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Articles 121 - 150 of 307
Full-Text Articles in Electromagnetics and Photonics
Lp Fiber Mode Converters Using Holographic Phase Mask In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Aniket Patil
Lp Fiber Mode Converters Using Holographic Phase Mask In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Aniket Patil
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In this study, an investigation was undertaken to research the use of holographic phase masks (HPMs) in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass as mode converters for linearly polarized (LP) fiber modes. A Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) was used to generate higher-order transverse fiber modes LPm,n. Under proper incidence condition on the holographic device, LPm,n modes are diffracted and simultaneously converted into higher order or lower order LP modes. The process was analyzed by imaging the far field on a CCD camera. It is demonstrated that using this novel method of converting transverse fiber modes several combinations of LP modes can be converted …
Advanced Liquid Crystal Materials For Display And Photonic Applications, Yuan Chen
Advanced Liquid Crystal Materials For Display And Photonic Applications, Yuan Chen
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Thin-film-transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display (LCD) has been widely used in smartphones, pads, laptops, computer monitors, and large screen televisions, just to name a few. A great deal of effort has been delved into wide viewing angle, high resolution, low power consumption, and vivid color. However, relatively slow response time and low transmittance remain as technical challenges. To improve response time, several approaches have been developed, such as low viscosity liquid crystals, overdrive and undershoot voltage schemes, thin cell gap with a high birefringence liquid crystal, and elevated temperature operation. The state-of-the-art gray-to-gray response time of a nematic LC device …
Generation And Characterization Of Sub-70 Isolated Attosecond Pulses, Qi Zhang
Generation And Characterization Of Sub-70 Isolated Attosecond Pulses, Qi Zhang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Dynamics occurring on microscopic scales, such as electronic motion inside atoms and molecules, are governed by quantum mechanics. However, the Schroedinger equation is usually too complicated to solve analytically for systems other than the hydrogen atom. Even for some simple atoms such as helium, it still takes months to do a full numerical analysis. Therefore, practical problems are often solved only after simplification. The results are then compared with the experimental outcome in both the spectral and temporal domain. For accurate experimental comparison, temporal resolution on the attosecond scale is required. This had not been achieved until the first demonstration …
High Performance Three-Dimensional Display Based On Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal, Yifan Liu
High Performance Three-Dimensional Display Based On Polymer-Stabilized Blue Phase Liquid Crystal, Yifan Liu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Autostereoscopic 2D/3D (two-dimension/three-dimension) switchable display has been attracting great interest in research and practical applications for several years. Among different autostereoscopic solutions, direction-multiplexed 3D displays based on microlens array or parallax barrier are viewed as the most promising candidates, due to their compatibility with conventional 2D display technologies. These 2D/3D switchable display system designs rely on fast switching display panels and photonics devices, including adaptive focus microlens array and switchable slit array. Polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal (PS-BPLC) material provides a possible solution to meet the aforementioned fast response time requirement. However, present display and photonic devices based on blue …
Holographic Recording And Applications Of Multiplexed Volume Bragg Gratings In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Daniel Ott
Holographic Recording And Applications Of Multiplexed Volume Bragg Gratings In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Daniel Ott
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent developments in holographic recording of volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass have demonstrated their utility as components in high power laser systems for spectral narrowing, transverse mode control, beam combining, and pulse stretching/compression. VBG structures are capable of diffracting incident light into a single diffraction order with high efficiency given the Bragg condition is met. The Bragg condition depends on both the wavelength and angle of the incident light making VBGs useful for filtering and manipulating both the wavelength and angular spectrum of a source. This dissertation expands upon previous research in PTR VBGs by investigating multiplexed …
Entangled Photon Pairs In Disordered Photonic Lattices, Lane Martin
Entangled Photon Pairs In Disordered Photonic Lattices, Lane Martin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Photonic lattices consisting of arrays of evanescently coupled waveguides fabricated with precisely controlled parameters have enabled the study of discrete optical phenomena, both classical and quantum, and the simulation of other physical phenomena governed by the same dynamics. In this dissertation, I have experimentally demonstrated transverse Anderson localization of classical light in arrays with off-diagonal coupling disorder and investigated theoretically and experimentally the propagation of entangled photon pairs through such disordered systems. I discovered a new phenomenon, Anderson co-localization, in which a spatially entangled photon pair in a correlated transversally extended state localizes in the correlation space, though neither photon …
Multifunctional, Multimaterial Particle Fabrication Via An In-Fiber Fluid Instability, Joshua Kaufman
Multifunctional, Multimaterial Particle Fabrication Via An In-Fiber Fluid Instability, Joshua Kaufman
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Spherical micro- and nano-particles have found widespread use in many various applications from paint to cosmetics to medicine. Due to the multiplicity of desired particle material(s), structure, size range, and functionality, many approaches exist for generating such particles. Bottom-up methods such as chemical synthesis have a high yield and work with a wide range of materials; however, these processes typically lead to large polydispersity and cannot produce structured particles. Top-down approaches such as microfluidics overcome the polydispersity issue and may produce a few different structures in particles, but at lower rates and only at the micro-scale. A method that can …
Photonic Filtering For Applications In Microwave Generation And Metrology, Marcus Bagnell
Photonic Filtering For Applications In Microwave Generation And Metrology, Marcus Bagnell
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This work uses the photonic filtering properties of Fabry-Perot etalons to show improvements in the electrical signals created upon photodetection of the optical signal. First, a method of delay measurement is described which uses multi-heterodyne detection to find correlations in white light signals at 20 km of delay to sub millimeter resolution. By filtering incoming white light with a Fabry-Perot etalon, the pseudo periodic signal is suitable for measurement by combining and photodetecting it with an optical frequency comb. In this way, optical data from a large bandwidth can be downconverted and sampled on low frequency electronics. Second, a high …
Parity-Time And Supersymmetry In Optics, Mohammad Ali Miri
Parity-Time And Supersymmetry In Optics, Mohammad Ali Miri
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Symmetry plays a crucial role in exploring the laws of nature. By exploiting some of the underlying analogies between the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and that of electrodynamics, in this dissertation we show that optics can provide a fertile ground for studying, observing, and utilizing some of the peculiar symmetries that are currently out of reach in other areas of physics. In particular, in this work, we investigate two important classes of symmetries, parity-time symmetry (PT) and supersymmetry (SUSY), within the context of classical optics. The presence of PT symmetry can lead to entirely real spectra in non-Hermitian systems. …
High Resolution Time-Resolved Imaging System In The Vacuum Ultraviolet Region, Yuseong Jang
High Resolution Time-Resolved Imaging System In The Vacuum Ultraviolet Region, Yuseong Jang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
High-power debris-free vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light sources have applications in several scientific and engineering areas, such as high volume manufacturing lithography and inspection tools in the semiconductor industry, as well as other applications in material processing and photochemistry. For the past decades, the semiconductor industry has been driven by what is called "Moore's Law". The entire semiconductor industry relies on this rule, which requires chip makers to pack transistors more tightly with every new generation of chips, shrinking the size of transistors. The ability to solve roadmap challenges is, at least partly, proportional to our ability to measure them. The …
Semiconductor Laser Based On Thermoelectrophotonics, Xiaohang Liu
Semiconductor Laser Based On Thermoelectrophotonics, Xiaohang Liu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation presents to our knowledge the first demonstration of a quantum well (QW) laser monolithically integrated with internal optical pump based on a light emitting diode (LED). The LED with high efficiency is operated in a thermoelectrophotonic (TEP) regime for which it can absorb both its own emitted light and heat. The LED optical pump can reduce internal optical loss in the QW laser, and enables monolithically integrated TEP heat pumps to the semiconductor laser. The design, growth and fabrication processes of the laser chip are discussed, and its experimental data is presented. In order to further increase the …
Multimaterial Fibers In Photonics And Nanotechnology, Guangming Tao
Multimaterial Fibers In Photonics And Nanotechnology, Guangming Tao
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Recent progress in combing multiple materials with distinct optical, electronic, and thermomechanical properties monolithically in a kilometer-long fiber drawn from a preform offers unique multifunctionality at a low cost. A wide range of unique in-fiber devices have been developed in fiber form-factor using this strategy. Here, I summary my recent results in this nascent field of 'multimaterial fibers'. I will focus on my achievements in producing robust infrared optical fibers and in appropriating optical fiber production technology for applications in nanofabrication. The development of optical components suitable for the infrared (IR) is crucial for applications in this spectral range to …
Laser Filamentation - Beyond Self-Focusing And Plasma Defocusing, Khan Lim
Laser Filamentation - Beyond Self-Focusing And Plasma Defocusing, Khan Lim
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Laser filamentation is a highly complex and dynamic nonlinear process that is sensitive to many physical parameters. The basic properties that define a filament consist of (i) a narrow, high intensity core that persists for distances much greater than the Rayleigh distance, (ii) a low density plasma channel existing within the filament core, and (iii) a supercontinuum generated over the course of filamentation. However, there remain many questions pertaining to how these basic properties are affected by changes in the conditions in which the filaments are formed; that is the premise of the work presented in this dissertation. To examine …
Distribution Of Laser Induced Heating In Multi-Component Chalcogenide Glass And Its Associated Effects, Laura Sisken
Distribution Of Laser Induced Heating In Multi-Component Chalcogenide Glass And Its Associated Effects, Laura Sisken
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Chalcogenide glasses are well known to have good transparency into the infrared spectrum. These glasses though tend to have low thresholds as compared to oxide glasses for photo-induced changes and thermally-induced changes. Material modification such as photo-induced darkening, bleaching, refractive index change, densification or expansion, ablation of crystallization have been demonstrated, and are typically induced by a thermal furnace-based heat treatment, an optical source such as a laser, or a combination of photo-thermal interactions. Solely employing laser-based heating has an advantage over a furnace, since one has the potential to be able to spatially modify the materials properties with much …
Highly-Sensitive Stoichiometric Analysis Of Yag Ceramics Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Libs), Jahromi, Ali Kazemi
Highly-Sensitive Stoichiometric Analysis Of Yag Ceramics Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Libs), Jahromi, Ali Kazemi
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Transparent ceramics are an important class of optical materials with applications in high-strength windows, radiation detectors and high-power lasers. Despite the many successful developments of the past decades, their challenging fabrication still needs to be perfected to achieve a better consistency in optical quality. In particular, ternary phase materials such as Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG, Y3Al5O12), a long standing high-power laser host, require a precise control of stoichiometry, often beyond the precision of current analytical techniques, in order to reduce scattering losses and the presence of deleterious point defects. This work explores the potential of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for …
Broad Bandwidth, All-Fiber, Thulium-Doped Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier For Potential Use In Scaling Ultrashort Pulse Peak Powers, Alex Sincore
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Fiber based ultrashort pulse laser sources are desirable for many applications; however generating high peak powers in fiber lasers is primarily limited by the onset of nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering, and self-focusing. Increasing the fiber core diameter mitigates the onset of these nonlinear effects, but also allows unwanted higher-order transverse spatial modes to propagate. Both large core diameters and single-mode propagation can be simultaneously attained using photonic crystal fibers. Thulium-doped fiber lasers are attractive for high peak power ultrashort pulse systems. They offer a broad gain bandwidth, capable of amplifying sub-100 femtosecond pulses. The longer …
Techniques For Characterization Of Third Order Optical Nonlinearities, Manuel Ferdinandus
Techniques For Characterization Of Third Order Optical Nonlinearities, Manuel Ferdinandus
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This dissertation describes the development of novel techniques for characterization of nonlinear properties of materials. The dissertation is divided into two parts, a background and theory section and a technique development section. In the background and theory section we explain the origins of the nonlinear optical response of materials across many different spatial and temporal scales. The mechanisms that we are most interested in are the electronic nuclear and reorientational responses, which occur on the range of sub-femtosecond to several picoseconds. The electronic mechanism is due to the electrons of a material experiencing a non-parabolic potential well due a strong …
Multimaterial Fibers And Tapers A Platform For Nonlinear Photonics And Nanotechnology, Soroush Shabahang
Multimaterial Fibers And Tapers A Platform For Nonlinear Photonics And Nanotechnology, Soroush Shabahang
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The development of optical sources and components suitable for the mid-infrared is crucial for applications in this spectral range to reach the maturity level of their counterparts in the visible and near-infrared spectral regimes. The recent commercialization of quantum cascade lasers is leading to further interest in this spectral range. Wideband mid-infrared coherent sources, such as supercontinuum generation, have yet to be fully developed. A mid-infrared supercontinuum source would allow for unique applications in spectroscopy and sensing. Over the last decade, it has been shown that high-index confinement in highly nonlinear fibers pumped with high-peak-power pulses is an excellent approach …
Femtosecond Filament Interaction As A Probe For Molecular Alignment, Erik Mckee
Femtosecond Filament Interaction As A Probe For Molecular Alignment, Erik Mckee
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Femtosecond laser filamentation is a highly nonlinear propagation mode. When a laser pulse propagates with a peak power exceeding a critical value Pcr (5 GW at 800 nm in air), the Kerr effect tends to collapse the beam until the intensity is high enough to ionize the medium, giving rise to plasma defocusing. A dynamic competition between these two effects takes place leaving a thin and weakly ionized plasma channel in the trail of the pulse. When an ultrafast laser pulse interacts with molecules, it will align them, spinning them about their axis of polarization. As the quantum rotational wave …
External Cavity Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers For The Generation Of Ultra-Low Noise Multi-Gigahertz Frequency Combs And Applications In Multi-Heterodyne Detection Of Arbitrary Optical Waveforms, Josue Davila-Rodriguez
External Cavity Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers For The Generation Of Ultra-Low Noise Multi-Gigahertz Frequency Combs And Applications In Multi-Heterodyne Detection Of Arbitrary Optical Waveforms, Josue Davila-Rodriguez
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The construction and characterization of ultra-low noise semiconductor-based mode-locked lasers as frequency comb sources with multi-gigahertz combline-to-combline spacing is studied in this dissertation. Several different systems were built and characterized. The first of these systems includes a novel mode-locking mechanism based on phase modulation and periodic spectral filtering. This mode-locked laser design uses the same intra-cavity elements for both mode-locking and frequency stabilization to an intra-cavity, 1,000 Finesse, Fabry-Pérot Etalon (FPE). On a separate effort, a mode-locked laser based on a Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Amplifier (SCOWA) was built. This system generates a pulse-train with residual timing jitter of
Metrology Of Volume Chirped Bragg Gratings Recorded In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass For Ultrashort Pulse Stretching And Compressing, Christopher Lantigua
Metrology Of Volume Chirped Bragg Gratings Recorded In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass For Ultrashort Pulse Stretching And Compressing, Christopher Lantigua
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Chirped Bragg gratings (CBGs) recorded in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass provide a very efficient and robust way to stretch and compress ultra-short laser pulses. These gratings offer the ability to stretch pulses from hundreds of femtoseconds, to the order of 1 ns and then recompress them. However, in order to achieve pulse stretching of this magnitude, 100 mm thick CBGs are needed. Using these CBGs to both stretch, and re-compress the pulse thus requires propagation through 200 mm of optical glass. This therefore demands perfect control of the glass homogeneity, as well as the holographic recording process of the CBG. In …
Fast-Response Liquid Crystals For Photonic And Display Applications, Jie Sun
Fast-Response Liquid Crystals For Photonic And Display Applications, Jie Sun
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Liquid crystal devices are attractive for many applications such as information displays, spatial light modulators and adaptive optics, because their optical properties are electrically tunable. However, response time of liquid crystal devices is a serious concern for many applications especially for those who require large phase modulation (≥2π). This is because a thick LC layer is usually needed to achieve a large phase shift while the response time of a nematic LC is highly determined by the cell gap.
Optically Induced Forces In Scanning Probe Microscopy, Dana Kohlgraf-Owens
Optically Induced Forces In Scanning Probe Microscopy, Dana Kohlgraf-Owens
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
The focus of this dissertation is the study of measuring light not by energy transfer as is done with a standard photodetector such as a photographic film or charged coupled device, but rather by the forces which the light exerts on matter. In this manner we are able to replace or complement standard photodetector-based light detection techniques. One key attribute of force detection is that it permits the measurement of light over a very large range of frequencies including those which are difficult to access with standard photodetectors, such as the far IR and THz. The dissertation addresses the specific …
High Flux Isolated Attosecond Pulse Generation, Yi Wu
High Flux Isolated Attosecond Pulse Generation, Yi Wu
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This thesis outlines the high intensity tabletop attosecond extreme ultraviolet laser source at the Institute for the Frontier of Attosecond Science and Technology Laboratory. First, a unique Ti:Sapphire chirped pulse amplifier laser system that delivers 14 fs pulses with 300 mJ energy at a 10 Hz repetition rate was designed and built. The broadband spectrum extending from 700 nm to 900 nm was obtained by seeding a two stage Ti:Sapphire chirped pulse power amplifier with mJ-level white light pulses from a gas filled hollow core fiber. It is the highest energy level ever achieved by a broadband pulse in a …
Peak Power Scaling Of Nanosecond Pulses In Thulium Based Fiber Lasers, Christian Gaida
Peak Power Scaling Of Nanosecond Pulses In Thulium Based Fiber Lasers, Christian Gaida
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Thulium based fiber lasers represent a promising alternative for pulse energy scaling and high peak power generation with ytterbium based systems at 1µm. Advantages of thulium arise from the operation at longer wavelengths and a large gain bandwidth (1.8-2.1µm). Nonlinear effects, such as self phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering generally limit peak power scaling in fiber lasers. The longer wavelength of thulium fiber lasers and large mode field areas can significantly increase the nonlinear thresholds. Compared to 1µm systems, thulium fiber lasers enable single mode guidance for two times larger mode field diameter in step index …
Injection Locking Of Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers For Long-Term Stability Of Widely Tunable Frequency Combs, Charles Williams
Injection Locking Of Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers For Long-Term Stability Of Widely Tunable Frequency Combs, Charles Williams
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Harmonically mode-locked semiconductor lasers with external ring cavities offer high repetition rate pulse trains while maintaining low optical linewidth via long cavity storage times. Single frequency injection locking generates widely-spaced and tunable frequency combs from these harmonically mode-locked lasers, while stabilizing the optical frequencies. The output is stabilized long-term with the help of a feedback loop utilizing either a novel technique based on Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization or by polarization spectroscopy. Error signals of both techniques are simulated and compared to experimentally obtained signals. Frequency combs spaced by 2.5 GHz and ~10 GHz are generated, with demonstrated optical sidemode suppression of unwanted …
Mesoscale Light-Matter Interactions, Kyle Douglass
Mesoscale Light-Matter Interactions, Kyle Douglass
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Mesoscale optical phenomena occur when light interacts with a number of different types of materials, such as biological and chemical systems and fabricated nanostructures. As a framework, mesoscale optics unifies the interpretations of the interaction of light with complex media when the outcome depends significantly upon the scale of the interaction. Most importantly, it guides the process of designing an optical sensing technique by focusing on the nature and amount of information that can be extracted from a measurement. Different aspects of mesoscale optics are addressed in this dissertation which led to the solution of a number of problems in …
Fabrication Of Metallic Antenna Arrays Using Nanoimprint Lithography, Yu-Wei Lin
Fabrication Of Metallic Antenna Arrays Using Nanoimprint Lithography, Yu-Wei Lin
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
This Thesis describes the development of a cost-effective process for patterning nanoscale metal antenna arrays. Soft ultraviolet (UV) Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) into bilayer resist was chosen since it enables repeatable large-scale replication of nanoscale patterns with good lift-off properties using a simple low-cost process. Nanofabrication often involves the use of Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) which enables the definition of nanoscale patterns on small sample regions, typically < 1 mm 2 . However its sequential nature makes the large scale production of nanostructured substrates using EBL cost-prohibitive. NIL is a pattern replication method that can reproduce nanoscale patterns in a parallel fashion, allowing the low-cost and rapid production of a large number of nanopatterned samples based on a single nanostructured master mold. Standard NIL replicates patterns by pressing a nanostructured hard mold into a soft resist layer on a substrate resulting in exposed substrate regions, followed by an optional Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) step and the subsequent deposition of e.g. metal onto the exposed substrate area. However, non-vertical sidewalls of the features in the resist layer resulting from an imperfect hard mold, from reflow of the resist layer, or from isotropic etching in the RIE step iii may cause imperfect lift-off. To overcome this problem, a bilayer resist method can be used. Using stacked resist layers with different etch rates, undercut structures can be obtained after the RIE step, allowing for easy lift-off even when using a mold with non-vertical sidewalls. Experiments were carried out using a nanostructured negative SiO2 master mold. Various material combinations and processing methods were explored. The negative master mold was transferred to a positive soft mold, leaving the original master mold unaltered. The soft mold consisted of a 5 m thick top Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), or Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer, a 1.5 mm thick Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) buffer layer, and a glass supporting substrate. The soft mold was pressed into a bilayer of 300 nm PMMA and 350 nm of silicon based UV-curable resist that was spin-coated onto a glass slide, and cured using UV radiation. The imprinted patterns were etched using RIE, exposing the substrate, followed by metal deposition and lift-off. The experiments show that the use of soft molds enables successful pattern transfer even in the presence of small dust particles between the mold and the resist layer. Feature sizes down to 280 nm were replicated successfully
Volume Phase Masks In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Marc Segall
Volume Phase Masks In Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glass, Marc Segall
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
In many applications such as beam shaping, mode conversion, and phase encoding it is necessary to alter the spatial phase profile of a beam via a phase mask. Conventional techniques to accomplish this either involve surface relief profiling in thin films such as PMMA or refractive index modulation in bulk photorefractive crystals such as lithium niobate. These materials have been used extensively for the past several decades and perform admirably in low power conditions. However, in high power systems these materials will be destroyed, requiring a new means of producing phase masks. In this dissertation a method for producing robust …
Phase-Locking Stability Of A Quasi-Single-Cycle Pulse, Nathan Bodnar
Phase-Locking Stability Of A Quasi-Single-Cycle Pulse, Nathan Bodnar
Electronic Theses and Dissertations
There is increasing interest in the generation of very short laser pulses, even down to attosecond (10-18 s) durations. Laser systems with femtosecond pulse durations are needed for these applications. For many of these applications, positioning of the maximum electric field within the pulse envelope can affect the outcome. The peak of the electric field relative to the peak of the pulse is called the Carrier Envelope Phase (CEP). Controlling the position of the electric field becomes more important when pulse duration approaches single-cycle. This thesis focuses on the stabilization of a quasi-single-cycle laser facility. Improvements to this already-established laser …