features machining are impossible within a single LMD process. Hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM), which integrates additive and subtractive manufacturing in one process, has been proposed to increase the feasibility of complex parts fabrication. This dissertation aims to improve the applications of Ti-6Al-4V parts fabricated via a HAM technique. The first research topic is …

On Developing A Graphitic White Iron For Metal-To-Metal Wear Systems, Jie Wan

Doctoral Dissertations

"This research addressed heat dissipation issues related to the adhesive wear observed in metal-to-metal wear systems, by developing a graphitic white iron to increase thermal diffusivity of the wear components. One of the premium materials commonly used in current metal-to-metal wear systems is Fe15Mo18Cr and field returned parts were characterized as part of this study. Failure analysis showed that white layers were formed on the wearing surface due to frictional heating and surface deformation. These white layers were extremely brittle and could be fractured easily during use, which in turn led to micro-galling defects that caused parts leakage. Increasing thermal …

Chemically-Bonded Enamel-Coated Steel Pipelines For Corrosion Protection And Flow Efficiency, Liang Fan

Doctoral Dissertations

"This study is to explore and develop chemically-bonded enamel coating (200-300 um) on steel pipes, when subjected to soil and thermal environments, in order to improve the corrosion protection and safety of hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines while reducing pressure loss. Out of five types of enamels and their various mixtures, Tomatec slurry and GP2118 powder were selected for steel pipeline applications. They were applied at approximately 810 °C to the inside surface of steel pipes in wet and electrostatic processes, respectively. The thickness and surface roughness of the enamel coating were measured using a gauge and an optical …

Freeform Extrusion Fabrication Of Advanced Ceramics And Ceramic-Based Composites, Wenbin Li

Doctoral Dissertations

"Ceramic On-Demand Extrusion (CODE) is a recently developed freeform extrusion fabrication process for producing dense ceramic components from single and multiple constituents. In this process, aqueous paste of ceramic particles with a very low binder content ( < 1 vol%) is extruded through a moving nozzle to print each layer sequentially. Once one layer is printed, it is surrounded by oil to prevent undesirable water evaporation from the perimeters of the part. The oil level is regulated just below the topmost layer of the part being fabricated. Infrared radiation is then applied to uniformly and partially dry the top layer so that the yield stress of the paste increases to avoid part deformation. By repeating the above steps, the part is printed in a layer-wise fashion, followed by post-processing. Paste extrusion precision of different extrusion mechanisms was compared and analyzed, with an auger extruder determined to be the most suitable paste extruder for the CODE system. A novel fabrication system was developed based on a motion gantry, auger extruders, and peripheral devices. Sample specimens were then produced from 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia using this fabrication system, and their properties, including density, flexural strength, Young's modulus, Weibull modulus, fracture toughness, and hardness were measured. The results indicated that superior mechanical properties were achieved by the CODE process among all the additive manufacturing processes. Further development was made on the CODE process to fabricate ceramic components that have external/internal features such as overhangs by using fugitive support material. Finally, ceramic composites with functionally graded materials (FGMs) were fabricated by the CODE process using a dynamic mixing device"--Abstract, page iv.

Atomistic Simulations Of Deformation In Metallic Nanolayered Composites, Sixie Huang

Doctoral Dissertations

"The mechanical behavior of Metallic Nanolayered Composites (MNCs) is governed by their underlying microstructure. In this dissertation, the roles of the interlayer spacing (grain size, d) and the intralayer biphase spacing (layer thickness, h) on mechanical response of Cu/Nb MNCs are examined by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The study of the strength of MNCs show that small changes in both d and h play a profound role in the relative plastic contributions from grain boundary sliding and dislocation glide. The interplay of d and h leads to a very broad transition region from grain boundary sliding dominated flow, where the …

Electrodeposition Of Epitaxial Metal Thin Films On Silicon For Energy Conversion And Flexible Electronics, Qingzhi Chen

Doctoral Dissertations

"This research focuses on epitaxial electrodeposition of two coinage metals: Au and Ag thin films on the silicon surface and their applications in flexible electronics and energy conversion and storage. The first paper: Photoelectrochemistry of ultrathin, semi-transparent, and catalytic gold films electrodeposited epitaxially onto n-silicon (111) describes the epitaxial electrodeposition of Au thin films on n-type Si using a simple HAuCl4 bath and the photoelectrochemical properties of the Au-Si junction barrier. The effect of the Au layer on the interfacial energetics as well as the stability of the photoelectrode as a function of the Au coverage/thickness is determined in a …

Polyurea Aerogels: From Nanoscopic To Macroscopic Properties, Tahereh Taghvaee

Doctoral Dissertations

"The morphology of a material is intrinsically a qualitative property and in order to relate nanomorphology to synthetic conditions, it is necessary to express nano/micro-structure quantitatively. In this context, polyurea aerogels were chosen as a model system with demonstrated potential for rich nanomorphology and being guided by a statistical Design-of-Experiments model, a large array of materials (208) with identical chemical composition, but quite different nanostructures were prepared. By reflecting upon the SEM images, it was realized that our first pre-verbal impression about a nanostructure is related to its openness and texture; the former is quantified by porosity (Π), and the …

Development Of Stage-I Tempered High Strength Cast Steel For Ground Engaging Tools, Viraj Ashok Athavale

Doctoral Dissertations

"Ground Engaging Tools (GET) are the expendable replacement parts used in heavy machinery used with mining or construction equipment. GET’s protect the expensive machine components from the wear and tear found common in high-impact or high-abrasion environments. The goal of this project is to develop advanced next-generation alloy choices that outperforms the existing GET materials. A method of predicting tempered hardness of mixed microstructures was formulated. Using this model, two alloy series viz. Cr-Ni-Mo and Mn-Si-Mo-V were proposed and experimented with the goal of obtaining a high strength and impact resistant cast steel. Cast iterations of Cr-Ni-Mo alloy series were …

The Effects Of Fatigue And Weathering On The Failure Behavior Of Commercial Soda-Lime-Silicate Glass, Erica Ann Ronchetto

Doctoral Dissertations

"The principle objective of this research is to advance our understanding of the effects of humid conditions on the strength and susceptibility to fatigue of soda-lime silicate (SLS) glass. The two-point bend method was used to evaluate the fatigue characteristics and the degradation of failure strain of fibers drawn from melts of commercial soda-lime silicate glass and exposed to various environmental conditions. Soda lime silicate glasses from two commercial products but with similar nominal compositions were examined. One glass had pristine failure strains about 10% greater than the other, but both had similar fatigue parameters. The fatigue parameter increased from …

Optical Properties Of Polymers And Their Applications, Samiha Hossain

Theses

The last decade has witnessed explosive growth in the world of photoactive polymers for a variety of applications in several sectors of the global economy. The need for efficient, reliable, and low-cost data acquisition, storage, processing, transmission, and display technologies has made it necessary for research aimed at addressing these needs. Recent accomplishments in this materials area represent exciting opportunities for major innovations in various fields. However, further work needs to be done to transfer the technology from fundamental R&D to manufacturing. The goal of this study is to provide a better understanding of the optical properties of polymers and …

Phase Interaction Induced Texture In A Plasma Sprayed-Remelted Nicrbsi Coating During Solidification: An Electron Backscatter Diffraction Study, Liang-Yu Chen, Tianxiang Xu, Haiyang Wang, Peng Sang, Sheng Lu, Ze-Xin Wang, Shujin Chen, Lai-Chang Zhang

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Although considerable endeavors have been dedicated to investigate the microstructures of the remelting-enhanced NiCrBSi coatings, the textures in the remelted coatings, which may result in property anisotropy, are rarely studied. In this work, the recrystallized fractions, grain orientations and interphase boundaries for Ni, Ni₃B and CrB in a plasma sprayed-remelted NiCrBSi coating were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction. The results demonstrate that the texture is induced by phase interaction during solidification. Cooling from the liquid, the firstly formed Ni grains possess a cube fiber texture of {001}〈001〉. The successively formed Ni₃B colonies are randomly oriented and …

การเตรียมอิฐมวลเบาจากเถ้าลิกไนต์และสารก่อโฟม, วิษณุ มะลิแย้ม

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

ในงานวิจัยนี้มีความสนใจในการนำเถ้าหนักลิกไนต์มาใช้ประโยชน์ จากการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบเฟสของเถ้าหนัก พบว่าประกอบด้วยควอตซ์ อะนอร์ไทต์ แมกนีไทต์ และฮีมาไทต์ องค์ประกอบดังกล่าวสามารถนำมาใช้เติมแทนที่ดินราชบุรีได้ ร้อยละ 20 40 และ 60 โดยน้ำหนัก ในการผลิตอิฐดินมวลเบา เถ้าหนักและดินราชบุรีผสมกับปูนปลาสเตอร์ (แบบพิมพ์ปูนปลาสเตอร์ใช้แล้วจากอุตสาหกรรมเซรามิก) ต่อโซเดียมซิลิเกตในอัตราส่วน 1:1 และฟองโฟม (สารก่อโฟม-โปรตีนจากพืช) ขึ้นรูปชิ้นงานด้วยมือ ชิ้นงานทั้งหมดจะนำไปอบแห้งที่อุณหภูมิต่างกัน ได้แก่ 40 65 และ 110 องศาเซลเซียส เป็นเวลา 3 2 และ 2 วัน ตามลำดับ และเผาชิ้นงานที่อุณหภูมิ 800 900 และ 1000 องศาเซลเซียส ด้วยอัตราการให้ความร้อน 5 องศาเซลเซียสต่อนาที มีระยะยืนไฟ 30 นาที สมบัติของชิ้นงานหลังเผารายงานผลเป็นความหนาแน่น และความต้านทานแรงอัด อ้างอิงตามมาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์อุตสาหกรรมคอนกรีตบล็อกมวลเบา มอก.2601-2556 จากผลการทดสอบ พบว่าชิ้นงานในสูตร RL14 มีความหนาแน่น 1.16 กรัมต่อลูกบาศก์เซนติเมตร และความต้านทานแรงอัด 2.54 เมกะพาสคัล จากการเติมเถ้าหนักลิกไนต์ ร้อยละ 60 โดยน้ำหนัก และเผาที่อุณหภูมิ 800 องศาเซลเซียส ในขณะเดียวกันที่อุณหภูมิการเผา 1000 องศาเซลเซียส ของสูตร RL17F ประกอบด้วยการเติมเถ้าหนักลิกไนต์ ร้อยละ 60 โดยน้ำหนัก และฟองโฟม ชิ้นงานมีความหนาแน่นเท่ากับ 1.12 กรัมต่อลูกบาศก์เซนติเมตร และความต้านทานแรงอัด 1.00 เมกะพาสคัล

สัมประสิทธิ์การแพร่ของไฮโดรเจนผ่านผิวเคลือบทองคำ และผิวเคลือบนิกเกิลบนเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม Aisi 304, กฤตยชญ์ วรรณโพธิ์กลาง

Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD)

งานวิจัยนี้เกิดจากพื้นฐานความคิดว่าชั้นเคลือบโลหะบนเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 เป็นชั้นต้านทานการแพร่ของไฮโดรเจนเพื่อชะลอการแตกร้าวจากการช่วยของไฮโดรเจน (Hydrogen Assisted Cracking, HAC) ในงานวิจัยใช้ขั้นตอนการดำเนินงานตามมาตรฐาน ASTM G148-97 ตรวจวัดสัมประสิทธิ์การแพร่ไฮโดรเจนประสิทธิผล ชั้นเคลือบนิกเกิลและทองคำด้วยไฟฟ้าบนชิ้นงานเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 แผ่นบางตามขั้นตอนในอุตสาหกรรมซึ่งเป็นด้านเซลล์อัดประจุถูกตรวจสอบเฟสโดยใช้การเลี้ยวเบนของรังสีเอ็กซ์ และวัดขนาดความหนาเฉลี่ยด้วยภาพถ่ายอิเล็กตรอนแบบส่องกราด ด้านเซลล์ออกซิไดซ์ถูกเคลือบด้วยชั้นเคลือบนิกเกิล ผลการทดลองพบว่าที่อุณหภูมิ 301 K จากการคำนวณใช้เวลาการซึมผ่านและเวลาล่าช้า ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์การแพร่ไฮโดรเจนประสิทธิผลเฉลี่ยของเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 ที่ไม่มีชั้นเคลือบด้านการอัดประจุ เหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 ที่มีชั้นเคลือบนิกเกิลด้วยไฟฟ้าด้านการอัดประจุ และเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 ที่มีชั้นเคลือบทองคำด้วยไฟฟ้าด้านการอัดประจุ เท่ากับ 5.98x10-13, 6.05x10-13 และ 3.57x10-14 m2ꞏs-1 ตามลำดับ จากการคำนวณสัมประสิทธิ์การแพร่ไฮโดรเจนประสิทธิผลในเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 ในชั้นเคลือบนิกเกิลและในชั้นเคลือบทองคำ มีค่าเท่ากับ 7.99x10-13, 3.40x10-14 และ 5.19x10-16 m2ꞏs-1 ตามลำดับ จากผลข้างต้น กล่าวได้ว่า ชั้นเคลือบทองคำด้วยไฟฟ้ามีประสิทธิภาพการต้านทานการแพร่ของไฮโดรเจนดีที่สุดเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับเหล็กกล้าไร้สนิม AISI 304 และชั้นเคลือบนิกเกิลด้วยไฟฟ้า