Mechanics of Materials Commons^™

Ultra-Fast Charging In Aluminum-Ion Batteries: Electric Double Layers On Active Anode, Xuejing Shen, Tao Sun, Lei Yang, Alexey Krasnoslobodtsev, Renat F. Sabirianov, Michael P. Sealy, Wai-Ning Mei, Zhanjun Wu, Li Tan

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

With the rapid iteration of portable electronics and electric vehicles, developing high-capacity batteries with ultra-fast charging capability has become a holy grail. Here we report rechargeable aluminum-ion batteries capable of reaching a high specific capacity of 200 mAh g^−1. When liquid metal is further used to lower the energy barrier from the anode, fastest charging rate of 10⁴ C (duration of 0.35 s to reach a full capacity) and 500% more specific capacity under high-rate conditions are achieved. Phase boundaries from the active anode are believed to encourage a high-flux charge transfer through the electric double layers. As …

Twinning-Assisted Dynamic Adjustment Of Grain Boundary Mobility, Qishan Huang, Qi Zhu, Yingbin Chen, Mingyu Gong, Jixue Li, Ze Zhang, Wei Yang, Jian Wang, Haofei Zhou, Jiangwei Wang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Grain boundary (GB) plasticity dominates the mechanical behaviours of nanocrystalline materials. Under mechanical loading, GB configuration and its local deformation geometry change dynamically with the deformation; the dynamic variation of GB deformability, however, remains largely elusive, especially regarding its relation with the frequently-observed GB-associated deformation twins in nanocrystalline materials. Attention here is focused on the GB dynamics in metallic nanocrystals, by means of well-designed in situ nanomechanical testing integrated with molecular dynamics simulations. GBs with low mobility are found to dynamically adjust their configurations and local deformation geometries via crystallographic twinning, which instantly changes the GB dynamics and enhances the …

Electron Microscopy Observation Of Electric Field-Assisted Sintering Of Stainless Steel Nanoparticles, Fei Wang, Qin Zhou, Xing-Zhong Li, Yongchul Yoo, Michael Nastasi, Bai Cui

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The intrinsic role of electrical current on the electric field-assisted sintering (EFAS) process of stainless steel 316L nanoparticles has been revealed by both ex situ and in situ experiments. A novel device on the Si chip has been designed and fabricated to fit into the sample holder of a transmission electron microscope for these experiments. The evolution of nanoparticle morphology and microstructures during the EFAS process has been studied using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which has been combined with the simultaneous measurement of the electric voltage and current changes. A preliminary four-stage mechanism for the EFAS process …

Sustainable Drug Release From Polycaprolactone Coated Chitin‑Lignin Gel Fibrous Scaffolds, Turdimuhammad Abdullah, Kalamegam Gauthaman, Azadeh Mostafavi, Ahmed Alshahrie, Numan Salah, Pierfrancesco Morganti, Angelo Chianese, Ali Tamayol, Adnan Memic

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Non-healing wounds have placed an enormous stress on both patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Severe complications induced by these wounds can lead to limb amputation or even death and urgently require more effective treatments. Electrospun scaffolds have great potential for improving wound healing treatments by providing controlled drug delivery. Previously, we developed fibrous scaffolds from complex carbohydrate polymers [i.e. chitin-lignin (CL) gels]. However, their application was limited by solubility and undesirable burst drug release. Here, a coaxial electrospinning is applied to encapsulate the CL gels with polycaprolactone (PCL). Presence of a PCL shell layer thus provides longer shelf-life for the …

Optimal Control Of Active Nematics, Michael M. Norton, Piyush Grover, Michael F. Hagan, Seth Fraden

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

In this work we present the first systematic framework to sculpt active nematic systems, using optimal control theory and a hydrodynamic model of active nematics. We demonstrate the use of two different control fields, (i) applied vorticity and (ii) activity strength, to shape the dynamics of an extensile active nematic that is confined to a disk. In the absence of control inputs, the system exhibits two attractors, clockwise and counterclockwise circulating states characterized by two co-rotating topological þ1 2 defects. We specifically seek spatiotemporal inputs that switch the system from one attractor to the other; we also examine phase-shifting perturbations. …

Microfluidic Systems With Embedded Cell Culture Chambers For High Throughput Biological Assays, Arian Jaberi, Amir Monemian Esfahani, Fariba Aghabaglou, Jae Sung Park, Sidy Ndao, Ali Tamayol, Ruiguo Yang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The ability to generate chemical and mechanical gradients on chips is important both for creating biomimetic designs or enabling high-throughput assays. However, there is still a significant knowledge gap in the generation of mechanical and chemical gradients in a single device. In this study, we developed gradient-generating microfluidic circuits with integrated microchambers to allow cell culture and to introduce chemical and mechanical gradients to cultured cells. A chemical gradient is generated across the microchambers, exposing cells to a uniform concentration of drugs. The embedded microchamber also produces a mechanical gradient in the form of varied shear stresses induced upon cells …

Comparison Of Plantar Pressure Profile Of Young Adults During Training On Elliptical Devices And Overground Walking: A Pilot Study, Guilherme Manna Cesar, Thad W. Buster, Judith M. Burnfield

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Background: Elliptical training may offer advantages over other cardiorespiratory exercises for those requiring podiatric care, since its constant double-limb support diminishes recurring high-impact plantar forces while allowing exercise in a functional, upright posture. Unknown is the impact of distinct elliptical models, that can alter user’s body mechanics, on potential variations in plantar pressure patterns.

Purpose: To compare plantar pressure variables while exercising on four ellipticals and walking.

Methods: For this cross-sectional pilot study, plantar pressure data were recorded from ten young adults while exercising on four ellipticals (True, Octane, Life Fitness, SportsArt) and walking overground. One-way repeated measures ANOVA identified …

Magnetically Induced Carrier Distribution In A Composite Rod Of Piezoelectric Semiconductors And Piezomagnetics, Guolin Wang, Jinxi Liu, Wenjie Feng, Jiashi Yang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

In this work, we study the behavior of a composite rod consisting of a piezoelectric semiconductor layer and two piezomagnetic layers under an applied axial magnetic field. Based on the phenomenological theories of piezoelectric semiconductors and piezomagnetics, a one-dimensional model is developed from which an analytical solution is obtained. The explicit expressions of the coupled fields and the numerical results show that an axially applied magnetic field produces extensional deformation through piezomagnetic coupling, the extension then produces polarization through piezoelectric coupling, and the polarization then causes the redistribution of mobile charges. Thus, the composite rod exhibits a coupling between the …

Lstm-Based Anomaly Detection For Non-Linear Dynamical System, Yue Tan, Chungjing Hu, Kuan Zhang, Kan Zeng, Ethan A. Davis, Jae Sung Park

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Anomaly detection for non-linear dynamical system plays an important role in ensuring the system stability. However, it is usually complex and has to be solved by large-scale simulation which requires extensive computing resources. In this paper, we propose a novel anomaly detection scheme in non-linear dynamical system based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to capture complex temporal changes of the time sequence and make multi-step predictions. Specifically, we first present the framework of LSTM-based anomaly detection in non-linear dynamical system, including data preprocessing, multi-step prediction and anomaly detection. According to the prediction requirement, two types of training modes are explored …

A Wirelessly Controlled Smart Bandage With 3d-Printed Miniaturized Needle Arrays, Hossein Derakhshandeh, Fariba Aghabaglou, Alec Mccarthy, Azadeh Mostafavi, Chris Wiseman, Zack Bonick, Ian Ghanavati, Seth Harris, Craig Kreikemeier-Bower, Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri, Jordan Rosenbohm, Ruiguo Yang, Pooria Mostafalu, Dennis Orgill, Ali Tamayol

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

PUBLIC ACCESS

Cycle-To-Cycle Flow Variations In A Square Duct With A Symmetrically Oscillating Constriction, Erica Sherman, Lori M. Lambert, Bethany White, Michael H. Krane, Timothy Wei

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Spatially and temporally resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements are presented of flow complexities in a nominally two-dimensional, symmetric, duct with an oscillating constriction. The motivation for this research lies in advancing the state-of-the-art in applying integral control volume analysis to modeling unsteady internal flows. The specific target is acoustic modeling of human phonation. The integral mass and momentum equations are directly coupled to the acoustic equations and provide quantitative insight into acoustic source strengths in addition to the dynamics of the fluid-structure interactions in the glottis. In this study, a square cross-section duct was constructed with symmetric, computer …

Hierarchical Mechanisms Of Lateral Interactions In High- Performance Fibers, Taylor A, Stockdale, Daniel P. Cole, Jeffrey M. Staniszewski, Michael R. Roenbeck, Dimitry Papkov, Steve R. Lustig, Youris A. Dzenis, Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The processing conditions used in the production of advanced polymer fibers facilitate the formation of an oriented fibrillar network that consists of structures spanning multiple length scales. The irregular nature of fiber tensile fracture surfaces suggests that their structural integrity is defined by the degree of lateral (interfacial) interactions that exist within the fiber microstructure. To date, experimental studies have quantified interfacial adhesion between nanoscale fibrils measuring 10−50 nm in width, and the global fracture energy through applying peel loads to fiber halves. However, a more in-depth evaluation of tensile fracture indicates that fiber failure typically occurs at an intermediate …

Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Balance And Walking Improvements In An Adolescent With Cerebral Palsy (Gmfcs Ii) And Autism After Motor-Assisted Elliptical Training, Guilherme Manna Cesar, Thad W. Buster, Judith M. Burnfield

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Purpose: To quantify the impact of motor-assisted elliptical (ICARE) training on cardiorespiratory fitness, balance and walking function of an adolescent with walking limitations due to cerebral palsy.

Materials and methods: A thirteen-year-old boy with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System II) and autism participated. Peak oxygen consumption (peak VO₂, primary outcome measure), oxygen cost of walking, Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), modified Timed Up and Go (mTUG), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), and gait characteristics (speed, cadence, step length, single support time) were assessed prior to and after completion of 24 sessions of moderate- to vigorous- intensity ICARE …

Three-Dimensional Characterization Of Peripapillary Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Basement Membrane Layer In Patients Following Lumbar Puncture, Junfei Tong, Pengfei Dong, Sachin Kedar, Deepta Ghate, Linxia Gu

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Purpose: To develop and test an innovative semi-automatic method for quantifying the three-dimensional morphology of the peripapillary retinal pigment epithelium-basement membrane (ppRPE/BM) layer, with application to lumbar puncture (LP) patients. Methods: Nineteen patients undergoing LP were recruited. The optic nerve head images of both eyes were acquired in 12 radial directions using optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after LP. For each OCT image, the ppRPE/BM layer was automatically segmented with manual corrections by independent graders when necessary. The linear regression model of the ppRPE/BM layer was fitted using the least squares approach, and the ppRPE/BM layer angle was measured …

Roboticdeviceswithonboard Control And Related Systems And Devices, Shane Michael Farritor, Erik Mumm, Philip Chu, Nishant Kumar, Jason Dumpert, Yutaka Tsutano

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

The embodiments disclosed herein relate to various medical device components, including components that can be incorporated into robotic and/or in vivo medical devices. Certain embodiments include various modular medical devices for in vivo medical procedures.

Role Of Interfacial Transition Zones In The Fracture Of Cu/V Nanolamellar Multilayers, Siyuan Wei, Shijian Zheng, Lifeng Zhang, Yue Liu, Jian Wang, Xianping Wang, Jiangwei Wang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Plastic deformation and fracture behavior of Cu/V nanoscale metallic multilayers (NMMs) were systematically investigated through in situ transmission electron microscopy testing. Two different types of interfaces: sharp interfaces and interfacial transition zones (ITZs), formed in the as-fabricated Cu/V NMMs. Upon deformation, sharp interfaces and ITZs exert distinct influences on the fracture behavior of Cu/V NMMs. Sharp interfaces can impede the crack propagation by deflecting the crack propagation and blunting the crack tip, while the ITZs can induce microcracks and facilitate the fracture process. These findings shed light on the important roles of interface structures in the deformation of a broad …

Low- And High-Drag Intermittencies In Turbulent Channel Flows, Rishav Agrawal, Henry C.-H. Ng, Ethan A. Davis, Jae Sung Park, Michael D. Graham, David J.C. Dennis, Robert J. Poole

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments in turbulent channel flow have found intermittent low- and high-drag events in Newtonian fluid flows, at Reτ = uτh/ν between 70 and 100, where uτ, h and ν are the friction velocity, channel half-height and kinematic viscosity, respectively. These intervals of low-drag and high-drag have been termed “hibernating” and “hyperactive”, respectively, and in this paper, a further investigation of these intermittent events is conducted using experimental and numerical techniques. For experiments, simultaneous measurements of wall shear stress and velocity are carried out in a channel flow facility using hot-film anemometry (HFA) and laser …

Multi-Well Plate Channel Device With Reversible Seals, Haipeng Zhang, Timothy Wei, Sangjin Ryu

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease which causes over 26,000 yearly deaths in the United States. This disease involves accumulation of substances in arterial walls (or plaques) that occurs frequently to arterial regions experiencing low shear stress, such as bends and bifurcations. A possible reason of plaque growth in arterial walls is the change of endothelial cell (EC)’s shape, which is related to fluid shear stresses tangentially acting on intimal layer (the EC surface) of the arterial wall. Lambert et al. studied the relationship between EC shape and shear stress (Lambert et al., 2019) using a BioFlux system (Fluxion Bioscienes) and …

Universal Mechanical Exfoliation Of Large-Area 2d Crystals, Yuan Huang, Yu-Hao Pan, Rong Yang, Li-Hong Bao, Lei Meng, Hai-Lan Luo, Yong-Qing Cai, Guo-Dong Liu, Wen-Juan Zhao, Zhang Zhou, Liang-Mei Wu, Zhi-Li- Zhu, Ming Huang, Li-Wei Liu, Lei Liu, Peng Cheng, Ke-Hui Wu, Shi-Bing Tian, Chang-Zhi Gu, You-Guo Shi, Yan-Feng Guo, Zhi Gang Cheng, Jiang-Ping Hu, Lin Zhao, Guan-Hua Yang, Eli Sutter, Peter Sutter, Ye-Liang Wang, Wei Ji, Xing-Jiang Zhou, Hong-Jun Gao

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Two-dimensional materials provide extraordinary opportunities for exploring phenomena arising in atomically thin crystals. Beginning with the first isolation of graphene, mechanical exfoliation has been a key to provide high-quality two-dimensional materials, but despite improvements it is still limited in yield, lateral size and contamination. Here we introduce a contamination-free, one-step and universal Au-assisted mechanical exfoliation method and demonstrate its effectiveness by isolating 40 types of single-crystalline monolayers, including elemental two-dimensional crystals, metal-dichalcogenides, magnets and superconductors. Most of them are of millimeter-size and high-quality, as shown by transfer-free measure- ments of electron microscopy, photo spectroscopies and electrical transport. Large sus- pended …

Benign Ferroelastic Twin Boundaries In Halide Perovskites For Charge Carrier Transport And Recombination, Xun Xiao, Wenhao Li, Yanjun Fang, Ye Liu, Yuchuan Shao, Shuang Yang, Jingjing Zhao, Xuezeng Dai, Rashid Zia, Jinsong Huang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Grain boundaries have been established to impact charge transport, recombination and thus the power conversion efficiency of metal halide perovskite thin film solar cells. As a special category of grain boundaries, ferroelastic twin boundaries have been recently discovered to exist in both CH3NH3PbI3 thin films and single crystals. However, their impact on the carrier transport and recombination in perovskites remains unexplored. Here, using the scanning photocurrent microscopy, we find that twin boundaries have negligible influence on the carrier transport across them. Photoluminescence (PL) imaging and the spatial-resolved PL intensity and lifetime scanning confirm the electronically benign nature of the twin …

Variations In Plantar Pressure Variables Across Elliptical Trainers In Older Adults, Judith M. Burnfield, Guilherme Manna Cesar, Thad W. Buster

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Background: Ellipticals are used to address walking and cardiorespiratory training goals of older adults, some of whom are at risk for foot injuries. Variations in joint kinematics and muscle demands when using different ellipticals could lead to plantar pressure differences. This study explored plantar pressure variables during gait and use of four ellipticals.

Methods: Plantar pressures were recorded while 10 adults [68.1 (4.5) years] walked and used the True, Octane, Life Fitness, and SportsArt ellipticals. Repeated-measures ANOVAs (5 × 1) identified forefoot and heel differences across conditions.

Findings: Maximum forefoot forces and peak pressures were significantly lower than walking for …

Ultrahigh Strength And Plasticity In Laser Rapid Solidified Al–Si Nanoscale Eutectics, Huai-Hsun Lien, Jyoti Mazumder, Jian Wang, Amit Misra

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

As-cast Al–20wt.% Si alloys were processed via laser rapid solidification (LRS) techniques to create eutectic microstructures with nanoscale interconnected, nanotwinned Si fibers. LRS morphologies exhibit higher flow stress, exceeding 800 MPa and uniform plastic deformation above 20% compared to as-cast alloy that fractures at strains below 8% at flow strength of approximately 200 MPa. The strengthening mechanisms of LRS morphologies are interpreted in terms of the interfacial constraints: increase in yield strength as well as strain hardening rate due to nanoscale confined slip in fibrous Al–Si eutectic, and load transfer and eventual plasticity in the nanoscale Si fibers.

Leidenfrost Droplet Microfluidics, Sidy Ndao, George Gogos, Dennis Alexander, Troy Anderson, Craig Zuhlke

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Systems and methods are described for propelling a liquid droplet in a Leidenforst state. A microfluidic device embodiment includes, but is not limited to, a solid structure having a patterned surface, the patterned surface including at least a first patterned region having a first Leidenfrost temperature with respect to a fluid, the first patterned region adjacent to the second patterned region, the first patterned region defining a path over which a droplet of the fluid is configured to travel in a Leidenfrost state.

Iron Pyrite Nanocrystals, Jinsong Huang, Baodong Mao, Christopher L. Exstrom

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

An apparatus includes a nanocrystal. The nanocrystal includes a core including FeS2; and a coating including a ligand component capable of chemically interacting with both an iron atom and a sulfur atom on a surface of the core.

Colocalized Sensing And Intelligent Computing In Micro-Sensors, Mohammad H. Hasan, Ali Al-Ramini, Eihab Abdel-Rahman, Roozbeh Jafari, Fadi Alsaleem

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

This work presents an approach to delay-based reservoir computing (RC) at the sensor level without input modulation. It employs a time-multiplexed bias to maintain transience while utilizing either an electrical signal or an environmental signal (such as acceleration) as an unmodulated input signal. The proposed approach enables RC carried out by sufficiently nonlinear sensory elements, as we demonstrate using a single electrostatically actuated microelectromechanical system (MEMS) device. The MEMS sensor can perform colocalized sensing and computing with fewer electronics than traditional RC elements at the RC input (such as analog- to-digital and digital-to-analog converters). The performance of the MEMS RC …

Microstructural Evolution Of Nanotwinned Al-Zr Alloy With Significant 9r Phase, N.A. Richter, Y.F. Zhang, D. Y. Xie, R. Su, Q. Li, S. Xue, T. Niu, J. Wang, H. Wang, Xinghang Zhang

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Aluminum (Al) alloys have a multitude of applications, notably in the automotive, aerospace and coating industries, yet they exhibit significantly lower mechanical strength than conventional steels. Nanotwins drastically improve mechanical strength while retaining ductility. However, the high SFE of Al largely prevents twinning. Here, we synthesize Al-Zr alloy films containing an abundance of incoherent twin boundaries and 9R phases. These alloys exhibit an extended solid solubility of Zr, retaining a columnar nanotwinned structure across all compositions. These films reach a hardness up to 4.2 GPa with 10 at% Zr and demonstrate the capacity for producing strong Al alloys with nanotwins.

Fabrication, Development, And Characterization Of Hipco Swcnt - Alginate Hydrogel Composites For Cellular Product Applications, Fabian Armando Alvarez-Primo

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

In this study, we designed, synthesized, and characterized ultrahigh purity single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-alginate hydrogel composites. Among the parameters of importance in the formation of an alginate-based hydrogel composite with single-walled carbon nanotubes, are their varying degrees of purity, their particulate agglomeration and their dose-dependent correlation to cell viability, all of which have an impact on the resultant compositeâ??s efficiency and effectiveness towards biomedical applications. To promote their homogenous dispersion by preventing agglomeration of the SWCNT, at first, we used three different surfactants-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-anionic), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB-cationic), and Pluronic F108 (nonionic). After experimentation and corroboration through evidence obtained …

Multiscale Modeling Of Carbon Fibers/Graphene Nanoplatelets/Epoxy Hybrid Composites For Aerospace Applications, Hashim Al Mahmud

Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports

Significant research effort has been dedicated for decades to improve the mechanical properties of aerospace polymer-based composite materials. Lightweight epoxy-based composite materials have increasingly replaced the comparatively heavy and expensive metal alloys used in aeronautical and aerospace structural components. In particular, carbon fibers (CF)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNP)/epoxy hybrid composites can be used for this purpose owing to their high specific stiffness and strength. Therefore, this work has been completed to design, predict, and optimize the effective mechanical properties of CF/GNP/epoxy composite materials at different length scales using a multiscale modeling approach. The work-flow of modeling involves a first step of using …

Development Of Software Tools And Experimental In Situ Electron Spin Resonance For Characterizing The Magnetic And Electrocatalytic Properties Of Transition Metal Chalcogenide Crystals, Jose Armando Delgado

Open Access Theses & Dissertations

Studying the magnetic properties and crystal defects of transition metal chalcogenide crystals is of paramount importance for utilizing them for next generation spintronics devices and hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Hydrothermally grown transition metal chalcogenide nanocrystals (MoS2, Ru2S3, Rh2S3, Co2S8) were chosen as catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction due to their low dimensionality and previous utilization as catalysts for hydrodesulfurization. The relationship between crystal defect sites and catalytic activity must be discerned to maximize the efficiency of hydrogen production during the hydrogen evolution reaction. ESR spectroscopy was utilized as a spin sensitive technique to study the defects and local changes …

Nanothermomechanical And And Or Logic Gates, Ahmed Hamed, Sidy Ndao

Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering: Faculty Publications

Today’s electronics cannot perform in harsh environments (e.g., elevated temperatures and ionizing radiation environments) found in many engineering applications. Based on the coupling between near-field thermal radiation and MEMS thermal actuation, we presented the design and modeling of NanoThermoMechanical AND, OR, and NOT logic gates as an alternative, and showed their ability to be combined into a full thermal adder to perform complex operations. in this work, we introduce the fabrication and characterization of the first ever documented Thermal AND and OR logic gates. Theresults show thermal logic operations can be achieved successfully through demonstrated and easy-to- manufacture nanothermoMechanical logic …