Mechanics of Materials Commons^™

Wettability Of Magnesium Based Alloys, Victor Manuel Ornelas

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The premise of this project was to determine the wettability behavior of Mg-based alloys using three different liquids. Contact angle measurements were carried out along with utilizing the Zisman method for obtaining values for the critical surface tension. Adhesion energy values were also found through the use of the Young-Dupre equation. This project utilized the Mg-based alloy Mg-2Zn-2Gd with supplemented α-Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Phosphate Buffer Saline solution (PBS), and distilled water. These three liquids are commonly used in cell cultivation and protein adsorption studies. Supplemented α-MEM consisted of α-MEM, fetal bovine serum, and penicillin-streptomycin. Mg-2Zn-2Gd was used because of …

Molecular Dynamics Proxy Applications For Optimizing Performance Of Simulations Under Extreme Conditions, Jayalath Abeywardhana Mudiyanselage Madawa Abeywardhana

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Exascale performance of scientific application is a prominent goal for the scientific community and computer hardware vendors. As a result, several proxy applications for the widely used scientific codes have been developed with the purpose of testing performance, memory and power consumption issues associated with simulations at the exascale. Co-MD is a proxy application for classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) codes based on the (SPaSM) Los Alamos code.

This work comprises two different but related computational aspects: performance evaluation and optimization of Co-MD (Co-Design Molecular Dynamics) for different computer architectures/execution models, and direct application of SPaSM (Scalable Parallel Short-range Molecular Dynamics) …

Effects Of Fabrication Conditions On Mechanical Properties Of Ti-6al-4v Fabricated By Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing, Paola Azani

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

At the writing of this Thesis, additive manufacturing (AM) also known as 3D printing, has been popularized for its diversity in applications ranging from home and personal use, medical, industrial, consumer products, aerospace, architecture, automotive, military, fashion, food, art and more. Industries taking advantage of the design freedom and complexity offered by AM have exploded the growth of the technologies. Specifically, technologies that process metals using electron and laser beams have been recognized by the aerospace industry as a promising avenue for re-engineered components leading to reduced weight and improved engineering efficiencies for components like engine brackets and nozzles. However, …

Characterization In 2d Sulfides And Graphene Composites For Sensing Applications, Alberto Delgado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In this work, we have evaluated 2D layered material composites for opto-electro-mechanical sensing applications. In particular, we have focused on TMDCs and graphite and studied the effects of chemical liquid exfoliation on the structural characteristics of the 2D layered materials, through particle size, x-ray diffraction, Raman and surface area analysis. An approach was developed to combine the solution-processed dispersion with organic and inorganic matrix materials for forming the composites. From Raman Spectroscopy of the ultra-sonicated samples, the I2D/IG>2 for graphite, and for MoS2 the difference between the A1g and E2g peak was 22.85cm-1, consistent with few layer 2D MoS2. …

Mechanically Activated Combustion Synthesis Of Molybdenum Borosilicides For Ultrahigh-Temperature Structural Applications, Alan Alberto Esparza Hernandez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The desire to improve the efficiency of power generation gas-turbines has led to a relentless quest for new, ultrahigh-temperature structural materials to replace the current nickel-based superalloys. These materials have reached the maximum allowable operating temperature determined by the melting temperature of these alloys, which is about 1150 °C. These materials could be replaced by molybdenum silicides and borosilicides based on Mo5SiB 2 (T2) phase due to their high melting point and mechanical properties. A major challenge, however, is to simultaneously achieve high oxidation resistance and acceptable mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. One novel approach to improve these properties is …

Towards The Scalability And Hybrid Parallelization Of A Spatially Variant Lattice Algorithm, Henry Roger Moncada Lopez

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The purpose of this research is to design a faster implementation of the spatially variant algorithm that improves its performance when it is running on a parallel computer system.

The spatially variant algorithm is used to synthesize a spatially variant lattice for a periodic electromagnetic structure. The algorithm has the ability to spatially vary the unit cell orientation and exploit its directional dependencies. The algorithm produces a lattice that is smooth, continuous and free of defects. The lattice spacing remains strikingly uniform when the unit cell orientation, lattice spacing, fill fraction and more are spatially varied. This is important for …

Intrinsic And Metal-Doped Gallium Oxide Based High-Temperature Oxygen Sensors For Combustion Processes, Ernesto Javier Rubio

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Currently, there is enormous interest in research, development and optimization of the combustion processes for energy harvesting. Recent statistical and economic analyses estimated that by improving the coal-based firing/combustion processes in the power plants, savings up to ~$450-500 million yearly can be achieved. Advanced sensors and controls capable of withstanding extreme environments such as high temperatures, highly corrosive atmospheres, and high pressures are critical to such efficiency enhancement and cost savings. For instance, optimization of the combustion processes in power generation systems can be achieved by sensing, monitoring and control of oxygen, which is a measure of the completeness of …

Microstructural Investigation Of Vintage Pipeline Steels Highly Susceptible To Stress Corrosion Cracking, Monica Adriana Torres

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

The use of pipelines for the transmission of gas offers not only efficiency, but a number of economic advantages. Nevertheless, pipelines are subject to aggressive operating conditions and environments which can lead to in-service degradation [1] and thus to failures. These failures can have catastrophic consequences, such as environmental damage and loss of life [2]. One of the most dangerous threats to pipeline integrity is stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Despite the substantial progress that has been achieved in the field, due to the complex nature of this phenomenon there is still not a complete understanding of this form of external …

Investigation Of Ti-6al-4v Alloy Response To Atmospheric Re-Entry Exposure, Jessica Lynn Buckner

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Ti-6Al-4V is a widely used aerospace alloy for its high strength-to-weight ratio and high operating temperature properties. Despite widespread use, titanium and its alloys have been shown to ignite in oxygen and nitrogen rich test streams. The reactivity of titanium is attributed to the high solubility for oxygen that increases with temperature, accelerating the oxidation rate and resulting in a combustion reaction. When introduced to the monatomic oxygen rich and high enthalpy re-entry environment, Ti-6Al-4V X-link components from the space shuttle Columbia exhibited accelerated oxidation and combustion behavior. Ti-6Al-4V metal plates tested in the simulated re-entry environment of an arc-jet …

Vascularization In Interconnected 3d Printed Ti-6al-4v Foams With Hydrogel Matrix For Biomedical Bone Replacement Implants, Victor Correa

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Abstract:

Vascularization or angiogenesis on newly implanted metal orthopedic implants has remained a challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In this research, an interconnected foam structure of Ti-6Al-4V was micro-fabricated by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) technique. The foam in question has a density of 1.77g/cm3 with 60% porosity and a tensile strength of 18GPa. An Extracellular Matrix based hydrogel was added as an aqueous matrix to the foam in question. Hypoxia mimetic stress has been closely related to many wound healing biomedical applications as it increases survival and proliferation molecular signals. To that end, increased expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α …

Materials Characterization Of Deposits On Starboard (Inboard) Elevon Actuator Shaft Recovered From Space Shuttle Columbia, Mayra Contreras

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

With the new era of space exploration upon us and the Orion spacecraft currently being tested, which would replace the Space Shuttle as the orbiter that will transport humans into space once again, safety assurance is the main component for a successful mission. Aerospace materials have always played a big role when it comes to safety assurance. Having the knowledge of what materials are suitable to keep using when designing the future spacecraft that will take humans to Mars is fundamental in order to be confident that the vehicle and all that comprises it will function as envisioned. Expanding the …

Structural, Dielectric, And Ferroelectric Characterization Of Lead-Free Calcium-Cerium Co-Doped Batio3 Ceramics, Juan Alberto Duran

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Structure, morphology, and regulation of the dielectric properties via close-composition intervals is demonstrated for variable-cerium, constant-calcium co-doped barium titanate (Ba0.80Ca0.20CeyTi1-yO3; y=0.0-0.25; referred to BCCT). The effect of variable Ce-content on the structure and dielectric properties of BCCT is investigated. X-ray diffraction spectra confirms the studied samples are mainly in BT tetragonal phase with a small secondary phase detected as CaTiO3 in BCCT for y = 0.20 and 0.25. However, the lattice parameter reduction was evident with increasing Ce-content. Composition-driven dielectric constant leap (4,000-5,500) was observed from intrinsic BCT to BCCT for (y = 0.0-0.04). The temperature dependent dielectric constant showed …

The University Of Akron Human Powered Vehicle Team, Maria E. Rizzo, Andrew J. Derhammer, Christopher M. Trowbridge, Timothy M. Nutt, Joseph R. Boyd, Jeremy W. Marcum, Jonathan E. Adams, Donald G. Haiss, Julia Wood, Brian D. Goshia, Scott T. Fagan, Joshua D. Everhard, Rebecca L. Slivka

Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects

The University of Akron Human Powered Vehicle Team’s 2016 vehicle, Klokan, was designed, manufactured and tested with safety, reliability, performance and ease of use in mind. The vehicle is a fully faired tadpole trike with a lightweight aluminum frame constructed from 6061-T6 tubing having a total weight of 8.9 lbs. To complement the lightweight frame, the fairing is constructed from polycarbonate, PETG and carbon fiber strips which combine into a lightweight, easy to manufacture weather barrier and aerodynamic structure. Klokan was designed to be a safe and efficient mode of everyday transportation which ensures that riders are sufficiently protected by …

Biomimetic Substrate Control Of Cellular Mechanotransduction, Mohammad Nahid Andalib, Yuris A. Dzenis, Henry J. Donahue, Jung Yul Lim

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Extracellular mechanophysical signals from both static substrate cue and dynamic mechanical loading have strong potential to regulate cell functions. Most of the studies have adopted either static or dynamic cue and shown that each cue can regulate cell adhesion, spreading, migration, proliferation, lineage commitment, and differentiation. However, there is limited information on the integrative control of cell functions by the static and dynamic mechanophysical signals. For example, a majority of dynamic loading studies have tested mechanical stimulation of cells utilizing cultures on flat surfaces without any surface modification. While these approaches have provided significant information on cell mechanotransduction, obtained outcomes …

Characterizing The Boundary Lateral To The Shear Direction Of Deformation Twins In Magnesium, Y. Liu, N. Li, S. Shao, M. Gong, J Wang, R.J. Mccabe, Y. Jiang, C.N. Tome

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The three-dimensional nature of twins, especially the atomic structures and motion mechanisms of the boundary lateral to the shear direction of the twin, has never been characterized at the atomic level, because such boundary is, in principle, crystallographically unobservable.We thus refer to it here as the dark side of the twin. Here, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulations, we characterize the dark side of {1012} deformation twins in magnesium. It is found that the dark side is serrated and comprised of {1012} coherent twin boundaries and semi-coherent twist prismatic–prismatic {2110} boundaries that control twin growth. The conclusions of …

Stress-Dependent Ultrasonic Scattering In Polycrystalline Materials, Christopher M. Kube, Christopher A Turner

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Stress-dependent elastic moduli of polycrystalline materials are used in a statistically based model for the scattering of ultrasonic waves from randomly oriented grains that are members of a stressed polycrystal. The stress is assumed to be homogeneous and can be either residual or generated from external loads. The stress-dependent elastic properties are incorporated into the definition of the differential scattering cross-section, which defines how strongly an incident wave is scattered into various directions. Nine stress-dependent differential scattering cross-sections or scattering coefficients are defined to include all possibilities of incident and scattered waves, which can be either longitudinal or (two) transverse …

Graphene Platform For Neural Regenerative Medicine, Tasneem Bouzid, Alexander Sinitskii, Jung Yul Lim

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Graphene is a material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. The unique electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of graphene are extensively exploited for various applications in electronics, energy, and sensors. Studies also proposed the potential of graphene for biomedical applications. The intrinsic characteristics of graphene and its availability for chemical and physical modifications make graphene a promising vehicle for various biomedical applications including drug delivery, bioimaging, disease diagnostics, etc. The chemical structure of graphene and, in turn, its functionality, can be altered by attaching functional groups, which not only modify the …

Mode-Converted Ultrasonic Scattering In Polycrystals With Elongated Grains, Andrea P. Arguelles, Christopher M. Kube, Ping Hu, Joseph A. Turner

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Elastic wave scattering is used to study polycrystalline media for a wide range of applications. Received signals, which include scattering from the randomly oriented grains comprising the polycrystal, contain information from which useful microstructural parameters may often be inferred. Recently, a mode-converted diffuse ultrasonic scattering model was developed for evaluating the scattered response of a transverse wave from an incident longitudinal wave in a polycrystalline medium containing equiaxed single-phase grains with cubic elastic symmetry. In this article, that theoretical mode-converted scattering model is modified to account for grain elongation within the sample. The model shows the dependence on scattering angle …

Enhancing Stability And Efficiency Of Perovskite Solar Cells With Crosslinkable Silane-Functionalized And Doped Fullerene, Yang Bai, Qingfeng Dong, Yuchuan Shao, Yehao Deng, Qi Wang, Liang Shen, Dong Wang, Wei Wei, Jinsong Huang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The instability of hybrid perovskite materials due to water and moisture arises as one major challenge to be addressed before any practical application of the demonstrated high efficiency perovskite solar cells. Here we report a facile strategy that can simultaneously enhance the stability and efficiency of p–i–n planar heterojunction-structure perovskite devices. Crosslinkable silane molecules with hydrophobic functional groups are bonded onto fullerene to make the fullerene layer highly water-resistant. Methylammonium iodide is introduced in the fullerene layer for n-doping via anion-induced electron transfer, resulting in dramatically increased conductivity over 100-fold. With crosslinkable silane-functionalized and doped fullerene electron transport layer, the …

Stabilized Wide Bandgap MapbbrXI3– X Perovskite By Enhanced Grain Size And Improved Crystallinity, Miao Hu, Cheng Bi, Yongbo Yuan, Yang Bai, Jinsong Huang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Methylammonium lead trihalide perovskite (MAPbX₃, where MA is methylammonium, and X is a halide)-based solar cells have been intensively investigated recently, with the demonstrated certified solar power conversion efficiency (PCE) exceeding 20%. To further boost the PCE to beyond the Schockley–Queisser limit, tandem structured solar cells have been investigated based on integrating MAPbX₃ and low bandgap solar cells. However, the efficiency of the two-terminal integrated perovskite-silicon tandem cells is still low. The best reported efficiency of 13.7% for this type of tandem cells is far smaller than the individual cells yet, partially due to the limited performance …

Ultrahigh Sensitivity Of Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Perovskite Single Crystals To Environmental Gases, Hong-Hua Fang, Sampson Adjokatse, Haotong Wei, Jie Yang, Graeme R. Blake, Jinsong Huang, Jacky Even, Maria Antonietta Loi

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

One of the limiting factors to high device performance in photovoltaics is the presence of surface traps. Hence, the understanding and control of carrier recombination at the surface of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite is critical for the design and optimization of devices with this material as the active layer. We demonstrate that the surface recombination rate (or surface trap state density) inmethylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals can be fully and reversibly controlled by the physisorption of oxygen and water molecules, leading to a modulation of the photoluminescence intensity by over two orders of magnitude.We report an unusually low surface recombination …

Pulsed Laser Cutting Of Magnesium-Calcium For Biodegradable Stents, M. P. Sealy, Y. B. Guo, J. F. Liu, C. Li

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

There is growing interests in the use of biodegradable magnesium implants for cardiovascular and pulmonary applications such as stents. Magnesium is a metal that has the ability to gradually dissolve and absorb into the human body after implantation. There is very little work discussing the relationship between process parameters and cut quality of magnesium stents by laser cutting. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of laser cutting conditions including peak laser power and cutting speed of a millisecond range pulsed laser on kerf geometry, surface topography, surface roughness, and microstructure. An assessment on the experimental work …

Impact Of Patient Factors On Operative Duration During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Evaluation From The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database, Bethany Rose Lowndes, Cornelius A. Thiels, Elizabeth B. Habermann, Juliane Bingener, M. Susan Hallbeck, Denny Yu

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

BACKGROUND: Patient factors impact laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) difficulty, specifically operative duration. This study quantifies the impact of patient factors on LC duration.

METHODS: The national surgery database (American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) was reviewed for all elective LC for biliary colic from 2005 to 2013. Multivariate general linear model and logistic regression were used to evaluate patient factors as predictors of operative duration greater than 60 minutes, adjusted for resident involvement and cholangiography.

RESULTS: A total of 24,099 LC met inclusion criteria. Regression analysis found procedure duration greater than 60 minutes was less likely for patients …

A Comparative Study On Machining Capabilities Of Wet And Dry Nanoscale Electro-Machining, Muhammad P. Jahan, Kamlakar P. Rajurkar, Ajay P. Malshe

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Presently, the nano scale electro-machining (nano-EM) process has been demonstrated in both the liquid and air dielectric mediums, which are known as wet and dry nano-EM respectively. In the current study, two important aspects of the nano-EM have been investigated: the minimum possible feature dimension and mass fabrication capability of nano-EM. Firstly, the investigation has been done on the capability of machining graphene at atomic scale with focus on obtaining smallest possible nano-feature using the wet nano-EM. Secondly, the ability of the nano-EM process for the fabrication of arrays of nano-holes has been investigated using dry nano-EM. It was found …

Bioink Properties Before, During And After 3d Bioprinting, Katja Holzl, Shengmao Lin, Liesbeth Tytgat, Sandra Van Vlierberghe, Linxia Gu, Aleksandr Ovsianikov

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing from materials containing living cells. These materials, often referred to as bioink, are based on cytocompatible hydrogel precursor formulations, which gel in a manner compatible with different bioprinting approaches. The bioink properties before, during and after gelation are essential for its printability, comprising such features as achievable structural resolution, shape fidelity and cell survival. However, it is the final properties of the matured bioprinted tissue construct that are crucial for the end application. During tissue formation these properties are influenced by the amount of cells present in the construct, their proliferation, migration …

Development Of A Synthetic Gene Network To Modulate Gene Expression By Mechanical Forces, Zoltan Kis, Tania Rodin, Asma Zafar, Zhangxing Lai, Grace Freke, Oliver Fleck, Armando Del Rio Hernandez, Leila Towhidi, Ryan M. Pedrigi, Takayuki Homma, Rob Krams

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The majority of (mammalian) cells in our body are sensitive to mechanical forces, but little work has been done to develop assays to monitor mechanosensor activity. Furthermore, it is currently impossible to use mechanosensor activity to drive gene expression. To address these needs, we developed the first mammalian mechanosensitive synthetic gene network to monitor endothelial cell shear stress levels and directly modulate expression of an atheroprotective transcription factor by shear stress. The technique is highly modular, easily scalable and allows graded control of gene expression by mechanical stimuli in hard-to-transfect mammalian cells. We call this new approach mechanosyngenetics. To insert …

Portable Camera Aided Simulator (Portcas) For Minimally Invasive Surgical Training, Ka-Chun Sui, Carl Nelson, Mohsen Zahiri, Dmitry Oleynikov

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The present disclosure is directed to a system and method for surgical training with low cost, reusable materials and a highly customizable virtual environment for skill-building. According to various embodiments, a surgical training tool is usable in conjunction with a support structure configured to at least partially constrain the tool movement. Meanwhile, the tool is tracked in real-time with off-tool detectors to generate a tool path driving a virtual rendering of the surgical training tool in an operative environment. The virtual rendering may be visually observable via a display device and may include a customizable and/or selectable operative environment with …

Secondary Pool Boiling Effects, C. Kruse, A. Tsubaki, C. A. Zuhlke, T. P. Anderson, Dennis R. Alexander, George Gogos, Sidy Ndao

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

A pool boiling phenomenon referred to as secondary boiling effects is discussed. Based on the experimental trends, a mechanism is proposed that identifies the parameters that lead to this phenomenon. Secondary boiling effects refer to a distinct decrease in the wall superheat temperature near the critical heat flux due to a significant increase in the heat transfer coefficient. Recent pool boiling heat transfer experiments using femtosecond laser processed Inconel, stainless steel, and copper multiscale surfaces consistently displayed secondary boiling effects, which were found to be a result of both temperature drop along the microstructures and nucleation characteristic length scales. The …

Experimental Explanation Of The Formation Mechanism Of Surface Mound-Structures By Femtosecond Laser On Polycrystalline Ni60Nb40, Edwin Peng, A. Tsubaki, Craig A. Zuhlke, Meiyu Wang, Ryan Bell, Michael J. Lucis, Troy P. Anderson, Dennis R. Alexander, George Gogos, Jeffrey E. Shield

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Femtosecond laser surface processing (FLSP) is an emerging technique for creating functionalized surfaces with specialized properties, such as broadband optical absorption or superhydrophobicity/ superhydrophilicity. It has been demonstrated in the past that FLSP can be used to form two distinct classes of mound-like, self-organized micro/nanostructures on the surfaces of various metals. Here, the formation mechanisms of below surface growth (BSG) and above surface growth (ASG) mounds on polycrystalline Ni₆₀Nb₄₀ are studied. Cross-sectional imaging of these mounds by focused ion beam milling and subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed evidence of the unique formation processes for each class of …

Field-Scale Testing And Numerical Investigation Of Soil-Boulder Interaction Under Vehicular Impact Using Fem And Coupled Fem-Sph Formulations, Lynsey Reese, Tong Qiu, Daniel Linzell, Zoltan Rado

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering: Faculty Publications

A computational approach that couples the Finite Element Method and the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method may be advantageous for simulating the response of complex, physical systems involving large deformations. However, comparisons of this modeling technique against field-scale test data are remarkably sparse in literature. This study presents three field-scale tests involving vehicular impact into three landscape vehicular anti-ram barriers. Each barrier consisted of a single boulder embedded in compacted American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials soil and physical testing resulted in one of the following outcomes: minimal boulder/soil movement (Test 1), moderate boulder/soil movement (Test 2), and severe …