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Articles 121 - 150 of 426
Full-Text Articles in Signal Processing
Estimating Single And Multiple Target Locations Using K-Means Clustering With Radio Tomographic Imaging In Wireless Sensor Networks, Jeffrey K. Nishida
Estimating Single And Multiple Target Locations Using K-Means Clustering With Radio Tomographic Imaging In Wireless Sensor Networks, Jeffrey K. Nishida
Theses and Dissertations
Geolocation involves using data from a sensor network to assess and estimate the location of a moving or stationary target. Received Signal Strength (RSS), Angle of Arrival (AoA), and/or Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) measurements can be used to estimate target location in sensor networks. Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI) is an emerging Device-Free Localization (DFL) concept that utilizes the RSS values of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to geolocate stationary or moving target(s). The WSN is set up around the Area of Interest (AoI) and the target of interest, which can be a person or object. The target inside the …
Censoring And Fusion In Non-Linear Distributed Tracking Systems With Application To 2d Radar, Armond S. Conte Ii
Censoring And Fusion In Non-Linear Distributed Tracking Systems With Application To 2d Radar, Armond S. Conte Ii
Theses and Dissertations
The objective of this research is to study various methods for censoring state estimate updates generated from radar measurements. The generated 2-D radar data are sent to a fusion center using the J-Divergence metric as the means to assess the quality of the data. Three different distributed sensor network architectures are considered which include different levels of feedback. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the Gaussian Particle Filter (GPF) were used in order to test the censoring methods in scenarios which vary in their degrees of non-linearity. A derivation for the direct calculation of the J-Divergence using a particle filter …
Automated Synthetic Scene Generation, Ryan N. Givens
Automated Synthetic Scene Generation, Ryan N. Givens
Theses and Dissertations
First principles, physics-based models help organizations developing new remote sensing instruments anticipate sensor performance by enabling the ability to create synthetic imagery for proposed sensor before a sensor is built. One of the largest challenges in modeling realistic synthetic imagery, however, is generating the spectrally attributed, three-dimensional scenes on which the models are based in a timely and affordable fashion. Additionally, manual and semi-automated approaches to synthetic scene construction which rely on spectral libraries may not adequately capture the spectral variability of real-world sites especially when the libraries consist of measurements made in other locations or in a lab. This …
Gps Multipath Reduction With Correlator Beamforming, Jason M. Barhorst
Gps Multipath Reduction With Correlator Beamforming, Jason M. Barhorst
Theses and Dissertations
This research effort investigates the feasibility of beamforming using a single Global Positioning System (GPS) front end. Traditional methods of beamforming use multiple front ends, typically one per antenna element. By enabling a receiver to sample a switched antenna array, the hardware cost of implementing a GPS antenna array can be significantly reduced. Similar techniques of reducing the number of receivers have been used by Locata Corporation in the design of their non-GPS positioning systems. However, Locata Corporation's local transmitters provide a signal strength much higher than GPS's signal strength. For this reason, the inclusion of low-noise amplifiers into the …
Removing Parallax-Induced False Changes In Change Detection, Karmon M. Vongsy
Removing Parallax-Induced False Changes In Change Detection, Karmon M. Vongsy
Theses and Dissertations
Accurate change detection (CD) results in urban environments is of interest to a diverse set of applications including military surveillance, environmental monitoring, and urban development. This work presents a hyperspectral CD (HSCD) framework. The framework uncovers the need for HSCD methods that resolve false change caused by image parallax. A Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) statistic for HSCD is developed that accommodates unknown mis-registration between imagery described by a prior probability density function for the spatial mis-registration. The potential of the derived method to incorporate more complex signal proccessing functions is demonstrated by the incorporation of a parallax error mitigation …
An Experimental Evaluation Of Image Quality For Various Scenarios In A Chromotomographic System With A Spinning Prism, Kyle J. Dufaud
An Experimental Evaluation Of Image Quality For Various Scenarios In A Chromotomographic System With A Spinning Prism, Kyle J. Dufaud
Theses and Dissertations
A lab and eld based hyperspectral chromotomographic imager has been developed at the Air Force Institute of Technology. It is a prototype used to study the requirements for a space-based system. The imager uses a high speed visible band camera behind a direct-vision prism to image both spatial dimensions and the spectral dimension at the same time. Capturing all 3 simultaneously allows for the hyperspectral imaging of transient events. The prism multiplexes the spectral and spatial information, so tomographic reconstruction algorithms must be used to separate hyperspectral channels. Experiments were conducted to compare reconstructed image quality as a function of …
Comparative Analysis Of Reconstructed Image Quality In A Simulated Chromotomographic Imager, Ryan L. Tervo
Comparative Analysis Of Reconstructed Image Quality In A Simulated Chromotomographic Imager, Ryan L. Tervo
Theses and Dissertations
A hyperspectral chromotomographic instrument has been developed to determine the spatial and spectral distribution of a target. It does this by recording the dispersed images produced by a rotating direct vision prism with a high speed camera. The recorded images are processed through a tomographic reconstruction algorithm to produce a reconstructed hypercube. A physics-based system model was developed to investigate three areas. The first was how the prism angle selection and range of angles used impacted the reconstructed image quality. The second was an assessment of a new iterative reconstruction algorithm developed to remove artifacts produced in the Back Projection …
Mobile Indoor Positioning For Augmented Reality Systems, Robert B. Glass
Mobile Indoor Positioning For Augmented Reality Systems, Robert B. Glass
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis explores the creation and setup of a prototype that allows users of the device to interact within an indoor real world environment and a virtual environment simultaneously using high-tech common technology. The prototype is comprised of a small mobile device such as a cellular mobile phone, Raspberry Pi computer, a battery powered handheld Pico projector, and software developed for the Android OS. The software can easily be ported to other mobile and non-mobile operating systems. The mobile device must contain accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope embedded sensors as well as 802.11 wireless network chip. The prototype software implements an …
Enhancing Ground Based Telescope Performance With Image Processing, John C. Zingarelli
Enhancing Ground Based Telescope Performance With Image Processing, John C. Zingarelli
Theses and Dissertations
The Space Surveillance Telescope (SST) is a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program designed to detect objects in space like Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) and space debris in the Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) belt. Binary hypothesis tests (BHTs) have historically been used to facilitate the detection of new objects in space. In this dissertation, a multi-hypothesis test (MHT) detection strategy is introduced to improve the detection performance of the SST. In this context, the MHT determines if an unresolvable point source is in the center, corner or side of a pixel in contrast to a BHT, which only tests …
Metrics For Emitter Selection For Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar, Sean R. Stevens
Metrics For Emitter Selection For Multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar, Sean R. Stevens
Theses and Dissertations
A bistatic implementation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to form images of the ground from an aircraft makes use of separate emitters and receivers. When not using cooperative emitters, ground based communications systems can provide illumination. One way to improve performance of these waveforms, which are not designed for SAR, is a multistatic implementation, formed from multiple bistatic systems. This leads to the problem of selecting a subset from a potentially large set of emitters to use for image formation. A framework for this selection between sets of emitters is proposed using multiple objective optimization. This approach requires use of …
A New Approach To Harmonic Elimination Based On A Real-Time Comparison Method, Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti
A New Approach To Harmonic Elimination Based On A Real-Time Comparison Method, Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti
Theses and Dissertations
Undesired harmonics are responsible for noise in a transmission channel, power loss in power electronics and in motor control. Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) is a well-known method used to eliminate or suppress the unwanted harmonics between the fundamental and the carrier frequency harmonic/component. But SHE bears the disadvantage of its incapability to use in real-time applications. A novel reference-carrier comparative method has been developed which can be used to generate an SPWM signal to apply in real-time systems. A modified carrier signal is designed and tested for different carrier frequencies based on the generated SPWM FFT. The carrier signal may …
Improving Multiple Surface Range Estimation Of A 3-Dimensional Flash Ladar In The Presence Of Atmospheric Turbulence, Brian J. Neff
Improving Multiple Surface Range Estimation Of A 3-Dimensional Flash Ladar In The Presence Of Atmospheric Turbulence, Brian J. Neff
Theses and Dissertations
Laser Radar sensors can be designed to provide two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3-D) images of a scene from a single laser pulse. Currently, there are various data recording and presentation techniques being developed for 3-D sensors. While the technology is still being proven, many applications are being explored and suggested. As technological advancements are coupled with enhanced signal processing algorithms, it is possible that this technology will present exciting new military capabilities for sensor users. The goal of this work is to develop an algorithm to enhance the utility of 3-D Laser Radar sensors through accurate ranging to multiple surfaces per …
Development Of A Model And Localization Algorithm For Received Signal Strength-Based Geolocation, Amanda Sue King
Development Of A Model And Localization Algorithm For Received Signal Strength-Based Geolocation, Amanda Sue King
Theses and Dissertations
Location-Based Services (LBS), also called geolocation, have become increasingly popular in the past decades. They have several uses ranging from assisting emergency personnel, military reconnaissance and applications in social media. In geolocation a group of sensors estimate the location of transmitters using position and Radio Frequency (RF) information. A review of the literature revealed that a majority of the Received Signal Strength (RSS) techniques used made erroneous assumptions about the distribution or ignored effects of multiple transmitters, noise and multiple antennas. Further, the corresponding algorithms are often mathematically complex and computationally expensive. To address the issues this dissertation focused on …
The Miniaturization Of The Afit Random Noise Radar, Aaron T. Myers
The Miniaturization Of The Afit Random Noise Radar, Aaron T. Myers
Theses and Dissertations
Advances in technology and signal processing techniques have opened the door to using an UWB random noise waveform for radar imaging. This unique, low probability of intercept waveform has piqued the interest of the U.S. DoD as well as law enforcement and intelligence agencies alike. While AFIT's noise radar has made significant progress, the current architecture needs to be redesigned to meet the space constraints and power limitations of an aerial platform. This research effort is AFIT's first attempt at RNR miniaturization and centers on two primary objectives: 1) identifying a signal processor that is compact, energy efficient, and capable …
Automatic Modulation Classification Of Common Communication And Pulse Compression Radar Waveforms Using Cyclic Features, John A . Hadjis
Automatic Modulation Classification Of Common Communication And Pulse Compression Radar Waveforms Using Cyclic Features, John A . Hadjis
Theses and Dissertations
This research develops a feature-based MAP classification system and applies it to classify several common pulse compression radar and communication modulations. All signal parameters are treated as unknown to the classifier system except SNR and the signal carrier frequency. The features are derived from estimated duty cycle, cyclic spectral correlation, and cyclic cumulants. The modulations considered in this research are BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK communication modulations, as well as Barker coded, Barker coded, Barker coded, Frank coded, Px49 coded, and LFM pulse compression modulations. Simulations show that average correct signal modulation type classification %C 90% is achieved …
3d Digital Image Processing For Biofilm Quantification From Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Jerzy S. Zielinski
3d Digital Image Processing For Biofilm Quantification From Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Jerzy S. Zielinski
Theses and Dissertations
The dramatic increase in number and volume of digital images produced in medical diagnostics, and the escalating demand for rapid access to these relevant medical data, along with the need for interpretation and retrieval has become of paramount importance to a modern healthcare system. Therefore, there is an ever growing need for processed, interpreted and saved images of various types. Due to the high cost and unreliability of human-dependent image analysis, it is necessary to develop an automated method for feature extraction, using sophisticated mathematical algorithms and reasoning. This work is focused on digital image signal processing of biological and …
Detection Optimization Of The Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation Algorithm Used In Infrasound Nuclear Treaty Monitoring, Anthony M. Runco
Detection Optimization Of The Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation Algorithm Used In Infrasound Nuclear Treaty Monitoring, Anthony M. Runco
Theses and Dissertations
This thesis develops methods to determine optimum detection thresholds for the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) algorithm used by the International Data Centre (IDC) to perform infrasound station-level nuclear-event detection. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis is used with real ground truth data to determine the trade-off between the probability of detection (P sub D) and the false alarm rate (FAR) at various consistency detection thresholds. Further, statistical detection theory via maximum a posteriori and Bayes cost approaches is used to determine station-level optimum family size thresholds of grouped detection pixels with similar signal attributes (i.e. trace velocity, azimuth, time of …
Discrimination Between Child And Adult Forms Using Radar Frequency Signature Analysis, Stephanie R. Keith
Discrimination Between Child And Adult Forms Using Radar Frequency Signature Analysis, Stephanie R. Keith
Theses and Dissertations
In this thesis we develop a method to discriminate between adult and child radar signatures. In particular, we examine radar data measured from behind a wall, which introduces radar signal attenuation and multipath effects. To investigate the child/adult discrimination problem in a through-wall, multipath scenario, a previously developed free-space human scattering model was expanded to incorporate multiple paths, and the effects of transmission through, and reflections from, walls and ground. The ground was modeled as a perfectly reflecting surface, while the walls were modeled as homogeneous concrete slabs. Twenty-five reflection paths were identified, involving the direct paths, as well as …
Development And Characterization Of A Chromotomosynthetic Hyperspectral Imaging System, Randall L. Bostick
Development And Characterization Of A Chromotomosynthetic Hyperspectral Imaging System, Randall L. Bostick
Theses and Dissertations
A chromotomosynthetic imaging (CTI) methodology based upon mathematical reconstruction of a set of 2-D spectral projections to collect high-speed (100 Hz) 3-D hyperspectral data cube has been proposed. The CTI system can simultaneously provide usable 3-D spatial and spectral information, provide high-frame rate slitless 1-D spectra, and generate 2-D imagery equivalent to that collected with no prism in the optical system. The wavelength region where prism dispersion is highest (500 nm) is most sensitive to loss of spectral resolution in the presence of systematic error, while wavelengths 600 nm suffer mostly from a shift of the spectral peaks. The quality …
A Nonparametric Approach To Segmentation Of Ladar Images, Eric A. Buschelman
A Nonparametric Approach To Segmentation Of Ladar Images, Eric A. Buschelman
Theses and Dissertations
The advent of advanced laser radar (ladar) systems that record full-waveform signal data has inspired numerous inquisitions which aspire to extract additional, previously unavailable, information about the illuminated scene from the collected data. The quality of the information, however, is often related to the limitations of the ladar camera used to collect the data. This research project uses full-waveform analysis of ladar signals, and basic principles of optics, to propose a new formulation for an accepted signal model. A new waveform model taking into account backscatter reflectance is the key to overcoming specific deficiencies of the ladar camera at hand, …
Modeling The Effects Of The Local Environment On A Received Gnss Signal, Marshall E. Haker
Modeling The Effects Of The Local Environment On A Received Gnss Signal, Marshall E. Haker
Theses and Dissertations
There is an ongoing need in the GNSS community for the development of high-fidelity simulators which generate data that replicates what can truly be expected from a challenging environment such as an urban canyon or an indoor environment. The algorithm developed for use in the research in this dissertation, the Signal Decomposition and Parameterization Algorithm (SDPA), is presented in order to respond to this need. This algorithm is designed to decompose a signal received using a GNSS recording and playback system and output parameters that can be used to reconstruct the effects on the signal of the environment local to …
Passive Ranging Using A Dispersive Spectrometer And Optical Filters, Jacob A. Martin
Passive Ranging Using A Dispersive Spectrometer And Optical Filters, Jacob A. Martin
Theses and Dissertations
Monocular passive ranging using atmospheric oxygen absorption has been demonstrated in the past using an FTS. These instruments are very sensitive to vibration making them di cult to use on an airborne platform. This work focuses on whether passive ranging can be done with instruments that are easier to deploy. Two potential instruments are tested and compared: a diffraction grating spectrometer and optical filters. A grating spectrometer was able to estimate range to within 5% for a static solid rocket motor ring at a distance of 910 m using the NIR absorption band of oxygen. Testing at shorter ranges produced …
Resolution Study Of A Hyperspectral Sensor Using Computed Tomography In The Process Of Noise, Samuel V. Mantravadi
Resolution Study Of A Hyperspectral Sensor Using Computed Tomography In The Process Of Noise, Samuel V. Mantravadi
Theses and Dissertations
Recently, a new type of hyperspectral imaging sensor has been proposed which simultaneously records both spectral data and multiple spatial dimensions. Unlike dispersive imaging spectrometers, chromo-tomographic hyperspectral imaging sensors (CTHIS) record two spatial dimensions as well as a spectral dimension using computed tomography (CT) techniques with only a finite number of spatially-spectrally diverse images. To date, the factors affecting resolution of these sensors have not been examined. This research examines factors affecting resolution, specifically the number of the focus planes needed to resolve a particular object calculated from a theoretical lower bound, determine a method of reconstructing a hyperspectral object …
Towards The Mitigation Of Correlation Effects In The Analysis Of Hyperspectral Imagery With Extension To Robust Parameter Design, Jason P. Williams
Towards The Mitigation Of Correlation Effects In The Analysis Of Hyperspectral Imagery With Extension To Robust Parameter Design, Jason P. Williams
Theses and Dissertations
Standard anomaly detectors and classifiers assume data to be uncorrelated and homogeneous, which is not inherent in Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI). To address the detection difficulty, a new method termed Iterative Linear RX (ILRX) uses a line of pixels which shows an advantage over RX, in that it mitigates some of the effects of correlation due to spatial proximity; while the iterative adaptation from Iterative Linear RX (IRX) simultaneously eliminates outliers. In this research, the application of classification algorithms using anomaly detectors to remove potential anomalies from mean vector and covariance matrix estimates and addressing non-homogeneity through cluster analysis, both of …
Implementation Of Branch-Point-Tolerant Wavefront Reconstructor For Strong Turbulence Compensation, Michael J. Steinbock
Implementation Of Branch-Point-Tolerant Wavefront Reconstructor For Strong Turbulence Compensation, Michael J. Steinbock
Theses and Dissertations
Branch points arise in optical transmissions due to strong atmospheric turbulence, long propagation paths, or a combination of both. Unfortunately, these conditions are very often present in desired operational scenarios for laser weapon systems, optical communication, and covert imaging, which suffer greatly when traditional adaptive optics systems either cannot sense branch points or implement non-optimal methods for sensing and correcting branch points. Previous research by Pellizzari presented a thorough analysis of various novel branch point tolerant reconstructors in the absence of noise. In this research a realistic model of the Air Force Institute of Technology's adaptive optics system is developed …
Multi-Observation Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models For Anomaly Detection In Full Motion Video, Matthew P. Ross
Multi-Observation Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models For Anomaly Detection In Full Motion Video, Matthew P. Ross
Theses and Dissertations
An increase in sensors on the battlefield produces an abundance of collected data that overwhelms the processing capability of the DoD. Automated Visual Surveillance (AVS) seeks to use machines to better exploit increased sensor data, such as by highlighting anomalies. In this thesis, we apply AVS to overhead Full Motion Video (FMV). We seek to automate the classification of soldiers in a simulated combat scenario into their agent types. To this end, we use Multi-Dimensional Continuous Density Hidden Markov Models (MOCDHMMs), a form of HMM which models a training dataset more precisely than simple HMMs. MOCDHMMs are theoretically developed but …
Binary Classification Of An Unknown Object Through Atmospheric Turbulence Using A Polarimetric Blind-Deconvolution Algorithm Augmented With Adaptive Degree Of Linear Polarization Priors, Mu J. Kim
Theses and Dissertations
This research develops an enhanced material-classification algorithm to discriminate between metals and dielectrics using passive polarimetric imagery degraded by atmospheric turbulence. To improve the performance of the existing technique for near-normal collection geometries, the proposed algorithm adaptively updates the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) priors as more information becomes available about the scene. Three adaptive approaches are presented. The higher-order super-Gaussian method fits the distribution of DoLP estimates with a sum of two super-Gaussian functions to update the priors. The Gaussian method computes the classification threshold value, from which the priors are updated, by fitting the distribution of DoLP estimates …
Low Cost, Low Complexity Sensor Design For Non-Cooperative Geolocation Via Received Signal Strength, Michael S. Butler
Low Cost, Low Complexity Sensor Design For Non-Cooperative Geolocation Via Received Signal Strength, Michael S. Butler
Theses and Dissertations
Obtaining accurate non-cooperative geolocation is vital for persistent surveillance of a hostile emitter. Current research for developing a small, cheap and energy efficient sensor network for non-cooperative geolocation measurements via received signal strength (RSS) is limited. Most existing work focuses on simulating a non-cooperative network (NN) and in doing so, simulated models often ignore localization errors caused from the hardware processing raw RSS data and often model environment-dependent errors as random. By comparing real-time measured non-cooperative geolocation data to a simulated system a more accurate model can be developed. This thesis discusses the development and performance of a small, low …
Simultaneous Range-Velocity Processing And Snr Analysis Of Afit's Random Noise Radar, T. Joel Thorson
Simultaneous Range-Velocity Processing And Snr Analysis Of Afit's Random Noise Radar, T. Joel Thorson
Theses and Dissertations
This paper presents two research objectives aimed at advancing the AFIT RNR signal processing algorithm and modeling capability toward the overarching goal of performing collision avoidance on an autonomous vehicle. In both research efforts, analytical, simulated, and measured results are provided and used to draw research conclusions. The first research effort is aimed at reducing the memory required for 2D processing in the time domain in order to distribute the processing algorithm across hundreds of processors on a GPU. Distributed processing reduces the overall 2D processing time and the feasibility of a near real-time implementation is studied. The second effort …
An Inquiry: Effectiveness Of The Complex Empirical Mode Decomposition Method, The Hilbert-Huang Transform, And The Fast-Fourier Transform For Analysis Of Dynamic Objects, Kristen L. Wallis
An Inquiry: Effectiveness Of The Complex Empirical Mode Decomposition Method, The Hilbert-Huang Transform, And The Fast-Fourier Transform For Analysis Of Dynamic Objects, Kristen L. Wallis
Theses and Dissertations
A review of current signal analysis tools show that new techniques are required for an enhanced fidelity or data integrity. Recently, the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) and its inherent property, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) technique, have been formerly investigated. The technique of Complex EMD (CEMD) was also explored. The scope of this work was to assess the CEMD technique as an innovative analysis tool. Subsequent to this, comparisons between applications of the Hilbert transform (HT) and the Fast-Fourier transform (FFT) were analyzed. MATLAB was implemented to model signal decomposition and the execution of mathematical transforms for generating results. The CEMD …